MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

Mata Kuliah Advance Linguistics

Dosen : Dr. Supeno, M.Hum

Disusun Oleh :

SUSI LAWATI 20197470160

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS PASCA SARJANA
UNIVERSITAS INDRAPRASTA PGRI
JAKARTA
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Morphology is the branch of linguistics that deals with word structure. Matthews
(1991:3) states that, “Morphology, therefore, is the simply a term for that branch of
linguistics which is concerned with the ‘form of words’ in different uses and
contraction”. The object of morphology is term that has correlation with formation of
words. Word formation is creation of a new word, sometimes it changes the word’s
meaning and class. While, Lehmann (1976) in Srijono (2001:49) stated that
“Morphology is the study of morphemes, their variation, and their combination in
words”. Morphology is the arrangement and relationships of the smallest meaningful
units in a language. So what does this really mean? Every human language depends on
sounds. When specific sounds are put together in a specific way, words, phrases, and
finally sentences can be created. This is how messages are sent and received. In order to
understand morphology, you need to know the term morpheme, which is the smallest
unit of a word with meaning. That meaning is how language conveys messages.
Morphemes are more than just letters. When a number of letters are put together into a
word part that now has meaning, then you have a morpheme. Morphology studies how
these units of meaning, or word parts, can be arranged in a language.
Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are
constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as
its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for
producing the sentences of the language under analysis. "(Noam Chomsky, 2002: 11)
Chomsky said that the syntax is the lesson / lecture on the principles and processes in
which the sentences are arranged in a specific language.  Syntax is one of the major
components of grammar. It's the concept that enables people to know how to start a
question with a question word ("What is that?"), or that adjectives generally come
before the nouns they describe ("green chair"), subjects often come before verbs in non-
question sentences ("She jogged"), prepositional phrases start with prepositions ("to the
store"), helping verbs come before main verbs ("can go" or "will do"), and so on.
 Morphology and syntax are an integral part of linguistics. They are subdivisions
of the study of languages and together with phonetics, semantics and phonology
contribute to the understanding of how a language is formed. Morphology deals with
the understanding of how words are formed while syntax is focused on the way
sentences are developed. Basically morphology is the study of the structure of words,
while Syntax studies the structure of sentences. Together these disciplines help
linguists understand how language works.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. MORPHOLOGY
1.1. Definition of Morphology
Morphology is the part of linguistic which analyzes or investigates the basic
elements or grammatical function of words. It is the part of linguistics that deals with
the study of words, their internal structure and partially their meanings. It is also
interested in how the users of the given language, understand complex words and
invent new lexical items.
Morphology is the part of linguistics that deals with the study of words, their internal
structure and partially their meanings.
• Derivational morphology; is concerned with the relationships of different
words, and with the ways in which vocabulary items can be built from some
elements, as in un-speak-able.
• Inflectional morphology; it deals with the forms of one word that it takes up
depending on its grammatical functions in a sentence.

1.2. Morphemes
Morphemes in morphology are the smallest units that carry meaning or fulfill
some grammatical function.
• Free morpheme; a single morpheme that constitutes a word and can stand
alone.
• Bound morpheme; a morpheme that must be attached to another
morpheme. It cannot stand by itself as it would have no meaning.
For examples, in the word houses there are two morphemes house, which is free,
and s whish is a bound morpheme.
1. Free Morphemes
• Lexical morphemes; words that have some meaning – verbs, adjectives,
nouns, like for example print, house, pretty, fire, go, girl, sad, song,
yellow, break.
 • Functional morphemes; a closed class of words, articles, prepositions,
pronouns which do not carry any meaning on their own, but only fulfill a
grammatical function. Ex: and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in,
the, that, it.

2. Bound Morphemes
• Derivational morphemes; those morphemes which produce new words,
or change the function of a word. It is achieved by means of prefixes or
suffixes in case of English and infixes in other languages, like Arabic.
o -ic : Noun > Adj ; alcohol > alcoholic
o -ance : Verb > Noun ; clear > clearance
o -ly : Adj > Adv ; exact > exactly
o -ity : Adj > Noun ; active > activity
o -able : Verb > Adj ; read > readable
o -ship : Noun > Noun ; friend > friendship
o re- : Verb > Verb ; cover > recover
o in- : Adj > Adj ; definite > indefinite
• Inflectional morphemes; do not create new words, but only show
grammatical functions of a word.
Nouns
–s                     plural
–’s                   possessive
 
Verbs
 –s                    third person singular present
–ed                  past tense
–en       past participle
–ing      progressive
 
Adjectives
–er       comparative
–est      superlative 
 1.3. Morphological Description
Ex: The girl’s wildness shocked the teachers.
The                  girl                   -‘s                       wild                   -ness                 shock             
       -ed
(functional)   (lexical)           (inflectional)     (lexical)        (derivational)      (lexical)    (inflectional)
the                          teach                 er                       s
(functional)   (lexical)     (derivational)     (inflectional)

a. Stem, Root, Base

Base is a form to which a morpheme is attached. This can be a single free
morpheme, or a combination of morphemes. For example, the word
"accept" is the base for "acceptable", while "acceptable" itself is the base for
"unacceptable".
Stem is what an inflectional morpheme is attached to. For example, the
word "house" is the stem for "houses". Remember, it means also "house"
can be called a stem.
Root is the form when all the affixes are removed. For example, the form
"accept" is the root for "unacceptable"
b. Morph
A term morph is forms that represent morphemes. For instance in the word
dogs, the morph s represents the morpheme ‘plural’ and in the word oxen
the morph is en.
c. Allomorph
One morpheme can be realized in any form of morph. This real form of a
morpheme, that can be more than one, is called allomorph. For example, the
"plural" morpheme in English has such allomorphs as -es, -s, or -en. , .
These are the example of allomorphs;
Shoes; shoe + -s,‘s’ is allomorph
Watches; watch + -es, ‘es’ is allomorph
 1.4. Word Formation
a. Compounding is a process in which two different words are joined together
to denote one thing or compounding is combining of two separate words to
produce a single new term.
 Homework; home + work 
 Saputangan       = sapu + tangan
 Kacamata     = kaca+mata.     
 Pickpocket   =  pick + pocket 
 Waterfall = Water + fall
 Fingerprint = Finger + print
 Scarecrow = Scare + crow
 Flower-pot = Flower + pot  
 Notebooks = Note + books  
 
Compound can be divided into 2, they are;
1. Compound noun, formed from two nouns.
Ex; - Bedroom (a place for sleeping)
- Guestroom (a room for guest)
2. Compound adjectives, formed from two different words.  They are
usually written with hyphen and the stress is usually same on both part of
the compound
Ex; - Well-known (= famous)
- Well-off (= rich)               
               
The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its
parts.
                    Ex     : Rose water = water made from rose
                               Handmade = something made by hand
                               Black market = market for illegal stuffs
                               Cat house = A house where a man visit prostitutes
b. Blending is very similar to compounding, but it is characterized by taking
only parts of words and joining them or Blending is combining of two
separate forms to produce a single new term.
 Brunch = Breakfast + lunch 
 Wi-Fi = Wireless + Fidelity 
 Smog = smoke and fog
 Motel = motor and hotel
 Spanglish = Spanish and English
 Guesstimate = guess and estimate
 Condotels = Condominium + hotels
 Digicam    = Digital + camera
 Satgas       = Satuan + petugas

c. Clipping is shortening or reducing long words.

 Information; info
 Advertisement; advert or ad
 Influenza; flu
 Telephone; phone
 Chemistry = chem.
 Examination = exam
 Gymnastic = gym
 Hamburger = Burger
 Gasoline = Gas

d. Eponym takes place when a name is used as a word. Whereas Coinage is

the creation of totally new word. For example, many people use the word
"SANYO" when they actually mean a water pump. This is because SANYO
is one of the popular brands of water pump. Some well-known eponyms
include: sandwich, or Hoover. They are very frequently used in science
where units of measurement are named after people, like: hertz, volt,
(degree) Celsius.
 Sanyo
 Sandwich
 Hoover
 Hertz
 Volt
 Celsius
 Aspirin or Xerox

e. Borrowing is taking a word from one language and incorporating it into

another.

f. Acronym is a word formed from initial parts of a few words, and read as a
phrase or a name.
 AIDS
 ABRI
 RADAR
 SUTET
 UNICEF
 UNESCO
Abbreviation is like an acronym, but the word is read by metioning the
alpabeths.
 PBB
 WHO
 SMP

g. Clipping is a word which is clipped

 Facsimile; fax 
 Hamburger; burger
 Gasoline; gas
 Advertisement; ad
 Omnibus; bus
 
h. Backformation is a process in which a word changes its form and function.
Word of one type, which is usually a noun, is reduced and used as a verb.
 Edit was back formed from editor, or typewrites from typewriter.
 Television (noun) --------> televise (verb)
 Donation (noun) --------> donate (verb)
 Emotion (noun) --------> emote (verb).     
 
i. Conversion is a change in function of a verb without changing its form.
Nouns start to be used as verbs.
 Bottle – to bottle, bottling: I’m bottling the compote.
 Butter – to butter, buttered: I’ve buttered the bread..     
Also verbs can become nouns
 Must – a must: Watching this film is a must
 Guess – a guess: It was a lucky guess

1.5. The Function of Morphology

The function of morphology is to identify individual morphemes, which
may be words or may be parts of words, and analyze their meaning and lexical
function. To illustrate, the function of morphology is to identify the constituent
parts of words like, for example, "hibernation." This is from the Latin word
hibernal, for "wintry," to which the Latinate suffix -ate has been affixed, with
the second Latinate suffix -ion affixed thereafter. English "hibernate" is a verb.
Latin hiber- is a verb. Latin suffix -natus was originally affixed to hiber- but
was replaced in English by -ate. Latinate -ate forms adjectives that may also be
nouns when affixed to verbs (hiber-). Latinate -ion forms nouns when affixed
to adjectives. We now know the morphemes in (very complex) "hibernation"
are three: hiber- verb, Latin stem; -ate adjective/noun forming suffix for verbs;
-ion noun forming suffix for adjectives. This exercise illustrates the function of
morphology.
2. SYNTAX
2.1 Definition of syntax
The study of syntax is the study of how words combine to from phrases and
ultimately sentences in languages. Because it consists of phrases that are put together
in a particular way, a sentences has a structure. The structure consists of way in
which the words are organized into phrases and the phrases are organized into larger
phrases. The study of phrases and sentences structure is sometimes called grammar
(Tserdanelis and Wong, 2004).
The syntax of a language is the set of properties which determine the construction of
sentences in that language. If a sentence is constructed according to those properties
it is well formed or grammatical. If a sentence is constructed in violation of those
properties it is ill-formed or ungrammatical. The study of syntax involves uncovering
those properties of language which are involved in the construction of grammatical
sentence in particular languages (Hawkins, 2001).
From the experts’ explanation above we can conclude that syntax is the study of
internal structure of sentences. In this case, it explains how words are arranged
become phrases and clauses for constructing sentence. It is commonly we call
structure. Structure manages how words can be combined with another for creating
good sentence.

2.2 Basic idea of syntax

1. Word ordering and meaning
The order of words in a sentences or phrases is connected to its literal
meaning. The basic underlying word order in an English sentence is subject-
verb-object (S-V-O).
The factors determines the meaning of sentences: (1) the selection of words
plays a role in determining the literal meaning of the sentences, (2) the orders
of words play a role the literal meaning of the sentences. (Tserdanelis and
Wong, 2004). See the two examples:
a. The mat is on the cat
b. The cat is on the mat
 2. Ambiguity
As we have studied before, there is factor determining what a sentence
means. Consider the following examples:
a. Can you tell me the time?
b. We had the president for dinner.
c. We need more intelligent administrators.
d. Pat shot the soldier with a telescope.
All three sentences are ambiguous-that is, they have more than one meaning.
The first sentences is ambiguous because it can be used either as a
straightforward question (“ are you able to tell me the time?”) . we call this
pragmatic ambiguity. The second sentence is ambiguous because the
expression have for dinner can mean either “ host for dinner” or “ have for
dinner”. This type of ambiguity is called lexical ambiguity. The third sentence
, this sentence also has two meaning. On one meaning, we need
administrators who are more intelligent. On the other meaning, we need a
grater number of intelligent administrators. The type of ambiguity is called
structure ambiguity.

2.3 Phrase Structure

1. Lexical categories
In English the main categories are Nouns(N), Verb(V), Adjectives(A),
Prepositions(P), and Adverbs(Adv).
2. Phrasal categories
The phrasal categories are built up from the lexical categories (their head) in
the ways that we have already illustrated. The phrasal categories are NP(noun
phrases), VP(verb phrases), AP(adjective phrases), PP(preposisition
phrases) , AdvP(adverb phrase). (Tserdanelis and Wong, 2004)
a. Noun phrases is any phrase which can act as a complete subject, object,
etc. in a sentence; e.q. “The big red block”, “ Most of the three coaches”.
b. Verb phrases is basically a verb plus its complement (s); e.g. “ gave the
parcel to the clerk”
c. Prepositional phrases may be required (for instance, by a verb that it
comes after) to contain a particular preposition.
d. Adjective phrases usually consist of single adjectives, but it is possible
for these to be accompanied by an indication of degree ad some number
of adverb as modifier, as in “very commonly used”.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

1. Morphology is the part of linguistics that deals with the study of words, their
internal structure and partially their meanings. There are two kind of morphology,
Derivational morphology and Inflectional morphology. The function of
morphology is to identify individual morphemes, which may be words or may be
parts of words, and analyze their meaning and lexical function.
2. Syntax is the study of internal structure of sentences. In this case, it explains how
words are arranged become phrases and clauses for constructing sentence. It is
commonly we call structure. Structure manages how words can be combined with
another for creating good sentence.
 REFERENCES

Hawkins, R. (2001). Second Language Syntax: A Generative Introduction.

Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers

https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aC6DI2nv-
iAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=linguistics+introduction+to+morphology&ots=K9O
saL7e-
e&sig=3zcV1LPWn37_xQmBbg6Ey581mww&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ling
uistics%20introduction%20to%20morphology&f=false

http://intro2gl.pbworks.com/w/page/20119905/MORPHOLOGY#:~:text=MORPHOLO
GY,structure%20and%20partially%20their%20meanings.

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/aims-functions-morphology-361059

Tserdanelis,G. and Wai Yi Peggy Wong. (Eds.). (2004). Language File: Material for an
Introduction to Language & Linguistics (9th ed.). Columbus: Department of
Linguistics, The Ohio State University Press.