Terrorism

Terrorism-

 The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit
of political aims. 
 The systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.

History of Terrorism

 The history of modern terrorism began with the French revolution and has evolved ever
since. The most common causes or roots of terrorism include civilizations or culture
clashes, globalization, religion, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, or the Russian invasion of
Afghanistan.
 More personal or individual-based reasons for terrorism are frustration, deprivation,
negative identity, narcissistic rage, and/or moral disengagement.

Types of Terrorism

 State-Sponsored terrorism- Consists of terrorist acts on a state or government by a state

or government.
Example: The United States currently lists Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and
Syria as state supporters of terrorism.

 Dissent terrorism- Terrorist groups which have rebelled against their government.
Example: Isis, Maute, NPA, Abu Sayyaf
 Terrorists and the Left and Right- Groups rooted in political ideology.
1. Left-wing terrorists have been influenced by various communist and socialist
currents, including Marxism. Narodnaya Volya, a 19th-century terrorist group that
killed Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1881 and developed the concept
of propaganda by the deed, is a major influence.
2. Right-wing terrorists aim to overthrow governments and replace them
with nationalist and/or fascist regimes.

 Religious terrorism- Terrorist groups which are extremely religiously motivated.

A type of religious violence where terrorism is used as a tactic to achieve religious goals
or which are influenced by religious identity.

Example- During the cold war, 9/11 attacks were motivated by a fundamentalist
interpretation of Islam.
  Criminal Terrorism- Terrorists acts used to aid in crime and criminal profit.
Criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or
serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror
in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a
population or compel a government or an international.

Example- ISIS is known to have, amongst other things, kidnapped people, traded in
artefacts, smuggled weapons, committed hostile takeovers on banks, factories and other
structures on the ground, committed extortion, committed serious intimidation, be
involved in large scale prostitution, committed human trafficking and raids.

Example of Terrorist in the Philippines

1. Abu Sayyaf Group(ASG)- The homegrown ASG, Which eventually got linked to al-Qaeda, mounted
its first major attacks in 1991. In the early 2000s, it became notorious for high profile bombings,
assassinations, and kidnappings. It was founded in Basilan and has since expanded to other provinces
in Western Mindanao such Sulu and Zamboanga.

2. Maute Group- Led by Abdullah Maute, eldest of the Maute family brothers, this group was
responsible for several attacks in Lanao del Sur before the Marawi siege in 2017. It pledged
allegianceto the Islamic State in 2015.

3. Jemaah Islamiyah- al-Qaeda’s network in Southeast Asia. Analysts estimated its active membership
between 2,000 to 3,000 in 2018. Some members of the mainstream Moro Islamic Liberation Front
(MILF) were known to have had ties with JI.

4. The Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom (BIFF)- A breakaway of the MILF that’s now at the helm of the
newly formed Bangsamoro Region, the BIFF has pleged allegiance to ISIS and has been behind violent
incidents in Central Mindanao.