COMPLEX GRAMMAR

By:
Anak Agung Istri Hari Ningrat, S.Pd.,M.Pd
MATERIAL FOR SEMESTER 1
• GERUND
• NOUN CLAUSE
• PRESENT PERFECT VS SIMPLE PAST
• CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
• PASSIVE VOICE
 SKOR KEHADIRAN

ASSESSMENT MIN 16
11 - 15
86
85
9 - 10 80
BOBOT
7-8 70
PROSES 1 86 86 SKOR = 506 : 6
= 84,33 (B) <7 0 - 50
TUGAS 1 80 80
UTS 1 85 85
TABEL KONVERSI NILAI ANGKA HURUF
UAS 2 85 170
85 - 100 4 A
KEHADIRAN 1 85 85
75 - 84 3 B
6 506
65 - 74 2 C
50 - 64 1 D
0 - 49 0 E
GERUND
What is a gerund?
A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing."
The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as
the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:
• Reading helps you learn English. (subject of sentence)
• Her favorite hobby is reading. (complement of sentence)
• I enjoy reading. (object of sentence)
FUNCTION OF GERUND
AS SUBJECT AS COMPLEMENT
For examples: For examples:
1. My goal is losing my weight
1. Gardening is my hobby
complement
subject 2. What you need to do is sleeping well
complement
2. Reading makes you smart
subject AS COMPOUND NOUN
For examples:
1. I have swimming pool
AS OBJECT compound noun
For examples: 2. Do you have driving license?
compound noun
1. I like gardening
object

2. She enjoys dancing

object
Ving as verbs. Kalimat verbal
• I am reading
• S to be Verb

• She is walking
• S to be verb
• We are studying

• Kalimat nominal
• I am student
• I am happy
• I am at home
• child
• cry
• crying child

• dog
• bark
• barking dog
• girl
• swim
• swimming girl

• house
• rent
• renting house
• general
• smile
• smiling general

• face
• flirt
• flirting face
• She has flirting face
• to be
• PRESENT: is, am, are
• PAST: was, were

• I am student
• I was student

• We are the students of the 3rd semester

• We were the students of the 3rd semester
• Be active!
• Be smart!
• Be a good woman!

• I will work
• s will verb

• I will be a good student

• s future noun

• I will be happy
• s future adjective
• FUTURE (willingness/intention)
• I will study (SIMPLE FUTURE) saya akan belajar
• I will be studying (FUTURE CONTINUOUS) mungkin, saya akan belajar
• I will have studied (FUTURE PERFECT) seharusnya saya belajar.
• VERBAL
• Predicate = verb
• I study English
• She goes to campus
• I will study English
• She will go to campus

• NOMINAL
• Predicate = noun, adjective, adverb, complement
• I am student
• I am happy
• I am at home
• I am losing my mind
• I will be a student
• I will be happy
• I will be at home
NOUN CLAUSE
• A noun clause functions as a noun in a sentence. It follows a linking or
copular verb to describe or modify the subject of the sentence. Unlike
noun phrases, noun clauses contain both a subject and a verb.
• Noun clause examples include:
1. Do you know what time it is?
2. Tom can invite whomever he chooses.
3. I don’t understand what you’re talking about.
4. Whether Roman accepts the job or not is his business.
NOUN CLAUSE
• The bolded noun clauses are dependent clauses. Unlike independent
clauses, they can’t stand alone as full sentences. Noun clauses function
to add more details to a sentence. If you’re not sure whether a clause is
a noun clause, try replacing it with other nouns or pronouns.
• For example:
1. Do you know it?
2. Tom can invite her.
3. I don’t understand him.
4. It is his business.
HOW TO SPOT NOUN CLAUSE
Because noun clauses can appear almost anywhere in a sentence, they can be tricky to spot. One of the easiest ways to spot a noun clause is to
look for these words:
• how
• that
• what
• whatever
• when
• where
• whether
• which
• whichever
• who
• whoever
• whom
• whomever
• why
TYPES OF NOUN CLAUSE
• Subject of a Sentence
• Object of a Verb
• Subject Complement
• Object of a Preposition
• Adjective Complement
SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE
A noun clause can act as the subject of a sentence. The noun clause itself
performs the action in the sentence.
For example:
• What Alicia said made her friends cry.
• What Megan wrote surprised her family.
• How the boy behaved was not very polite.

• What made her friends cry? (What Alicia said)

• What surprised her family? (What Megan wrote)
• What was not very polite? (How the boy behaved)
OBJECT OF A VERB
Just like all nouns, noun clauses can act as the direct object of a verb. They follow
verbs to inform the reader where the action is going.
For example:
• The pharmacist checked that the prescription was correct.
• He didn't know why the stove wasn't working.
• They now understand that you should not cheat on a test.

• What did she check? (That the prescription was correct)

• What didn't he know? (Why the stove wasn't working)
• What do they understand? (That you should not cheat on a test)
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
A noun clause can also serve as a subject complement. A subject complement
modifies, describes or completes the subject of a clause. Subject complements
are also called predicate nominatives or predicate nouns.
• Carlie's problem was that she didn't practice enough.
• Harry's crowning achievement at school was when he became class president.
• Darla's excuse for being late was that she forgot to set her alarm.

• What was Carlie's problem? (That she didn't practice enough)

• What was Harry's crowning achievement? (When he became class president)
• What was Darla's excuse for being late? (That she forgot to set her alarm)
OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
Noun clauses also act as objects of a preposition in prepositional phrases.
In the examples below, you'll see the prepositions "of" and "for" in action.
• Harry is not the best provider of what Margie needs.
• Josephine is not responsible for what Alex decided to do.
• Allie’s research report is about how Marie Curie discovered radium.

• Harry is not the best provider of what? (What Margie needs)

• Josephine is not responsible for what? (What Alex decided to do)
• Allie’s report is about what? (How Marie Curie discovered radium)
ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
Last but not least, a noun clause can also function as an adjective
complement. These noun clauses complement an adjective or adverb.
• It’s very disappointing that you left the party early.
• They're perfectly happy where they live now.
• Geoffrey runs so fast that he can outrun his dog.

• What was disappointing? (That you left the party early)

• What are they happy about? (Where they live now)
• How fast does Geoffrey run? (So fast that he can outrun his dog)
• I don't understand what you said
• Everything you do always make me happy
• I buy everything that I can afford
• The matter is about how bad you treat me