STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION BY USING FLY ASH AND LIME

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to

SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

By
VISHAL P.R
(Reg. No. 191515004)

Supervisor
MRS.M.RAMALAKSHMI

SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCE,

CHENNAI – 602 105

FEBRUARY-2021
STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION BY USING FLY ASH AND LIME

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to

SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

By
VISHAL P.R
(Reg. No. 191515004)

Supervisor
MRS.M. RAMALAKSHMI

SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCE,

CHENNAI – 602 105

FEBRUARY-2021
 SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES,
CHENNAI – 602 105

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION BY USING FLY
ASH AND LIME” is the bonafide work of “VISHAL P.R (Reg. No. 191515004)” who
carrying out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr .R. GANESAN Mrs.M .RAMALAKSHMI

PROGRAMME DIRECTOR SUPERVISOR

Department of Civil Engineering Teaching Assistant

Saveetha School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

SIMATS Saveetha School of Engineering

Chennai – 602105 SIMATS

Chennai – 602105

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES,
CHENNAI – 602 105

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I declare that the report entitled “STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION BY USING FLY
ASH AND LIME” submitted by me for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering is the record
of the phase one project work carrying out by me under the guidance of
“MRS.M.RAMALAKSHMI” and furthermore this work will not formed the basis for the
award of any degree or diploma in this or any other University or other similar institution of
higher learning.

SIGNATURE
VISHAL P.R
(Reg. No. 191515004)
 ABSTRACT

For any type of structure, the establishment is significant and it must be solid to help the
whole structure. All together for the solid establishment the dirt around it assumes a basic job. To take
a shot at soils, we have to have appropriate information about their properties and components which
influence their conduct. By uniting under burden and evolving volumetrically alongside occasional
dampness variety, these issues are showed through growing, shrinkage and inconsistent settlement. In
this paper the test results got in the research center on extensive soils treated with mechanical waste
(fly debris and lime) are displayed. An investigation is completed to check the enhancements in the
properties of far reaching soil with fly debris and lime in shifting rates. The test outcomes, for
example, fluid point of confinement, standard delegate compaction, and differential free growing test
acquired on far reaching dirt’s blended at various extents of lime and fly debris admixture are
exhibited and talked about in this paper. The outcomes show that the settled dirt has lesser expanding
potential.
Keywords:
Clay Soil, Soil stabilization, bearing capacity, Fly Ash, Swell-shrinkage properties,
Unconfined compressive strength and Plasticity index ratio.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project work would not have been possible without the contribution of many

people. It gives me immense pleasure to express my profound gratitude to our honorable

Chancellor Dr. N. M. Veeraiyan, Saveetha Institution of Medical and technical sciences, for

his blessings and for being a source of inspiration. I sincerely thank our Vice Chancellor

Dr. Jawahar Nesan for his visionary thoughts and support. I am indebted to extend my

gratitude to our Director madam Mrs. Ramya Deepak, Saveetha School of Engineering, for

facilitating us all the facilities and extended support to gain valuable education and learning

experience.

I register my special thanks to Dr.B.Ramesh, Principal, Saveetha School of Engineering and

Dr.R.Ganesan, HOD, Department of Civil Engineering, for the support given to me in the

successful conduct of this project. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor

Mrs.M.RAMALAKSHMI, for her inspiring guidance, personal involvement and constant

encouragement during the entire course of this work. I am grateful to Project Coordinators,

Review Panel External and Internal Members and the entire faculty of the Department of

Civil Engineering, for their constructive criticisms and valuable suggestions which have been

a rich source to improve the quality of this work.

VISHAL P.R

ii
 TABLES OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

NO
Abstract

List of Tables

List of Figures

1 INTRODUCTION 08

1.1 Introduction 08

1.2 Properties of Fly ash 09

1.2.1 Advantages of Fly ash. 09

1.2.2 Disadvantages of Fly ash. 09

1.3 Properties of LIME. 10

1.3.1 Advantages of LIME. 10

1.3.2 Disadvantages of LIME 10

1.4 Aim of the study 11

1.5 Objectives of the study 11

1.6 Conclusion 11

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12

2.1 General 12

2.2 Literature Review 12

3 EXPERIMENTAL AND 17
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 17

3.2 Materials used 18

3.2.1 Clay soil 18

3.2.2 Fly ash 18

3.2.3 Lime 19

3.3 Fine Aggregate 20

3.3.1 Clay soil 20

3.3.2 Water 20

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 21

4.1 Introduction 21

4.2 Result and Discussion 21

4.2.1 Properties of Sieve Analysis 22

4.2.2 Properties of Clay Soil 22

4.2.3 Properties of Clay Soil using Fly ash with 24

Lime

5 CONCLUSION 27

5.1 Conclusion 28

REFERENCE 28

4
SI.NO LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO

3.1 Methodology 17

3.2.1 Clay Soil 18

3.2.2 Fly Ash 19

3.2.3 Lime 19

3.3.1 Fine Aggregate of Clay soil 20

5
4.2.1 Graphical representation Of Sieve analysis 22

4.2.2 Graphical representation Of clay soil 23

4.2.2 Graphical representation Standard 23

protocotor compassion test on clay soil

4.2.3 Graphical representation of Clay soil using Fly 25

Ash

4.2.3 Graphical representation Standard 26

protocotor compassion test on clay soil using
Fly ash

SI.N LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

O
4.2.1 Properties of sieve analysis 21

4.2.2 Properties of clay soil 22

4.2.3 Properties of clay soil using Fly ash with 24

Lime

6
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Improving an on location soil & building properties is called soil adjustment. Soils containing critical
degrees of residue or dirt, have evolving plastic within the sight of water, contract when dry, and extend
when presented to ice. Expanding soil consistently make issue for delicately stacked structure, by
combining under burden and by evolving volumetrically alongside occasional dampness variety.
Therefore the superstructures normally counter over the top settlement and differential developments,
bringing about harm to establishment frameworks, basic components and compositional highlights. In a
critical number of cases the structure gets unsteady or appalling. In any event, when endeavors are made
to improve growing soil, the absence of proper innovation here and there results volumetric change that

7
are answerable for billion dollars harm every year. It is because of this that the present work is taken up.
The reason for existing was to check the extent of improving bearing limit esteem and decrease
extensiveness by including added substances. There are numerous strategies for balancing out soil to
increase required designing determinations. These strategies extend from mechanical to concoction
adjustment. The vast majority of these strategies are moderately costly to be executed by gradually
creating countries and the most ideal route is to utilize locally accessible materials with generally modest
costs moderate by their inside assets. Site traffic is constantly a sensitive and troublesome issue when
tasks are done on such soils In other words, the re-utilization of these materials is regularly troublesome,
if certainly feasible. When they have been treated with lime, such soil can be utilized to make dikes or
subgrade of structures, along these lines maintaining a strategic distance from costly removal works and
transport. Use of lime altogether changes the attributes of a dirt to produce long haul perpetual quality and
security, especially with respect to the activity of water and ice. The mineralogical properties of the dirt’s
will decide their level of reactivity with lime and the extreme quality that the settled layers will develop.
In numerous hundreds of years, coal is the essential fuel in warm force plant and other industry. The fine
buildup from these plants which is gathered in a field is referred to as fly debris and considered as a waste
material. The fly debris is discarded either in the dry structure or blended in with water and released in
slurry into areas called debris lakes. The amount of fly debris delivered overall is immense and continues
expanding consistently. Four nations, to be specific, China, India, Joined State and Poland alone produce
more than 270 million tons of fly debris consistently. This work has been done to see the impact on
growing viewpoint and on quality of some growing soil by including fly debris and lime in various extent
into it as added substance. Soil adjustment improves the building properties of soil, for example, quality,
volume solidness and sturdiness. The rate expansion of fine, coarse fly debris improves the strength of
settled dark cotton soil also, show moderately well characterized dampness thickness relationship. It was
discovered that the pinnacle quality accomplished by fine fly debris blend was 25% more when contrasted
with coarse fly debris. Furthermore, class C fly debris to profoundly plastic earth additionally indicated a
decrease in shrinkage with expanding added substance rates. Notwithstanding, the expansion of lime
captured the shrinkage at double the pace of class C fly debris. The shrinkage capture was not direct but
rather happened more promptly with modest quantities of added substance and the pace of shrinkage
capture eased back as the measure of added substance expanded it is seen that the thickness of asphalt
diminishes by 66% as the CBR esteem goes on expanding. The improved CBR esteem is because of
expansion of Lime and Fly debris as admixtures to the BC soil. It additionally lessens the pressure driven
conductivity of BC soil. There will be no need of seepage layer after treatment of BC soil as sub grade
with lime and fly debris. In mix, the admixtures are advantageous for lower pliancy and higher sediment
content soils. As far as material cost, the utilization of less expensive fly debris can decrease the necessary
measure of lime this paper shows the consequences of the Experimental examination on far reaching soil
by settling it with fly ash and lime. Compaction test furthermore, free expanding list test on fly debris –
lime blended growing soil have been performed. The clayey soil was blended in with 5% lime and
shifting level of fly debris (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) to see the impact on growing perspective and.
ideal dampness content and changed dry thickness. The expanding potential, ideal dampness substance
and fluid point of confinement diminishes with increment in the fly debris content from 5% to 25%.

1.2 PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH

  The fineness of the fly ash is to be checked in both dry n wet sieving.
 The fly ash sample is sieved in 45 micron sieve and the percentage of retained on the
45 micron sieve is calculated.

8
  The specific gravity of fly ash ranges from a low value of 1.90 for a sub-bituminous
ash to a high value of 2.96 for an iron-rich bituminous ash.
 As the fly ash is a very fine material, the particle size ranges in between 10 to 100
micron. The shape of the fly ash is usually spherical glassy shaped.
 The colour of the fly ash depends upon the chemical and mineral constituents.
 Lime content in the fly ash gives tan and light colours whereas brownish colour is
imparted by the presence of iron content.
 As the flyash is a very fine material, the particle size ranges in between 10 to
100 micron. The shape of the fly ash is usually spherical glassy shaped.

1.2.1 Advantage of Fly ash.

 Fly ash is the powdery residue left over from burning coal to produce electricity.
  Fly ash particles are nearly perfect, tiny spheres; they reduce the amount of water
needed to achieve workability.
 Fly ash is lighter than sand and stone, so it reduces segregation or the tendency for
aggregates to sink to the bottom of the forms.
 Fly ash helps protect concrete and reinforcing steel.

1.2.2 Disadvantage of Fly ash

 Slower strength gain
 Seasonal limitation
 Increased need for air-entraining admixtures
 Increase of salt scaling produced by higher proportions of fly ash

1.3 PROPERTIES OF LIME:

 Lime products are vapour permeable and can absorb moisture from surrounding
bricks and stones. Any salt or frost damage occurs in the lime, thus protecting the
surrounding materials.
 Lime products are capillary active (they are said to allow buildings to ‘breathe’). This
means that moisture can enter the wall but importantly it is then allowed to evaporate
from the wall (unlike with most modern mortars and paints which hold moisture in
the wall), this helps to naturally control condensation and damp within the building.
Lime mortars are relatively flexible and will accommodate some movement in a wall,
each joint of lime mortar is like a mini expansion joint. If lime cracks, it can ‘self-

9
 heal’ when exposed to air unlike its modern counterparts which are harder and hence
more brittle.
Lime is often seen as a softer and hence ‘weaker’ or ‘less durable’ material but it has a
proven track record, it has been used in architecture since 12,000 B.C. and there are
plenty of examples from antiquity that still survive today.

1.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF LIME:

 Provides building breathing property– the lime was regarded as a material by the society
for protection against the depletion of ancient buildings. This material let the building to be
vapor permeable, thus allowing to breathe. This reduces the chances of trapped moisture
and the damage of the building.
 Renders Comfortable Environment– Absorbing moisture by the lime, stabilize internal
humidity
 Ecological Benefits– energy conservation than cement, small scale production of lime is
possible
 Protection of adjacent materials– Porous texture of lime handle the moisture movement,
without affecting the adjacent materials
 Provides good workability
 Durability is high

1.3.2 Disadvantage of LIME:

 Limestone, cement and mortar slowly react acid rain and wear away, this damages
walls made from limestone and it leaves gaps between bricks.
 Concrete is weak when bent or stretched. ...
 Some people think concrete building and bridges are unattractive.
 Glass is brittle and easily shattered.

1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the project is to study and analyse the strength of soil with mix of Fly ash and
Lime.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

10
 The objectives of the study are an attempt to understand the characteristics of Fly ash and
is made on soil. Based on the gaps of literature, the following objective were framed for this
project.

1.6 CONCLUSION

It is proposed to carry out the familiar soil tests; Atterberg‟s Limit, Specific Gravity,
Compaction Test, Unconfined Compressive Test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) in order to
evaluate the improvement in clay soil properties by using Lime and Fly ash as the stabilizer. We
shall study the tests results to understand and discuss the mechanisms and geotechnical
properties of clay soils stabilized with Lime and fly ash.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 GENERAL

The Clay Soil swells and shrinks excessively with the change of water content. Such soils
cause serious damage and distortion to structures, particularly for the Light homes and

11
pavements built on such soils. Soil stabilization may increase the volume of soil which will
improves the engineering properties of soils.
The present information and communication revolution has led to many problems includes the
generation of hazardous wastes from electric and electronic products thus increasing the quantity
of Lime day by day. One of the available disposal techniques is recycling. If it is not recycled
then it has to be land filled in a nearby disposal facility. In view of above, we have considered
the use of Lime with addition of Fly Ash for improving the stability of the clay soils.
The motive of this examine is to represent normal fly ash from nearby thermal power station and
lime and evaluate their Effectiveness in lowering swell. The purpose of this Paper is to assess the
effect of adding the Lime of various percentages plus 20% of fly ash on the geotechnical
behaviour of the Clay Soil like the grain size distribution.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Krichphon singh & V.K.Arora “STABILIZATION OF BLACK SOIL USING LIME

STONE, RICE HUSK AND FLY ASH” ICRTESM-2017: A surroundings friendly and cost effective
manner of Soil stabilization is with the help of industrial waste. Wrong toll road subgrade, foundation soil
of Heavy constructing or water reservoirs and so forth. Calls for Stabilization to enhance its engineering
properties. Big areas are included with tremendously plastic soil, which isn't suitable for creation motive.
In City regions, borrow earth is not without difficulty to be had Which must be hauled from an extended
distance. As a substitute of borrowing a suitable soil from long distance it's miles Most economical to use
locally to be had plastic soil after Stabilization with fee powerful and without difficulty available
Industrial wastes. In this gift have a look at, additives used are lime stone that is a commercial waste
Product, fly ash and rice husk which can be agricultural Waste products. The mission is deliberate to
conduct Numerous geotechnical lab test like unconfined Compressive power check, shrinkage take a look
at, swelling Test, permeability check, atterberg limit and shear Electricity check. The objective of this
study is to evaluate the effect of materials used to beautify the properties of plastic soil by using
evaluating with the results and Graphs of diverse mixes. This stabilization technique Is value effective
and has an extra advantage of Presenting an environmental pleasant manner to deal with Industrial waste
product.
Prof. Guruprasad Jadhav, Mr.Gavhane Dinesh & Mr.Behere Babaso “AN
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STABILISATION OF EXPANSIVE SOIL USING ADMIXTURES”
IJSTM-2016: In the gift research the unconfined compressive power of stabilized clayey soil by way of
compacting to distinctive densities at particular moisture content, at Special curing period and ranging
copper slag and Cement content material. Cylindrical specimens stabilized with copper slag and cement
was subjected to Dedication of unconfined compressive energy Method. The low power and high
compressible softclay soils were discovered to enhance to numerous ranges by addition of copper slag
and cement. The general Check results imply that copper slag and cement is Powerful in stabilizing the
soil, wherein extensive Development in unconfined compressive energy. A Pretty exact energy prediction
may be derived from a compilation of the energy and, on condition .A reliable number of data are made to
be had. From the test outcomes of unconfined compressive power Technique may be without problems
mounted for nice manipulate and warranty of stabilization paintings
Rakhil Krishna R &Devi Krishnan “REVIEW ON THE EFFECT OF WASTE CERAMIC
DUST ON THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF EXPANSIVE SOILS” IRJET- 2016: The
expansive soils as a substitute swells and shrinks Relying upon the presence of moisture in it. This

12
Conduct reasons the extent trade of the soil and it Consequences the cracking and failure of systems
constructed on that soil. To improve the geotechnical residences of this expansive soil so as to lead them
to appropriate for Construction functions, numerous techniques are in to be had. This paper opinions the
effects of the Experimental programmer which is already performed Through stabilizing the expansive
soil the use of ceramic dust Made from locally available waste ceramic tiles. Also It opinions the
economic feasibility of making use of the Ceramic dust for improving the houses of Expansive soil used
for construction. Expansive soils Are the soils which swell considerably when come in Touch with water
and reduce while the water Squeezes out. They're also referred as swelling soils, are the ones soils which
have tendency to growth within the Extent each time the moisture content (i.E. Water Content) in its miles
expanded. Due to this exchange Swell reduce behavior of the soil, the change in soil Quantity will occur
and it is able to cause transferring and Cracking in exceptional civil engineering systems Based on them.
Basis with swelling soil will Heave and can motive lifting of a building or structure Laid on it on every
occasion the moisture content material rises. This Can ultimately result in the failure of basis and
Structure laid on it.
H.Venkateswarlu, A.C.S.V Prasad, Dr. DSV Prasad & Dr.GVR Prasada Raju “Study on
Behavior of Expansive Soil Treated with Quarry Dust” IJEIT-2015: Quarry dirt is a sort of strong
waste fabric that is received from combination crushing industries. Disposal of such waste substances
creates plenty ofproblems to the surroundings and public. Thinking about This aspect an experimental
study become carried out on Regionally available expansive soil with the aid of blending it with Quarry
dust. This paper provides the version of Index and engineering properties of expansive soil Which include
liquid restrict, plastic limit, plasticity index, Compaction characteristics, california bearing ratio And
shear electricity while it's far mixed with one of a kind Probabilities (0%, five%, 10% and 15%) of quarry
dirt And the effects had been located that as much as the addition of 10% of stone dust there may be an
boom in strength Parameters beyond it is not effective.
Shailendra Singh & Hemant B. Vasaikar “Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Lime”
IJSR-2015: The layout foundation on black cotton soil (expansive soil) has always been a hard challenge
for the engineers as the structure resting on black cotton Soil cracks without any caution. Black cotton
soil is Determined in m.P., karnataka, maharashtra and andhra Pradesh in our u. S. A... Soil share
adjustments Depending upon their materials, i.E. Water content, Density, bulk density, angle of friction,
shear strength And so forth. The houses of black cotton soil can be Changed by means of stabilizing the
soil can be modified via Stabilizing the soil with the use of additives or through Mechanical manner. On
this assignment a try has been made to stabilize the soil using lime. Experimental Paintings has been
carried out with four % and 6 % of lime Content material. The experimental work is based on unique
Percentages of lime content in soil on checks for soil Liquid limit, plastic restriction, o.M.C., m.D.D, bulk
Density and dry density, c.B.R. Test, grain length mEvaluation and swelling stress. The goal is to Improve
the engineering properties of the black Cotton soil such that the structure built on this soil Can be
efficaciously withstanding carried out masses. It changed into Discovered that the engineering properties
of black cotton Soil appreciably stepped forward by addition of lime
Akshaya Kumar Sabat “Engineering Properties of an Expansive soil Stabilized with Rice
husk ash and Lime sludge” IJET-2014:Compaction properties, california bearing ratio, Shear electricity
parameters, compression index, Swelling strain and sturdiness of an expansive soil Stabilized with rice
husk ash and lime sludge have Been mentioned on this paper. The effects of seven and 28 Days of curing
on those properties besides the Compaction houses have also been discussed. Rice husk ash (rha) is the
ash produced by way of burning Of rice husk.Silica is the primary constituent of rice huskash. It's been
discovered to be pozzolanic material due To its excessive amorphous silica content material. Every other
waste Produced from paper production industry is lime Sludge the primary constituent of which is
lime.Rha as A pozzolanic fabric and lime sludge as a binder can Be utilized to stabilize expansive.

13
 Jagmohan Mishra ,R. K.Yadav & A. K. Singhai “Effect of Granite Dust on Engineering
Properties of Lime Stabilized Black Cotton Soil” IJERT-2014:This paper affords the impact of granite
dirt on the Engineering traits of bc This soil stabilised with 5% lime. A laboratory have a look at turned
into undertaken to Compare the effect of granite dust as a soil stabilizer. Soil sample containing five%
lime and 0%, 10%, 20% And 30% of granite dust were organized and Compaction function and california
bearing ratio Take a look at were carried out as according to relevant is code of Instruction. The take a
look at results revealed that the compaction Parameters and cbr values of the soil are stepped forward
Appreciably with the addition of the granite dust. It Is likewise located that the swelling of the bc soil is
Almost managed. The end result confirmed the cbr value Improved from 1.7% to 7.15%, the most
beneficial moisture Content have been reduced from 22% to fourteen.3% and The most dry density have
been multiplied from 1.Fifty eight g/cc to 1.88 g/cc. The realization drawn from This experimental
paintings is that the expansive clay like Black cotton soil may be stabilized by the combination Of lime
and stone dust to govern its swelling nature And increase the stability
Muthu Kumar M & Tamilarasan V S “Effect of Eggshell Powder in the Index and
Engineering Properties of black Cotton soil” IJETT-2014:Soil is one of the maximum crucial
materials used in a Type of production tasks inclusive of earth canals And earth dams. The reality that soil
may additionally provide all the Resistance traits important for a project Illustrates the significance of
various techniques used to Enhance soil great. Maximum of the screw ups of soil have Been attributed to
poor power. Stabilization of soil By way of including lime, cement, bitumen and so on. Are high-riced
And consequently require an economic replacement. In Egg consumption, tamilnadu stands 2nd region in
India. Subsequently a huge quantity of eggshell wastes are Produced every yr. Inside the absence of an
effective Waste disposal, the usage of eggshell for soil Development may be a welcome improvement. On
this Paper, we studied the suitability of egg shell powder As a possible additive cloth to improve the
Power of soils. Soil samples were accumulated and Stabilized with eggshell powder in proportions
of0.5% to 5.5% at zero.Five% c language with the aid of dry weight. The Index and engineering
properties were done to Get admission to the behaviour of soil with the addition of Eggshell powder. The
unconfined compressive Strength check become achieved with and without delay In compaction.
Addition of eggshell powder to soil Sample cause increase in unconfined compressive Power. The
maximum unconfined compressive Energy become attained at three% eggshell powder Stabilization. The
unconfined compressive power Turned into extended within the delayed compaction than the without
delayed compaction. The use of eggshell Powder as an additive will therefore improve the Power of soils;
however, using eggshell powder Quantities in excess of three% won't yield adequate Effects.
Akshaya Kumar Sabat “A review of literature on stabilization of expansive soil using solid
wastes” EJGE-2014: Expansive soil is an elaborate soil for civil Engineers because of its low energy and
cyclic Swell shrink behavior. Stabilization the use of solid Wastes is one of the distinct strategies of
remedy, to Improve the engineering houses and make it Suitable for creation. The beneficial results of A
few distinguished strong wastes as received in Laboratory research, in stabilization of expansive soil Were
discussed on this paper. Expansive soil is a Time period normally applied to any soil or rock fabric That
has a capability for shrinking or swelling underneath Changing moisture conditions.
Dr. B C Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain & Arun Kumar Jain “EVALUATION OF
COMPACTION AND SWELL CHARACTERISTIC 0F BLACK COTTON SOIL BY USING
ADMIXTURE AS LIME STONE AND LIME STONE” IJAET-2014:The black cotton soil is
expansive type of soil which Increase suddenly and start swelling while it is available in Touch with
moisture. Due to this property the Strength and other homes of soil are very negative. Expansive form of
soil suggests unpredictable behavior With special sort of stabilizers. Soil stabilization is A process to treat
a soil to hold, adjust or enhance The overall performanenvironmental degradation caused by the waste
From marble processing plants. Many researchers Have stated that marble has very high lime (cao)
Content up to fifty five% with the aid of the varying Chances of lime stone and lime stone and have Been
cured for three, 7 and 14 days. The proper change In the electricity houses of the soil have been

14
Located.ce of soil. On this study, the capacity of Lime stone (derivative of marble enterprise) and lime
Stone as stabilizing components to expansive soil is Evaluated. The assessment involves the dedication
Of the development within the energy residences of Expansive soil in its natural nation as well as while
Mixed with various share of lime stone and limestone.The lime stone in experimental program is
Obtained from reducing of marble. The environmental Degradation due to marble mining is a good deal
much less than weight. The unconfined Compression test is performed with the aid of making the
Specimens of black cotton soil by means of including
Monica Malhotra & Sanjeev Naval “Stabilization of black cotton Soil Using Low Cost
Materials” IJEIT-2013: For any structure, the foundation is very important and it has to be strong to
support the entire structure. In order for the foundation to be strong, the soil around it plays a very critical
role. To work on soils, we need to have proper knowledge about their properties and factors which affect
their behavior. Expansive soils always create problems more for lightly loaded structures than moderately
loaded structures. By consolidating under load and changing volumetrically along with seasonal moisture
variation, these problems are manifested through swelling, shrinkage and unequal settlement. In this
paper the experimental results obtained in the laboratory on expansive soils treated with low cost
materials (lime and fly ash) are presented. A study is carried out to check the improvements in the
properties of expansive soil with fly ash and lime in varying percentages. The test results such as liquid
limit, standard proctor compaction, and differential free swelling test obtained on expansive clays mixed
at different proportions of lime and fly ash admixture are presented and discussed in this paper. The
results show that the stabilized clay has lesser swelling potential whereas increase in optimum moisture
content has been observed
H.N.Ramesh, A.J.Krishnaiah & S.Shilpa shet “Effect of Lime on the Index Properties of
Black Cotton Soil and Mine tailings mixtures” IRJET- 2013:Index homes are drastically utilized in
geotechnical Engineering exercise. Amongst them, liquid restrict is an Essential bodily property utilized
in classification and Correlations with engineering homes of soils. Liquid restriction, plastic limit and
shrinkage limit ofblack cotton soil (bcs) and mine tailings (mt) Combos handled with lime are
investigated and are Supplied in this paper. In the gift investigation an Try has been made to make use of
the mine tailings in Geotechnical programs and to assess the index Homes of black cotton soil and mine
tailings Aggregate handled with lime. The test outcomes indicate That the revolutionary decrease in liquid
limit, lower In plastic restrict and growth in shrinkage restriction with Curing time. The liquid restrict
specially is utilized in Many correlations with engineering homes and it Is extensive to know the strain
history and general Houses of the soil met with buildings. Liquid Restriction is used for the estimation of
compression index And compression index is useful for the settlement Analysis of soils. The physico-
chemical mechanism Which modify the index residences of black cotton soil And mine tailings aggregate
dealt with with lime and the Mechanisms have been defined primarily based on thickness Of subtle
double layer and alteration of the reaction Merchandise of soil-lime reaction for numerous curing Periods
J.B.Oza & Dr. P.J. Gundaliya “STUDY OF BLACK COTTON SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
WITH CEMENT WASTE DUST AND LIME” NuiCONE-2013:Stabilization of soils is an effective
method for Development of soil homes and the pavement Machine performance. Plasticity index is one of
the Critical residences of soil to decide the behavior Of soil in presence of water. The poorest soil among
All is black cotton soil (bc soil). In rajkot vicinity this Bc soil is spread over southern a part of district.
Wealthy Share of montmorillonite is found in bc soil From mineralogical evaluation. High percentage of
Montomorillonite Renders Excessive Degree Of Expansiveness. Those property effects cracks in soil
Without any caution. Those cracks have now and again Extent excessive limit like 1⁄2” to twelve” deep.
Use of this Type of land may go through severe damage to the Production with the exchange in
atmospheric Situations. In this paper, bc soil turned into tested using 3 exceptional stabilizing dealers -
1.Cement waste Dust accumulated from the cement plant 2. Cement dirt + lime powder 3. Lime powder.
The cement waste Dirt changed into discovered nice agent as a stabilizer to enhance The atterbergs’
restriction and as a result plasticity index of Bc soil as well as the compressive energy of the Equal.

15
Laboratory assessments were executed with distinct Possibilities of 3 degrees, every of them ranging
From 1% to nine%. The conduct of bc soil of rajkot Place changed into stepped forward with degree no.
1, the percentage Of cement dirt 7% of cement dirt in bc soil islooking to be the appropriate blending.
Also in 2d Stage, development is proven at eight% of combination Of cement dirt and lime powder. 0.33
level changed into Located a quality ideal result at nine% of lime powder in Bc soil. The outcomes, as a
consequence received in laboratory Underneath standard situations provide first-class purpose To use the
cement dust as a stabilizing agent for the Motive to enhance plasticity index of bc soil Evaluate to
different two combinations.
Dr. Ravi Kumar Sharma & Chayan Gupta “Influence of Waste Materials on Geotechnical
Characteristics of Expansive Soil” IJERT-2013:Fast increase of industrialization produces hazardous
Waste materials at a massive quantity. If there may be any fault In the disposal process of the waste
materials then They act as a pollutant and also have an effect on the ecological Gadget of the
surroundings. It shows that there may be Urgent need for exploring the opportunity of disposal Of those
materials. In cutting-edge exercise, those waste Substances may be proper opportunity as construction
Materials. This paper shows the influence of waste Materials including beas river sand, fly ash on
Compaction, and energy characteristics of black Cotton soil. The usage of those materials have
Measurable benefit at the economic system as well as the Power, when used as production materials in
Infrastructure initiatives like pavements, hydraulics Systems, embankments, and so forth. And reduce the
impact At the environment.
Pankaj R. Modak, Prakash B. Nangare, Sanjay D. Nagrale, Ravindra D. Nalawade, &
Vivek S. Chavhan “Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soil Using Admixtures” IJEIT-2012:Stabilization
of black cotton soil is studied By means of using lime and fly ash. Bc soils are exceptionally Clayey
soils .The Moisture modifications in bc soils, compressibility and Plasticity nature may be substantially
improved with the Addition of lime and fly ash. This paper consists of the Assessment of soil houses like
top of the line moisture Content material, dry density, and strength parameter (california bearing ratio
cost). Specific portions Of lime and fly ash are introduced to the Bc soil and the experiments carried out
on these soil Mixes. The end result indicates that the use of lime and fly Ash increases the california
bearing ratio values i.E. The strength of soil to an amazing quantity.Soil is defined as ediments or other
accumulation of mineral debris Produced with the aid of the physical or chemical disintegration Of rocks
plus the air, water, natural rely and other Substances that can be blanketed. Soil is generally a Non-
homogeneous, porous, earthen material whoseengineering behavior is encouraged by way of changes on
Moisture content and density. Primarily based on the beginning, Soil can be broadly classified as natural
and Inorganic. Organic soils are aggregate derived from Growth and decay of plant life and additionally
accumulation Of skeleton or shell of small organism. Inorganic soils Are derived from the mechanical or
chemical Weathering of rocks. Black cotton soils are relatively clay Soil grayish to blackish in color. They
contain Montmorillonite clay mineral which has excessive Steeply-priced characteristics. Bc soils have
low Shrinkage restriction and high gold standard moisture content material. It is enormously sensitive to
moisture changes, Compressible subgrade cloth. Hence the subgrade And its undesirable characteristics to
be changed The use of a suitable stabilization approach. Stabilization Involves the strategies used for
editing the Properties of a soil to improve its engineering Overall performance. The construction cost by
way of making high-quality use of the Locally to be had substances.

.
CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL AND METHODOLOGY

16
3.1 INTRODUTION

The Clay Soil swells and shrinks excessively with the change of water content. Such soils
cause serious damage and distortion to structures, particularly for the Light homes and
pavements built on such soils. Soil stabilization may increase the volume of soil which will
improves the engineering properties of soils.
The present information and communication revolution has led to many problems includes the
generation of hazardous wastes from electric and electronic products thus increasing the quantity
of lime day by day. One of the available disposal techniques is recycling. If it is not recycled
then it has to be land filled in a nearby disposal facility. In view of above, we have considered
the use of lime with addition of Fly Ash for improving the stability of the clay soils.
The motive of this examine is to represent normal fly ash from nearby thermal power station and
lime and evaluate their Effectiveness in lowering swell. The purpose of this Paper is to assess the
effect of adding the lime of various percentages plus 20% of fly ash on the geotechnical
behaviour of the Clay Soil like the grain size distribution.

Project title selection

↓

Literature review
↓
Collection of materials
↓
Testing on clay soil
↓
Testing on clay soil with addition of Fly ash and Lime
↓
Suitability analysis

Fig No 3.1 Methodology

3.2 MATERIALS USED

3.2.1 Clay soil

17
 Clay soil is defined as soil that comprised of very fine mineral particles and not much
organic material. The resulting soil is quite sticky since there is not much space between the
mineral particles, and it does not drain well at all. If you have noticed that water tends to puddle on
the ground rather than soak in, it is likely your ground consists of clay. Soil that consists of over 50
percent clay particles is referred to as “heavy clay.” To determine whether you have clay soil or
not, you can do a simple soil test. But chances are you probably already know if you have clay soil.
If your soil sticks to shoes and garden tools like glue, forms big clods that aren't easy to separate,
and crusts over and cracks in dry weather, you have clay.

Fig No. 3.2.1 Clay soil

3.2.2 Fly ash:

Fly ash or flue ash, also known as pulverised fuel ash in the United Kingdom, is a coal
combustion product that is composed of the particulates that are driven out of coal-fired boilers
together with the flue gases. Ash that falls to the bottom of the boiler's combustion chamber is
called bottom ash.

18
 Fig No 3.2.2 Fly ash

3.2.3 LIME:

Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic mineral composed primarily of oxides, and hydroxide,

usually calcium oxide and/ or calcium hydroxide. It is also the name for calcium oxide which
occurs as a product of coal-seam fires and in altered limestone xenoliths in volcanic ejecta.

Fig No 3.2.3 Lime

3.3 FINE AGGREGATE

19
3.3.1 Clay soil

The clay soil that was used for the research work was obtained locally that fulfils the
requirement provided. The purity of the clay soil was analysed glancing the code provided by
Indian Standard. This clay soil is naturally occurring in rivers, lakes and pond areas. Generally,
for preparing the clay soil 4.75mm size sand is used. The size of the sand (Fig.No:3.4) gets by
using the sieving analysis. Clay soil are suitable no for the construction industry.

Fig No. 3.3.1 Fine Aggregate of Clay soil

3.4 WATER

The water was clean and free from any visible impurities. Water is being supplied
partially deliberating the proportionate ratio. Normally the water cement ratio used in normal
clay soil is 60%. By the reference from the journals the water ratio is taken as 14% by adding of
8 % water the clay soil gets fluid nature with more workability. Water is a key ingredient in the
manufacture of clay soil. Although it is an important ingredient of clay soil, it has high so with
the quality of clay soil.

CHAPTER 4

20
 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In chapter 3, I have detailed experimental investigation covering the various properties.

The present chapter highlights the results obtained from the above experimental investigation.

4.2 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS:

4.2.1Properties of Sieve analysis:

Table 4.2.1 Properties of Sieve analysis

SI.n Sieve size Soil retained % retained Cumulative %finers

o %retained
1 4.75 0.185 18.5 18.5 82.5
2 2.36 0.096 9.6 19.0 79.1
3 1.18 0.060 6.0 25.6 66.5
4 600 0.078 7.8 35.5 57.3

21
 90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
4.75 2.36 1.18 600

Soil retained % retained Cumulative % retained % finers

Fig No: 4.2.1 Graphical representation

Of Sieve analysis

4.2.2Properties of Clay soil:

Table 4.2.2 Properties of clay soil
SI.no Properties Value
1 Specific gravity  2.543

2 Liquid limit  38.09

3 Plastic limit 22.2%

4 Standard Protocotor Compassion test

a) Maximum Dry Density 1.49

b) Optimum Moisture Content 15

5 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 1.6

6 Unconfined compression test (UCC) 35

22
 PROPERTIES OF CLAY SOIL
40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Specific Gravity Liquid Limit Plastic Limit California Bearing Unconfined
Ratio compression test

SOIL

Fig No: 4.2.2 Graphical representation

Of clay soil

STANDARD PROTOCOTOR COMPASSION TEST ON CLAY SOIL

14

12

10

0
Maximum Dry Density Optimum Moisture Content

STANDARD PROTOCOTOR COMPASSION TEST ON CLAY SOIL

Fig No: 4.2.2 Graphical representation

Standard protocotor compassion test on clay soil

23
4.2.3 Properties of Clay soil using Fly ash with Lime:

Table 4.2.3 properties of clay soil using Fly ash with Lime

SI. Sample Clay soil Clay soil + Clay soil + Clay soil +
no + 20% 20% Fly 20% Fly 20% Fly
Fly Ash Ash + 3% Ash + 5% Ash +
lime lime 9%lime
1 Specific gravity 2.67 3.43 4.81 5.61

2 Liquid limit 78.2 83.4 89.7 93.5

3 Plastic limit 36.45 42.56 49.6 53.7

4 Standard Protocotor Compassion

test

a) Maximum Dry Density 1.89 2.03 2.56 3.45

b) Optimum Moisture 18 24 31 38
Content

5 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 8.7 9.3 10.5 13.7

6 Unconfined compression test 157.6 168.5 176.4 182.3

(UCC)

24
 CLAY SOIL + 20% FLY ASH
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
specific gravity Liquid limit plastic limit california bearing unconfined
ratio (CBR) compression test
(UCC)

Clay soil + 20% fly ash

Fig No 4.2.3 Graphical representation

Of clay soil using fly ash

STANDARD PROTOCOTOR COMPACTION TEST ON CLAY SOIL +FLYASH

16

14

12

10

0
Maximum dry density Optimum moisure
content

Standard protocotor compaction test on clay soil + 20% flyash

Fig No 4.2.3 Graphical representation

Standard protocotor compassion test on clay soil using Fly ash

25
 PROPERTIES OF CLAY SOIL + FLY ASH+ LIME
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Specific gravity Liquid Limit Plastic limit California Bearing Unconfined
Ratio Compression Test

CLAY SOIL + 20% FLY ASH + 3% LIME CLAY SOIL + 20% FLY ASH + 5% LIME CLAY SOIL + 20% FLY ASH + 9% LIME

Fig No 4.2.3 Graphical representation

Of clay soil using fly ash with Lime

STANDARD PROTOCOTOR COMPASSION TEST ON CLAY SOIL + FLY ASH + LIME

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
 Maximum Dry Density Optimum Moisture Content

STANDARD PROTOCOTOR COMPASSION TEST ON CLAY SOIL +20% FLY ASH + 3% LIME
STANDARD PROTOCOTOR COMPASSION TEST ON CLAY SOIL +20% FLY ASH + 5% LIME
STANDARD PROTOCOTOR COMPASSION TEST ON CLAY SOIL +20% FLY ASH + 9% LIME

Fig No 4.2.3 Graphical representation

Standard protocotor compassion test on clay soil using Fly ash with Lime

26
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION
It is proposed to carry out the familiar soil tests; Atterberg‟s Limit, Specific Gravity,
Compaction Test, Unconfined Compressive Test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) in order to
evaluate the improvement in clay soil properties by using lime and Fly ash as the stabilizer. We
shall study the tests results to understand and discuss the mechanisms and geotechnical
properties of clay soils stabilized with lime and fly ash. Based on the above laboratory study of
the stabilization of Clay soil using 3%, 5% and 9% dosages of e-waste and 20% fly ash, the
following conclusions were obtained:
1. Specific gravity and liquid limit increased up to an addition of lime of 5% plus 20% Fly Ash
but decreased for an addition of lime of 8% plus 20% Fly Ash and plastic limit suddenly
increased for an addition of lime of 5% plus 20% Fly Ash.
2. After performing direct shear test, there is an improvement in angle of internal friction (Ф) as
the percentage of lime plus 20% Fly Ash increases due to reduction in cohesion between soil and
lime plus 20% Fly Ash and increase in friction, as a result the clay soil’s bearing capacity also
increases.
3. The UCC of Clay soil increased with an average 37 kN/m2 for fixed percentage of lime plus
20% Fly Ash.
4. Maximum Dry density increased and Optimum Moisture Content decreased for 2% and 5% as
the voids in the soil were filled by lime plus 20% Fly Ash which results in dense soil. MDD
gradually decreased for 8% dosage of lime plus 20% Fly Ash.
5. The CBR value goes on increasing with respect to addition of e-waste plus 20% Fly Ash.
6. It is observed that the values of free swell index of the soil have decreased with increase in
lime plus 20% Fly Ash.

27
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