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Chap 1 Lecture PDF
Chap 1 Lecture PDF
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Objectives
• Identify the unique vocabulary associated with thermodynamics through
the precise definition of basic concepts to form a sound foundation for the
development of the principles of thermodynamics.
• Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.
• Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as system, state, state
postulate, equilibrium, process, and cycle.
• Discuss properties of a system and define density, specific gravity, and
specific weight.
• Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales, pressure, and absolute
and gage pressure.
• Introduce an intuitive systematic problem-solving technique.
Statistical thermodynamics: A
microscopic approach, based on the
average behavior of large groups of
individual particles.
Figure 1–3
Heat flows in the direction
of decreasing temperature
All activities in nature involve some interaction between energy and matter; thus, it
is hard to imagine an area that does not relate to thermodynamics in some manner.
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1–1 Thermodynamics And Energy 5
W = mg (N)
W weight
m mass
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g gravitational acceleration
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1–2 Importance Of Dimensions And Units 5
Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.
Unity Conversion Ratios
All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be formed by combinations of
primary units.
m ft
1 N 1 kg and 1 lbf 32.174 lbm
s2 s2
They can also be expressed more conveniently as unity conversion ratios as
1N 1 lbf
1 and 1
m ft
1 kg 32.174 lbm
s2 s2
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are unitless, and thus
such ratios (or their inverses) can be inserted conveniently into any calculation
to properly convert units.
m 1N 1 kg
W mg 453.6 g 9.81 2 4.49 N
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reproduction or display. s 1 kg. m 1000 g
s2
Figure 1–21
A control volume can involve fixed, moving, real, and imaginary boundaries.
Figure 1–22
An open system (a control
volume) with one inlet and
one exit.
Specific volume
V 1
v
m
Figure 1–33
Under steady-flow conditions, the mass
and energy contents of a control volume
remain constant.
Temperature Scales
All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible states such as the freezing
and boiling points of water: the ice point and the steam point.
Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air saturated with
vapor at 1 atm pressure (0 °C or 32 °F).
Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no air) in equilibrium at
1 atm pressure (100 °C or 212 °F).
Celsius scale: Temperature in SI unit system
Fahrenheit scale: Temperature in English unit system
Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature scale that is independent of the
properties of any substance.
Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)
A temperature scale nearly identical to the Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas temperature
scale. The temperatures on this scale are measured using a constant-volume gas
thermometer.
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1–8 Temperature And The Zeroth Law
Of Thermodynamics 3
Figure 1–35
Figure 1–36
P versus T plots of the experimental
data obtained from a constant-volume A constant-volume gas thermometer would
gas thermometer using four different read −273.15 °C at absolute zero pressure.
gases at different (but low) pressures.
ΔT (k) = ΔT (°C)
ΔT (R) = ΔT (°F)
Figure 1–38
Comparison of magnitudes of various temperature units.
1 Pa 1N / m 2 Figure 1–40
1bar 105 Pa 0.1MPa 100kPa Some basic pressure gages.
1atm 101,325 Pa 101.325 kPa 1.01325 bars
1kgf / cm 2 9.807 N / cm 2 9.807 104 N / m 2
9.807 104 Pa
0.9807 bar
0.9679 atm
Figure 1–39
The normal stress (or “pressure”) on the feet of a chubby person is much
greater than on the feet of a slim person.
W 150 lbf
P n 2
3 psi
Afeet 50 in
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Figure 1–43 P p2 p1 g dz
1
Free-body diagram of a rectangular Figure 1–42
fluid element in equilibrium. The pressure of a fluid at rest increases
with depth (as a result of added weight).
Figure 1–46
Under hydrostatic conditions, the pressure is the same at all points on a
horizontal plane in a given fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the
points are interconnected by the same fluid.
F1 F2 F2 A2
P1 P2
A1 A2 F1 A1
Figure 1–55
The basic manometer.
P2 Patm gh
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Figure 1–57
In stacked-up fluid layers at rest, the pressure
change across each fluid layer of density ρ and
height h is ρgh.
Figure 1–58
Measuring the pressure drop across a flow section or a flow device by a
differential manometer.
P1 1 g (a h) 2 gh 1 ga P2
P1 P2 ( 2 1 ) gh
Figure 1–61
A deadweight tester can measure extremely high pressures (up to 10,000 psi in some
applications).
Equation Solvers
Despite its simplicity, Excel is commonly used in solving systems of
equations in engineering as well as finance. It enables the user to conduct
parametric studies, plot the results, and ask “what if ” questions. It can also
solve simultaneous equations if properly set up.
Engineering Equation Solver (EES) is a program that solves systems of linear
or nonlinear algebraic or differential equations numerically.
It has a large library of built-in thermodynamic property functions as well as
mathematical functions.
Unlike some software packages, equation solvers do not solve engineering
problems; they only solve the equations supplied by the user.
Therefore, the user must understand the problem and formulate it by applying
any relevant physical laws and relations.