Hajipur(Vaishali)-find its origin way back in history from the mahabharata period.

It is the
place where democracy found its origin around 600BC.Ancient Lichhavi republic was
established in this land only. It is the place where Lord Mahavir took birth and Gautam
Buddha delivered his last sermon and announced his Parinirvana. It is also renowned as the
land of Ambapali (Amrapali), the great Indian courtesan.

The district has 3 subdivisions, 16 blocks, 191 Gram Panchyat & 1638 villages and is
surrounded by Muzaffarpur (East), Patna (South), Samastipur (East) and Saran (West). The
Hajipur town being bounded by Narayani Gandak river in the west and holy Ganga in the
south, has scope of further expansion in east and north direction only.

Connectivity of rail, road and water transport exists in the town connecting it with other parts
of district as well as state and country is very good . Famous Mahatma Gandhi Setu (5575m
long) over river Ganga connects it with Patna, the state capital while another rail and road
bridge over Gandak connects it with Sonepur, headquarter of a railway sub-division under
ECR, .

The plain terrain of town and its nearby places is famous for banana, Litchi and mango
plantations. The region looks green with plants and trees growing in semi-tropical monsoon
climate.

Hajipur had a population of 119,276. Males constitute 53% of the population and females
47%. Hajipur has an average literacy rate of 60%, close to the national average of 59.5%:
male literacy is 67%, and female literacy is 51%.

Asia biggest fortnight long cattle fair known as Sonepur Fair is held every year starting from
Kartik full moon day (October/November). The place goes lively at the onset of winter with
the mass holy deep in river Gandak by Hindu at Kaun-hara Ghat. Besides being claimed as
the biggest animal fair in Asia, the fair entertain visitors with circus, Tamasha (folk plays),
Nautanki (folk dances) and sell everything from elephants to birds; agricultural equipments to
vanity items; winter garments to wooden furniture’s.

The economy of Hajipur is mainly based on agricultural and trading activities. The soil of
Hajipur is extremely fertile which makes it ideal for agriculture.

Hajipur is the first largest producer of vegetables and second largest producer of fruits in the
sate . Production of Banana, litchi, makhana, mango, vegetables, and aromatic rice is also
carried out. Hajipur is the largest producer of honey in the state.

Area: 2,036 km²

Population: Total: 2146065 Rural: 2002708 Urban: 143357
Bihar Sharif, also spelled Biharsharif, also called Bihar,  city, central Bihar state,
northeastern India, located east of The Paimar River, a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga) River.
It served as the capital of the Pala dynasty (10th century ce) and contains a 5th-century-ce
Gupta pillar and several mosques and Muslim tombs, the best-known being the tomb of
Malik Ibrahim Baya atop Pir Pahadi Hill. Nearby lie the remains of Odantapuri, a great
vihara, or college of Buddhist learning, from which the name Bihar was derived.

Bihar Sharif was once the capital of the Delhi Sultanate Governors of Bihar between 13th and
16th centuries, when the city was an active cultural center and an important seat of Islamic
thought and learning.

Geography

It is located 80 km from Patna, the capital of Bihar state. It is 13 km from the ruins at
Nalanda and well connected with Patna via train and buses.

Economy

Agriculture is the prime activity as it is an ideal place for agriculture-based industry. Tourism
activities in nearby places like Nalanda, Rajgir and Pawapuri boost economy of this town
very much.

Demographics

As of 2001 India census Bihar had a population of 231,972. Males constitute 53% of the
population and females 47%. Bihar has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the
national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 67% and female literacy of 52%. Some 16%
of the population is under 6 years of age.

Arrah (Hindi: आरा, Urdu: ‫ )ارّاہ‬is a city and a municipal corporation in Bhojpur district in the
stateof Bihar, India. The actual name of Arrah is Ara (आरा)but it was misspelt by the British
and now corrected to Ara but still known as Arrah in many records. It is the district
headquarters of Bhojpur district, located near the confluence of the Ganges and Sone rivers,
some 24 mi. from Danapur and 36 miles from Patna.[1]

Demographics

As of 2001 India census,[3] Arrah had a population of 203,395. Males constitute 54% of the
population and females 46%. Arrah has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the
national average of 59.5%; with 60% of the males and 40% of females literate.

Culture of Arrah
The people of Arrah ardently worships goddess Aranya Devi. Arrah town has a temple of
goddess Aranya Devi at the Chowk area. The people believe that she would fulfil their
desires and wishes. They worship her for happiness, pleasure, social status, money, etc.
Childless people pray to her for blessing them with a child. The offerings to the goddess
mainly consist of bread and cooked sweetened gram. Some devotees pour a pitcher of water
on her head as part of their devotion.

Economy of Arrah
Arrah produces large amount of grains, sugarcane, and oilseed. There are limestone deposits
on the outskirts. Paddy, Wheat, Maize are the major crops of Arrah.

The major industries of Arrah are Bihar Chemical Industries, Dhaneshwari Enterprises, Jai
Maa Vindyavasni Hard Coke, Maa Durga Glass Industries, Pandey Silicate Works etc.

Background of Begusarai :

 The economy is mainly agriculture based and the major crops are wheat, maize, chilli,
sugarcane etc.  Two big industries mark the skyline of the district i.e. Thermal power station
and Petro-Chemicals factory and Oil refinery complex at Barauni. Earlier Barauni Fertilizer
was also an important industry which is now non functional. Rajendra Bridge across Ganges
at Barauni forms an important link way connecting north and south Bihar, Resting spot for
migratory birds in a wetland known as Kanwar tal and the Ghats of Ganga at Simaria
possessing religious importance, exists as a potential tourist s.

Geographical features: Begusarai lies in North Bihar between latitudes 25°15' and 25° 45'
north and longitudes 85°45' and 86°36" east. This town expands perpendicularly from east to
west which used to be a main link road. It is bounded on the north by Samastipur, on the
south by the Ganga and the Lakhisarai district, on the east by Khagaria and Munger and on
the west by the Samastipur and Patna districts.

Demographic feature: The 2001 census count placed the Begusarai population at 23,42,989
as on the first of March. The population has grown at an annual average rate of 2.9%. There
are many stages in the demographic transition beginning with a declining mortality and
continuing fertility to a stage where both mortality and fertility rates decline more or less at
the same rate and keep the population stable over a period of time.

Natural Water sources : Begusarai district is located in the middle Ganga plain. Main rivers
are Burhi Gandak, Balan, Bainty, Baya and Chandrabhaga.

Sources of Livelihood : Agriculture is the mainstay here. 88.33% people depend upon
agriculture. Main cash crops of the district are oilseeds, tobacco, jute, potato, red chilies,
tomato and andi.

The traditional occupation in this area has been the rearing of milch cattle. Animals are used
in agricultural work even today. In urban areas rearing of cows of hybrid quality has
increased. Despite domestic use of milk, a huge quantity of milk is sold to the Barauni Milk
Composite Dairy Industry. This gives lucrative income and employment to the people of 
Begusarai.
 

INDUSTRY: Begusarai is nationally and internationally known for its industrial recognition.
Major industrial units are:  Indian Oil Refinery- Barauni, and Hindustan Fertilizer Limited
-Barauni, Thermal power station- Barauni and hundreds of small industrial units in the
private sector in which Hindustan Fertilizer Limited -Barauni is on the verge of closure.

          This district has potential for agro- based industries because of large production of
maize and oilseeds, etc, as mentioned earlier.

Infrastructure: Begusarai is well connected to other parts of Bihar and India through
railways as well as roads. New Delhi - Gawahati railway line passes through Begusarai.
Small aerodrome in Ulao, five kms from the district headquarters, which is used on the
arrival of very important persons. Railway has a route of 119 km (B.G.) and 67 km (M.G.). 
Barauni Railway Junction occupies an important position. A number of important trains
originate from this station for distant destinations, viz, Delhi, Guwahati, Amritsar, Varanasi,
Lucknow, Mumbai, Chennai etc. Rajendra Setu on the Ganga is connected to Mokama and
Howrah. There are 18 railway stations in this district.  Interior parts of the district are
connected to the main roads.The National Highways 28 and 31 link this district to the other
parts of the country. Its total length is 95 km. State roads have the total length of 262 km.
95% of the total villages is linked to the rural and urban road facilities.

Transport

Barauni is the main rail head and originating place of many trains. It is connected to south
Bihar by Rajendra Bridge which serves both as road and railway. NH 28 and NH 31 meet at
Zero mile also known as Dinkar chouk. There are bus services for long distance places by
government owned Bihar State Road Transport Corporation. There also many private bus
services to places in other cities of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Chhapra (Hindi: छपरा Urdu: ‫ )چہَپ َر‬is a city and headquarters of Saran district in the state of
Bihar, India. Chhapra is also written as Chapra. It is situated near the junction of the
Ghaghara River and The Ganges River. Chapra was the headquarter of district called Saran.
Later on, the district was divided into three separate districts: Chapra, Siwan and Gopalganj.

Geography

Chapra is located at .[1] It has an average elevation of 36 metres (118 feet).

The district of Saran is situated between 25°36' and 26°13' North latitude and 84°24' and
85°15' East longitude in the southern post of the newly created Saran Division of North
Bihar. The Ganges constitute the Southern boundary of the district beyond which lie the
districts of Bhojpur and Patna. To the north of Saran lie districts of Siwan and Gopalganj.
The Gandak forms the dividing line with vaishali and Muzaffarpur district in the east. To the
west of Saran lies district of Siwan and the district of Balia in Uttar Pradesh, the Ghaghra
constituting a natural boundary between Saran and Ballia.
The district is shaped like a triangle with its apex at the confluence of boundary of Gopalganj
district and Gandak-Ganga river there are three rivers namely the Ganga, Ghaghra, Gandak
which encircle the district from south north east and western side respectively. The district is
entirely constituted of plains but there are quite a few depressions and marshes, which cause
the formation of three broad natural division. I. The alluvial plains along the big rivers which
are subjected to periodic inundation and prone to floods.

II. The region of uplands away from the rivers and not subject to floods.

III. The diara areas in the beds of the great rivers.

Out of twenty blocks in the districts, Six blocks viz Sonepur, Dighwara, Revelganj, Chapra,
Manjhi and Dariyapur are affected by floods regularly. There are six partially flood affect
Parsa, Marhoura, Amnaur, Jalalpur, and Ekma. The remaining blocks are free from floods.
The soil of the district is alluvial. No mineral of economic value is found in the district.
Located just above the Ghaghara River's junction with the Ganges, its 1991 population was
136,877 people. Chapra is a road and rail hub, as well as a center for trade in agricultural
products.

Agriculture: Paddy, Wheat, Sugar Cane

Industry: Sugar Factories.

LAND UTILIZATION

Area Unit In Hec

(a) Total Area 270244.74
(b) Cultivable Area 199300
(c) Forest Area Nil
(d) Barren Land 17601.60
Land Use Other
(e) 25916.80
than Agriculture
(f)             Land Under Water
  Permanent 3789.20
  Seasonal 299.20
Cultivable  Waste
(g) 1784.80
Land
Pouster ( grazing
(h) 472.40
Land)
Land Under Tree
(i) 8270
and Plant
(j) Other fallow Land 7699.60
(k) Current fallow 5111.14
 Total 270244.74 Hec

Types of Cultivable Land (Area and Percentage)

Area
  Types of  Land (In Percentage
Hec.)
1 High Land 54212 27%
2 Medium High Land 13326 7%
3 Medium Land 36630 15%
4 Low Land 23300 12%
5 Chaur Land 42271 21%
6 Diara Land 29561 15%

Area Covered by different crops (  for last five years) ( Area in Hectare)

2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004-

Rabi
01 02 03 04 05
Wheat 108225 99827 104900 103608 108049
Maize 42350 42350 41350 36416 42469
Pulses 8959 10283 9045 7484 7216
Oilseed 6642 6589 6320 5997 7216
Potato 12067 12712 12680 12772 12500
Paddy 83700 59600 52275 80935 71853
Maize 33962 33922 30700 33745 31500
Pulses 12296 11150 9150 11705 11578
Oilseed 910 930 857 540 415

Siwan district is one of the districts of Bihar state, India. Siwan town is the administrative
headquarters of this district. Siwan district is a part of Saran Division since 1972. The town is
known for its great past especially for First President of Indian Republic who belonged to
Jeeradei.

Geography

The global location of Siwan District is between 25° 53' to 26° 23' North latitudes and 84° 1'
to 84° 47' East longitudes. Siwan covers an area of 2219 km². The district headquarter of
Siwan, having same pronunciation, is located on the eastern bank of river Daha. Siwan is
situated in the western part of North Bihar. It is bordered by Gopalganj District in the north
and by the river Ghaghara in the south beyond, which lies the Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh.
In the east of Siwan lies Saran District while Deoria District bounds it from the west.
According to the 2001 census the population of Siwan District is 27,14,349 out of which rural
and urban population are 2,055,466 & 115,505 respectively. The Literacy Rate in the district
is 51.65%. Siwan has distinction of having highest sex ratio among districts of Bihar (1069
female/ 1000 male). The district forms a part of the alluvium of the broader Indo-Gangetic
Plain. This region is marked by some typical geographical formations like 'Chaurs' and
'Draras'. The southern part of the district along river Ghaghara is marked by ‘Draras’, which
are typical formation of the sand heaping with thin layer of clay and silt over them. Alluvium
and dilution Rae the important works of river Ghaghara in this part, where by boundary
problems are created leading to transfer of land to and from the district.

 Rivers: Gandaki and Ghaghara are major rivers. The district is also navigated by few
small rivers like Jharahi, Daha, Gandaki, Dhamati or Dhamahi, Siahi, Nikari and
Sona. Along with the smaller ones Ghaghara is the perennial river, which flows
alongside the district's boundary.

Climate

The district observes hot westerly winds which start in March and last till May, but in April
and May light, damp easterly winds blow intermittently and afternoon storms accompanied
with rain take the place of the rainless dust storms of U.P. The summer season experiences
'Loo' during May and June having temperature above 380C), Since the district is in
transitional zone the Monsoon rain starts late here, but earlier than U.P., and persists till
September. This period provides maximum rain to the area. July and August are the
oppressive months due to heat intermixed with high humidity. The winter season is normally
pleasant with low temperature. During this period, western depressions sometimes give small
quantity of rain, which intensifies the existing coldness into chill. The average annual rainfall
for 51 years at Siwan is 120 centimeters.

Administrative Division

 Sub Divisions: Siwan, Maharajganj

 Blocks: Mairwa, Pachrukhi, Raghunathpur, Andar, Guthani, Maharajganj, Darauli,
Siswan, Daraunda, Husainaganj, Bhagwanpur, Hat, Goriyakothi, Baraharia, Habibpur,
Siwan Sadar, Basantpur, Lakari, Nabiganj, Jiradei, Nautan, Hasanpur, Firozpur.

Agriculture and industries

Soil

The district of Siwan falls in the area, which occupies an intermediary position between the
Bhanger plain of Uttar Pradesh and Khader plain of West Bengal. ‘Bhanger’ (or Banger) is
the older alluvium containing heavier soil with greater clay proportion, while Khader is the
newer alluvial deposit by river floods, both types of soils are found in the district, but Khader
is limited to the vicinity of the rivers where it is periodically renewed by fresh deposits,
especially in "Diara" areas. Khader is locally termed as 'Domat' and ‘Bhanger’ as
'Balsundari'. The Bhanger contains nodular segregations of carbonate of lime known as
'Kankar'. The soil is in many places sulfurous and extraction of saltpeter has long been an
important industry. The saltpeter industry has disappeared with the march of time and
changing phase of development.

 Major crops: Paddy, Wheat, Sugar Cane, Maize

 Important Industry: Sugar factories, Jinning factory, Handloom