tr L Ec -rKC c Ft FII ISTR Y

Flrc*roJrtr :

Flre*rcolut-r- lg a so Lu*r'o n -thnoug k

c*J hr'c h €I-t- c*r ic i*tld e.or) be ?atr '

: r^-l f ,r, tL
A r,c' A.t I {cu )
{ ./\ ,:t ';

> E }.-l c'irc,li"i.,

t
i

E Elrc*rcoJXsie :

flrctr. a\sis is
--'-'-------.
a cr ?f(o e_rsr -l}^'r**g h
klhich o\ oorn pc-und e.H bt cln-aot-',P osed by f asr i^ft
€LLCt-ri -nt

B fosifive- ?oh ',

A goi nl 4 cond-uc*on on qJ a
e.i.ra*r ad.e_ ort cr rrod -f h no uqh t-U hic h eL'rc*n' " i+7)
tt'r r ?tnd +o en.len in*o +tlqJ cond-ure*a rt is ccril-lt{
Posi-h vq pola ,

-Nega*r re ?ok :
A poinl- oJ a rr o n o+ o\
cond-urc*o
e l--t c-*rco c{ a o rt c\ rcod u.rhf rt-q- i* is end is c"J!d
t-t rJ i va po[L
B Cond-u,cfurr:
A
P.e re.r.,i*r, cr, *tor-^J
Ldr +lu florrt o*
c.ond-ua1o R.

|& Flx,c*rto nrc co nd-r"rc*o n :

rrru n * ccLraru o-d '1
crr
etrctnorLL co-U-{-d e{rc*roni c conduc;ttfl .

EtarnPlr I Fa^

trl-tc*roli"l conducfun :
e
- ' j

: CuFfLqn{ eartru ed bg lonn

, c . Ad, elrc*i"oli* a- elon d.uC*cr n ,, .

E El-tcfrto ch-a m i caj e%ilval-r n t :

Ece is 4h+ qmgunb
oJ sub s-fan c-L uJh , u-lilt" ba &p osrleel orr dr-solvatl
i
"h ip onx {-n-cond 'I+ ls
rLtpru-tenfal ' bH Z,

& fo.mada2 l
t oi c l .ctr5 e cuhicl"' .litL
-Th-L c rrLo Lln
&puri+ e on &salvo 1at '97 *{r\- a} AZ i: co.llrd
1 [-a rrcrd *&..
n
 Th{ ? uon +-';'4H o-J et-qc*r '' c'+W +l-''c''J i s cotP"t:
oj &posifi ",9u orr &solvr rLg 1 qi-". e-.nuu--+rht
";";tt_,-;-' ;'i' 0G sub stan e-L u i., urictroesis is co-ltr
1- F^-odot
:,-Fat\adqurn-{anJ+hret-tc-t-niciq]h{t s m
tr- oJ 5:i*' nq 0 n &s o lvirLq-
is c.aP a-t, '& f'oJ
,,rr1+;;"^ in u;3t l-rto2s is
en.-uallrnt c,,,gh*

tr *ff'Peru : LL+ 4o.ke a sojr-r*l-i ori-

"Tt^rrrr-
| assad
cr+g "/ s*anl ed
ehc-l-rti
-hl &soluau in'elrc*rtot'dtr
and *no rn el-rc-lrrcIr t/
m^a{ o.ll-r'e Aq o jl-l ba &7 os -
ita J -f-o c-aY-l ho &
l

crr
+z hod t)
Cco.-l

AaNog

$ a. o ot1 1-+ 99 qf,'.r Ac1 t-lf i tt d-s-so lv ed ?er.. s{ co.d

Jno rrt on oda , +l-{ aror o u":{- oJ c-u-n runt- s ho*ld L.q

rt-u&d s C-o-ll..d A-rnFe-I-Lc-

i
 rrraclan*g *-; Prrodu.-l 5
ut t.{- (O-{\itCrr,
r- I
't
a cr, lt in u"l'trl. n tnt € r.y,r ,'; 'i i.t r

,,, I
(/J il
-ltit r Ls.,al r io t ,( L COrrvr-I1l{d inlc lrfi.riucl s s ct -l t..r--
_t
arlr er n-i rrH i*)
, I t
(.r
_i -r
I
'd.'
6\on{r:111 o ! C l'cu ,7t : .Y-) F
U

Cort4,,, 1",J,

.:=r
fhL-r . Gnod.] Co:^'d) 4o+h o d, lrud )
-
[*^o"1.-r (ot) r E*+t"o& Corot) ,

E o,..,odr Cru-d) - Eco.+h,& (rLtJ )

ffi.^od, Cort )f E c*{hodx- Co!^d )

 hrho-, is +h& rt-rt x*tot belu Le-tt S*.n a.n-P-o?
I , e n-thal yX
q EH F l
-J
Rert c*co.n*s ----) lrcodu"tl
&.uon"l-rt6 cJ ckat ?t = ftX F ci)
nynlefi\_
dva
elr c*n i ed w crt Lq d a rt--o b.1
qAAn-lr+? c,* charLnl X rH f
nF lE cf i;

a.ccorrdinq -l-o +hA -+LLl ftmOJ.-{naY-fr l( ( ,

0
a
J ec rl-a.-cLsu in *rcau € narl-t? f*-+ eo-''J

*ah tiiil -tan-{ &,."? &

T-Lj si u r-*l
?

Frror", o, qei,
*4bt - nEF
=) aG1;-DEF Civ)

ay Pcr-ftfi cLtu1
ttl n +' -larnTenalltrct (')
-s.Io.o d,'JJ' urdLP)
d eonsJan4 PrLRss

r- -a \-"G,)1 = -
L br -Jp
n" (*+),
=f (v)

kf lJr: rcc{-}€ o} . l=,4 nA e- o* e. 'r.t L^/ . rt . *, -fz t"p a-nCu n-e-

Lot d cons-l a'n{ FrussuruL
w a k no ur z 6ii b br lleltn ho l*e n'y'a* Q-{\ t

A6t= AH+r[+#r], lrD

ts
 '' ! i' : ..:

Frrorn (9 ry (v,

z.r:--- att-nFr (+)p

+ t-r( alriovz rL-o-lot*-r'on "

B Fla.t I *)t :

g{andarrcl tr-cnp. 2r'

-l =
{r,
5 t i' l-.
i*.

,&T i fzn c
-Th^ (- ro-J o+ +ht sol-r-rfron , F= FL nF

C,t;I-.tnt Sn is ern-Rrrqzd in sn e)2_ -lh-qr. l+

U
h"dj, c.tJJ i*, a) s,o call(d nrrL+a) .^{jdj ,

5-Jondand el:c-lrto
A . ytlenlta-l :
do-

rJ C rJ 1 ?r- r^Olr, p(rl

.l

t_r +ru* fc- iJ .

-lh-tn ,
.E- fa
E
 Gti vp n .,
= o7{A vo tt
C
= O. LO J-I
T: zst - 29f k
tNa- knocr:,
Fr Lrr- c
f = g'- nF
-t-
--o 8 31'l5 Leg
,
L X 9e roo
i

I
= o.na9 V
i 7a-rs )
o ,o ;91
"]
^,"

-znl4nct, (o.t5") 1t fec13 (0'Po^r)lfo, a* ag< r ;J*

2sc
lz^= o -+ Sg v oLL, f
in : o,o3e vott
--)
r
t-7 tr--
\zn- o C597 x Un c-

a'758 - o .a 5-9-1
')_ x b> (a 1r)
o' ?1q v 01{*

1= o' C.591 t/r. e_

-'L
LOLr*.=,<X
-le rL
o'c36- o'o5-9-I X trt (o" A o)
= "3
= a, OqO4 volt
[= F] Fz
= 0.77q vol-L (
 -t'o lth,cJ L q.) ll v u a 3 Co,s H) \ ne cds-4.lG1:l +,!''" va)nl
II
O* c, L^rYr-ryta, €)n= O.nf E, f-:v-e = o.aoG vlt,'1-:2
'|F-
F= O'nT 4 volt '
--j
o, o997
Fr = 0."1 5s - 2_i
,

= a.7EB- o-oL9S;tr^
Ez = o'O4o4 volt

7= Et - [z-
trnC--o 'a401
:) o. +7 4 = O.nq e- o.aL955
o.Of(t-l
2 O.OLgrEtrnc=
) Vnc = 1'9086
. c - o.1-qg' }1 (*.''s;

egl c-LLlofu +h- <rn .J

d :Fn e e €nqr.? 7 I uJhlflr ,
cr n

,,<la++ (o,roti) lln*+ (o,rDH)10, Na C;

D6 vo lL, T; l-y"c
= o,7s9,
EB= CI-o

'/ t-ile_ [< n ol,O ,

A U.I NE tr

'-.f={t-tr2

d"
 f-r o 5-21- vY-, e-
Ll = LA- n_
o'7fe '" o ?r9J x vtt(o.z)
= 2-
vo lt

o,O19 I
L2 : L g - rr_
1,.y-', C

o a3G- o'a{91 x v-n (a ro)

= ')_

= a cs6q vdtt

f-= f: -{t
=O +4) vd\t

J*u n erur.o x, NE F
* 2-x a"aq)^ ? 6s*oo
-1446ve s'7 I 1

aG\ =- I-tf: f
1
=-775q58
aht : - n trz tr
- *fopB5 L1

Ah : AG-,t -4kr_
=-744 L'4t" s1

-@,
B conc-qn+Rtr+r o n c-r tl :
Di#<runea tefi, e ?r-L D am-.(
et-rc{rrcd-o* &nd Aam--q.- ,9-"T:oLU.t oJ eoncrn*pq-
*r'or. is cc.[rC con c-rn-fra]rbr. c-dl

f-l
RT
L1= bl nF Vn C1
E
LZ L.L"RTntr
tr-^
ntr
ltn C,

l-lerc-t, d o-
{ru = €"' = Aam-q- el-lc.*r-ro

E= Et - Fz*
KT Tft
, CL
--:-
ntr c7

2-qCrdQ ecrrL
Co n s€ d-o ru rrg +lr-,.- '-l e r.,PQ rLd+LI'T-Lr*

t.rruta- -l-his AWYL

n'oq?1 r- Q7
L-, -
fl (1
 h Z'nlTnctz Co-z5H) ll zn ct, Ca. e 5 H) I Zru
_)
Rr vn-
f= ntr cz
c1

: o-o5g1 ,/-r\ d-9, I

L o.]S
: o.aTgzg vo[t

i
Jnnn **rYY, aG-t : *nEF
:

=-,LXO-o1829x9(foo
: - 35z.> 9a loulr'

ryl Zn lZ-n cl2 Co .z E H, I I z-nct 7 (qlzn ,, a.+ .t : c an d Jrcee-

"r*r.?7 =-
t1 sqo 59 Joull'.
--)

AGL=-r:,€F
=>f 4r5a.5g =l z-x €x>e 5ao
,E- o-oLjrTB Uo{f

C= ?T \/\
hp
h.L
Ztr
=) O"a23ETt s 31\y'31 \ ,rr-z*.'
= 2_.x ge e oo
+ 7"7qJ-I = Vn C
--a' z,
=) r'7lE - 6. Zf
c

c : 1 4t-* H
 B s, no, Lqq/) '{ o f ol' (s ). ifr,8 .,e{}d F a €;+tt
?b, ?bc].L C
I
/dE \: 1.8( X rtt vo-lt* ,4h ,? , 4 H=J t
\Dr /?
t_

-J
Pb + 2-mc-l --) ,-+ LfrZ
PbcJ

rlhlrt-l , fi'? 1-

' AGt = - n€ F
=+:e*7c'49o2-X9e6"o0
=*?4tog' e Joutlr"

LdE KNC;CJ,
i t-\ -df.\
Acr -= AYI- NTF t aT )?
/ dr \
AVl = AkL+ nFT l:E)r
(to0'x zl 8l (-1 t,eVraj
( | o x9
=-
9q6ot' -/
vol
= - 1O53oL' t..

We

tr PiJje rem* +nYut o) errcfrto& :

O l-ta1 a) * l-U+al ion el-tcfi--ro&

Cl) G-caA e|-r c'fr*co& '

@ &rlorr tllc*rodg.,
(9 c-c-l o rnsl e L-q c'*no&
 eol o rnij el-rcfrrod n :

ftflrd. * 2 o-- \ r twn U) .+ 2a-

,,fl, frnrd- u) u-
/

K(L

r ir.,r.|- {") i'..n

.l
111 "'11

ccr]o ml.:l elrc-Irtod a consis*s

'
oJ 'c
fl-q cr-lonq .'^ri-lh
I ,crd c6n-lc'r a
tsQrdz os o- fctstr'z over( lS ptoc-oa c6n-l.unq cx
.', ^{4-
eJ- uA-t-r ^"t kc-.\

ffi Gtlas-r el-ecfro da :

AA AAd 1't I t-{ cl 1 rllve nst b Lq el-sc{ nod-q-
a6 A.du (s)l u- )

Gt [as-r elrc *rio A e-

s{3; oJ T-r-r v.erLfr L t|l--
cons r

elrc*nod^ ]r[-t{Cuf)-iru Cr. sol'ft gJoconv-lanl pH-6xnd

plac--c-d in c\ con-futn-tra rnad,L ol tyecioi 6on

-J-o qn.t c I..,

6j t{-t+]. J,,H-*his il-::
Jtr ri ]f[" ?*"j" ffitj^
ca-Lr^J ta H"5:**
el-rcJrro&
I
d ffr
AnU -l a--+ rt6 (s)+ cJ-
 B G-gtt €Ltc*rco&: Gzo.r €i--!-o*rod-q s crru cp.r..P-* M
u4 a-r Fp i^l a .f-at l, d4 a.n iru n "t* rrr-a '1 ,.-1 t+<-r h
0'l
i''d' ,,t\{"';:; :
Pt-/tuts
-t[, '*l-rl^lVfL.*#i

JuLrl' { V 'i 'r

t-l t,'' lrt; \--
sr , I 1
j
-
0ti:r' aJ--.''r i; tr'iL

sc Lo'H o n- IX- ut DrLf- Fl';l;rl a-ai'-:

d*rs q nz- I J
-go{ Al
Ft+/ c- u-rxJi l

l[-2- flcrn el-tc 1r to&

CL ?ot el-qc*rro&
| HZ: Ht+
fl'-t
i

i ' e-- l
e- I
i

f f'&Jo.J - t-tr+d.l ioru qflch-todr :

*Jhr-l tj +ha Atit--?l-L/{t-
: _h p n 6+ ELle+T- o & .,,;h, r.r C^ rn.q*a,,t i r JTyn J
ini 1) c^ *--rl n {4 ;+-J i or'o '

Tk <.[rc*h od--s- ru-oc*f' ut't , A'tr'l--]-

a-t-1a p-L-> Ay
a-,rl1- + 'L-t- t-.-> c!'\
\
 E t c...1 aJ ru-ri s4 o n e-,Q- Z

Resis*anea o+ o. cond-uc-hn U
d ircrc+14
lt rolcnli onol +n +h{ tun1*h and invprrh
Pr-ropo n{r'onoj -'lo +t..i- cr.T1-[-e\ "

Ror-l
o.
t
!
JR= t +
oLhrrcr ,
K: K as t s*a n c-q-
,[: J-t ruq*I-z
U
0.: aILa_O(
s: 5pac-r *-, c rLLg i s'*a
"t
Ltjh*ri- 1=l cff, a:'1 crnv -lhln' R=5

Rest(+i vi+.r
0
!s Jo u rr.l c,r h-r n +hr fr
5{h i s I e rrL
and ejtla 1 crn\-

-) Condrrcfar, cJ- :
Reci3mo coJ oJ rt-ltsrs-1-anc-c is eond-c^cJan*

co nd-u c"l*a n u- = L
5
s? cond.r.rcla nQ-e-, L: s rK 1

sF' : speciJ-., c con d-uctar',e--q*

= L

Uni* o) sp eond-Lrclonc-(.: oh;t er.,-l

 ; en; ;uvalrnl cond-uc*a.,c-r- :

V=L-xv
:LVl#
L : 5P. conducJanc-L' = ;(

cor,erlron 3 volu ,r*/6 rnr L kJ[-,icL conla;n 1t"n

f e^auJfi)"L o* n o)-td: ]

_--+ s p ec-r'J-r'c r-L.a-s r sl"o n cI- Cs ) ""

Lq- d-tfrrur-d &s -lh-r- r-L-tsis'*l*nC-A. oJ +l'LL Qondlrelrr n-

ui haftl- +h{ fu ng 4h 5 + +h-t co nd uc *a n C-r- ir, 1 c rrt
u...osJ s-ccfi^on is T.,crrL''
and cLrrga d

---> tn u,r,' T al-rnJ e-o ci- r,-taH {^r- dr-+t r.-n-cl GJ +h,--
ndr'tc*an
.^P ecif, s Qon d-r-r cYfa nea ctnd
Votu r^-s--
f tr o d-uc* aJ
tn '
Cr.rf-) urh fch .on*arn 1 q^rvr aoV*va1-r nt 6l +h^-
ndLul-i otr'
 A. t no rtrno.l soJ-u+'orL oJ o. 5.5.t-l pIGc{ d ba* n -Lo .
-tul o p la+1' nUrn et-r.cfrtodqn 2-O e rrl Clf ant Oncl a--LJ-q
a.,d O+ cr1-osl- 5-tc1-r'6n q Sqrcrn- dkrfL[ -l-hi-
",-*"
fl-arJ i S-la n cA A) q oh rru . C-a-l .rJ "*l
?-
+hr a-cVLL^ vc.l-lnt-
cond*-r rl an cA o+ +h-0- so Lu lr 0a-

a]A L(n o-ttj,

LX10o0
e\,,.u vco-l,qn* concl-r'-rc*a nC-[ ' 2 =

Sp condr^ c*a n c-(, | =

1^!
Ka,
I
i
-l

LO
Ls-x q
= o.2_

o,L x I Oaa
"'. v= o.5
400
atnl

cl-ll e ar15-f r": r,'l -CI

 ':tii i i ':\ t'
] .ti.-, ]
t,a*L
,

B iRela-lbyr_ Fn-{nop,aq o
I
--7

Wortk 'Junc*ion*, A = .F- Ts

Gci bbs J*oe erl-qrrqg, Gr= H*TJ
U U'

. r,J h_qI-t*t ,
e ' iniert n"d erL-s
"? 7
5 :- .e n-t-r-co ? Y -

H'= et''*l-,-t1Pt

Ah = AH* -f 4S
=) 4h - dll=*T4S
L.lp- n c-a) ,
Lt
/ du \
(zzl
= LYl* TnF
Ab1 p
r de \
Z G-L - Al'l= -- Tn tr -a-r ,) P ci ii )
t
Frtorru \lD & uir;
rbt\
Tnr(-a=)P
-T4s =- . 3E
. " as:rttr (Z-)f

-Th,s is rcu]cr-h o"- bai Y'- B

"rl
,- PU . ^L
e.^.t'
fPrtovnJ] '
tr foni c rn obi-l_r*l-.-t
a
1

-"") LLf ur- consi&rz o- nt'1 nlr_

Iir -lt -r o el-q'ctrlon r ct1-Ll p la c-a-d

lv
I
alJ ltt-tl lerrt- sPant Q.m-J I VdIJ-unl
p.olt n{-r C qnad\ Pn,l
o
lit
rt+
:d r4*

Jon ic rno s +h" ve lool:)

brhl g rnarr tq &'i-r n-q.l c''
d-^ ,+ nr,(. *1ry:gl
rL.^ i+
i;-^;-d ParL ,,"u: ?L:
-
0.
oJ )"n" i)"r', i rv!L' ,Pj". -l-tr^,-.,t^o[Y
tl *t "r J, ?'f'-*
)J L/\tt

un
r.o&
i w Lv-
rrrrln/\)t^
ar( ftcrcr{ il
"II *F
9
crry.oF?T.1
c
?yttr
,j"O
.*.1*o"
+h,( ;f
po1a"-l ia-li-
d)4J n e-!*' b" u**hr rn i s I vo)*
"
*1
un it : c rn Aas-r volj

Ht - 3G.3 o X ro4 crn A-tcl volA-7

c-l- = a'91 X f o! c rn /l^{a vdd-J

Ko h I rr an s" f,', la--ul :

ath-o T u,
V " = aqlLx; ,al-un -{ e on&e.*a nc.^
n.l ^t
Ao'= ldn conJ-uc*ancA oJ Ca-t f 6i.1

lo : lorL- cond-uc'l c^nci- ,1 a",iorL ,

 =1"fl rHlJJ
: [P''
Fn* va,k n -l_ eo nd-u c*a n eq* in in* nlto djl5lia rr_

is e-q7uoJ +o +hi- sur-ry aj +h-!- c-ond-u c-l-an ,"- $

+hl- consfi+.r1-^n-1- idn'-s aJ +ha {lrc*frL6jrta " "

gujJe rt sol-rr#on :
'! --lhi--In c^i hr'.h
5o h,a5 +l^^-
.:.t

Con s*anf
l
pH ' i, ,' bailad BuJj'tr-' soIh'
) Dahnp i na-fi an a] p H :

.'70-ru
r* ej-r1-r -t-ctr o rnt-[ h o d

O lnJ i ecr) ow rnn-lhn d

O e.rY.F rnl{hocl (mol{ ctectrv'ci-*;;
'

F,H' f, rrut -f ho J :

drtrrrntl$ +!-.1 P rn-J

Al *rnrt rn rur +k\a FH,
cLf orul s alufi o n and ura d't-*rr
I

bp-{n -}[^.u ['rn'-J at'd Pll

fttl Ctfi o n

Cc Ftq (o*), :-- Cc t-Q 0r--l- ZVl+ -\ zr

ft3d eoryutnon q^rLn orL

rj kra opptff,
[ce rtqor-] f ri't] '
t;L Ll hj (6H )u
nT [-c. tltl I
€1 , I cc, Lrq orl : tr"'\ f nar'-u-_'
\i -lh'r' r I ca cfi' c'n
[_
c6 t-tt{ Co H )t]
.l

-lh-on uJe LuTtJt-l '

L
E- "*
-E-f u{\ [- lr +-1 -
tr' : Ntr
- f" n",
: y"- _Ty-
_.r J'1- z v^ fti*1 L

o-
't*Tv"LI el- Yn f Hil

': tr '* d'c)99 l Vr-' fHtl

 t-l
P

4ho- t" r:',. J 5J +hr /r51 'L-

fi c-tJ e rrtlg-unrt-r'Ra
Llr/ Coz-u-
ur}.'ic h c^ h'ntau u. ini-1- 16n-rn t ,
dd/rffll'ur- f rt ano\ <nA C +n.
psL^.
,r4r. .*#%
I

-ltrt il lcrir an br'1 n p1-1 onA t-i ?

I fs*abflrL

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