Spoken English

Through Activities
Day-1
1. Compare the structure of sentences

• In our Mother Tongue ( Sub- Object-Verb)

ನಾನು ಈಗ ಮನೆಗೆ ಹೆ ೋಗುತೆತೋನೆ

Subject object verb

• In English ( Subject- Verb- Object)

I go home now

Subject verb object

The following statements are true about sentences in English:

1. A new sentence begins with a capital letter.
He obtained his degree.
2. A sentence ends with punctuation (a period, a question mark, or an
exclamation point).
Ex. He obtained his degree.
3. A sentence contains a subject that is only given once.
Ex: Smith he obtained his degree.
4. A sentence contains a verb or a verb phrase. ( A sentence can be framed
without an object, but without a verb a sentence cannot be framed)
Ex. He obtained his degree.
5. A sentence follows Subject + Verb + Object word order.
Ex: He (subject) obtained (verb) his degree (object).
A sentence must have a complete idea that stands alone. This is also called an
independent clause.
 TYPES OF SENTENCES
(There are 4 main types of sentences in English)
1. Declarative sentence (Assertive sentence)
2. Imperative sentence
3. Interrogative sentence
4. Exclamatory sentence

And there are only three punctuation marks with which to end a
sentence:
1. Period (Full point)
2. Question mark
3. Exclamation point

1. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES
A declarative sentence simply makes a statement or expresses an
opinion. In other words, it makes a declaration. This kind of sentence ends
with a period. ( Sub types- Positive Sentence, Negative Sentence)
Examples
1. They went home.
2. He eats upama.

2. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
An imperative sentence gives a command, advice, suggestion or
makes a request. It usually ends with a period but can, under certain
circumstances, end with an exclamation point.
Examples of this sentence type:
“Please sit down.”
“I need you to sit down now!”

3. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
An interrogative sentence asks a question. This type of sentence
often begins with who, what, where, when, why, how, or do, and it ends
with a question mark.
Examples of this sentence type:
>“When are you going to turn in your writing assignment?” ( w-h question)
>“Do you know what the weather will be tomorrow?” ( yes or no question)

4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses great
emotion such as excitement, surprise, happiness and anger, and ends with
an exclamation point.
Examples of this sentence type:
“It is too dangerous to climb that mountain!”
“I got an A on my book report!”
“Oh! It is too dangerous.”
Few other types of sentences

A. Compound Sentences
A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses.
These two independent clauses can be combined with a comma or
a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon.

Here are a few examples:

• She completed her literature review and she created her reference
list.

• He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference

list.

• They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized there was
still much to learn.

B. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at
least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses can refer to the subject
(who, which) the sequence/time (since, while), or the causal elements
(because, if) of the independent clause.
If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma after
this clause. If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an independent
clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses.

Here are a few examples:

• Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on
her methods section.

– Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent

clause.

• Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers
to follow.

– Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent

clause.

• They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so interesting.
 – Note that there is no comma in this sentence because it begins with an
independent clause.

3. Compound-Complex Sentences
Sentence types can also be combined. A compound-complex sentence
contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent
clause.

• She completed her literature review, but she still needs to work on
her methods section even though she finished her methods course last
semester.

• Although he organized his sources by theme, he decided to arrange them

chronologically, and he carefully followed the MEAL plan for
organization.

• With pizza and soda at hand, they studied APA rules for many
hours, and they decided that writing in APA made sense because it
was clear, concise, and objective.

• Using some complex-compound sentences in writing allows for

more sentence variety.

• Pay close attention to comma usage in complex-compound sentences so that

the reader is easily able to follow the intended meaning.

4. Optative Sentences
The sentence which expresses a prayer, keen wish, curse etc. is called
an optative sentence. This kind of sentence generally starts with „may‟
and „wish‟. Sometimes, „may‟ remains hidden.

Examples of Optative Sentence:

May the king of Westeros live long!
Long live the king of Westeros.
May you two live long enough to see your grandchildren!
May God bless us all.
May you become successful enough to buy love!
May the almighty help in this tragedy!
Wish you a very successful married life.
Wish you a happy journey together.
May your team win the match!
 GUIDELINES FOR SELF INTRODUCTION
Let us learn how to introduce ourselves to the audience
Regardless of your field of study, almost every interviewer asks the
candidate to introduce themselves.
“Give a brief introduction of yourself” “Tell us about yourself” “Walk
us through your background”. The questions can come in different variance
but it all wants the interviewer to quickly estimate if you are the right
candidate for the job or not. This one question is guaranteed to be asked in
any interview regardless of your field of study. This question can be
regarded as a deal sealer if answered in an impressive manner or can end
terribly wrong if you fail to make an impact. However, if you equip yourself
properly with the right preparation, you can ace this question and bag the
job of your dreams.

Do’s and Don’ts

DO’S:

• Break the ice: Your ultimate goal is to break the ice with the interviewer
and convince them that you are eligible for the job. Greet the interviewer
and show your enthusiasm in working with the company.

• Ex- Start off with “hello mam/ sir, thank you for giving the
opportunity”

• Keep the introduction concise: Your introduction should be Concise,

straight to the point and be able to hold the interest of the
interviewer.

Tip- Cover only the main points and don’t deviate. Cover the key
points

This question is basically asked by the interviewer to let them get to

know you. So, focus mainly on the key elements in your background and
ideally, your introduction should cover
Who you are
What you do
Why are you interested in the job
How are you qualified for the job

• Highlight your strong selling points: Carefully analyse the requirements

for the job and outline your most compelling qualifications that will meet or
surpass the requirements. This will include your educational qualification,
 previous work experiences, interests and your strong points that match up
to the requisites of the job.

• Mention referrals: If you have been referred to the company, it is

appropriate to mention it. It helps to gain the trust of the interviewer.

• Prepare for follow-up questions: Prepare yourself for follow-up questions

and also prepare a brief summary of highlight points of each of your past
position in case you are asked about it.

• Honest approach:The answers should always be honest and with utmost

clarity and confidence. You could also state some principles that you believe
in and your short-term and long-term goal

• The key is confidence: Finally, the interviewer starts from where you end.
So, make sure you end your introduction at a point which you are confident
about.

DON’TS

• When you start, never start with a reflexive pronoun.

Example- Usage of Myself so and so is wrong. Instead, use I am so and so.

• Don’t drag: Do not drag your introduction into a long recital and overload
the interviewer with information. Try to contain the introduction to well
under 2 minutes and not bore the interviewer. Also, if you have to tell about
your hobbies, do not ramble about them. Just a mention of them would
suffice.

• Avoid talking about parents/ Family background:This is one of the

most common mistake that many candidates do. The interviewer wants to
know about you and it is not appreciated to hear about your parents or your
family background. Hence it would be better if you avoid talking about your
parents or your family background.

• Avoid negative talk: Never talk anything negative. It usually makes a

weak first impression. Don‟t be too candid always maintain a formal tone
throughout. Make sure you don‟t state your goal which deviates from the job
profile. Chances are that the interviewer may not perceive you as potential
who will be with the company in the long run.

• Do not copy: Do not copy an introduction from others or google it,

because everybody’s story is different and the best story.
• Finally, as much as it is vital to prepare well for the interview, it is equally
important to practice well. Get the help of your friends and ask them to
assist you in mock interviews. You can also practice in front of a mirror.
Keep all the above-mentioned points in mind, deliver it with confidence, you
are sure to ace the interview.

• Prepare your introduction video and once you are satisfied with it keep it
accessible always it may help you in future.