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Analyzing The Perception of Grade 12 Marist Students On Plastics
Analyzing The Perception of Grade 12 Marist Students On Plastics
Alejandro S. Valencia, Justin Angelo T. Evaristo, Justin Ian M. Magallanes, and Kenneth
Alexander S. Castor
STEM-12
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our utmost gratitude to Mr. Eric de Guzman and Ms. Shellah
Marie C. Tabayoyong, our research advisers, for incessantly guiding us throughout the whole
study.
We would also like to give thanks to Ms. Maal Gorospe and Mr. Roldann Tabayoyong
for their pointers and advices. This study would have been invalid without your counsel.
To all of our respondents, we would like to acknowledge your support. Thank you for
trusting us and taking the time to answer our survey. Your participation was very critical in our
study.
Lastly, we would like to give special thanks to Mrs. Charissa G. Guevarra for allowing us
to survey students under her supervision. The entire research would not have been possible
To those whose names are not mentioned, we humbly offer our most sincere thanks for
Dedication
To our parents and family members for their unshakeable support. Thank you for giving
us motivation and pushing us whenever we feel like giving up. Thank you for never leaving our
side.
To the people who made this study possible: to our research advisers, to faculty members,
And lastly, to God who gave us wisdom, guidance, support, and everything that we ever
needed, who moved us to conduct this timely study, who lend His hand whenever we feel like
Abstract
Several hundred million tons of plastics are produced every year. Previous studies suggest that
people have contrasting behavior and perception on plastics. This study analyzes the perception
of Grade 12 Marist students on plastics. One hundred thirty-two Grade 12 Marist students were
asked to participate in a survey. An analysis of the results shows that plastic use is common
amongst Grade 12 Marist students. Results also show that Grade 12 Marist students are highly
aware and concerned about plastic use. Moreover, our findings suggest that the students have
divided opinions on school policies and programs concerning plastics use while half of them
think that the government is not giving enough attention to plastic pollution in the country.
Likewise, responses show that there a high level of awareness and a positive view on bioplastics
is widespread amongst students. The results suggest that Grade 12 Marist students have an
opposing view and behavior with regards to plastics. This trend may be caused by several factors
such as social desirability bias, lack of accessible plastic alternatives, or failed school programs
or policies. Further studies, however, are required to genuinely identify the factors that affect the
trend.
5
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ..........................................................................................................................2
Dedication .......................................................................................................................................3
Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................4
Chapter 4: Results........................................................................................................................21
Discussion ..................................................................................................................................25
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................33
Recommendations ......................................................................................................................34
References .....................................................................................................................................36
Appendix .......................................................................................................................................40
7
List of Tables
Table 1: Mean, Mode, and Standard Deviation of the Data Gathered .......................................... 21
List of Figures
Chapter 1
Introduction
This section contains the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem,
Significance of the Study, and the Scope and Delimitations of the Study.
For the past decades, people have been utilizing plastics in an unimaginable scale. In fact,
plastics can be found in almost everything nowadays, from cell phones and computers to food
packaging and clothing (“Plastics”, n.d.). Erik Solheim, former head of the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP), even called plastic a miracle material (Giacovelli, 2018). And
indeed, plastics have become an important part of our lives. However, the very convenience of
plastic use also brought upon a huge environmental problem – one that concerns not only
humans, but almost every other living organism on the planet. In a report published by UNEP in
2018, it was mentioned that single-use plastics poses “significant ingestion, choking and
entanglement hazards to wildlife”. Likewise, it was stated that plastic bags can choke waterways
and aggravate natural disasters, as was the case when two-thirds of Bangladesh submerged in
1998 due to a catastrophic flood. Furthermore, plastics also contribute greatly to global warming.
In an article published by Yale Climate Connections in 2019, Claire Atkin of the Global Alliance
for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA) was quoted saying that plastic pollution is not a mere oceans
issue, but also a climate and human health issue. The article also mentions that 12.5 to 13.5
million metric tons of carbon dioxide are emitted per year in the United Stated while extracting
and transporting natural gas that will be used in plastic production. Moreover, a 2019 report
10
Environmental Law (CIEL) and Earthworks among others indicated that the presence of
microplastics in the human body can lead to a multitude of diseases, most notably cancer,
over 300 million tons of plastic are produced every year, half of which are meant for single-use
purposes. They also mentioned that more than 8 million tons of plastic are thrown into the
oceans every year. In the Philippines alone, around 164 million pieces of sachets, 48 million
shopping bags, and 45.2 million transparent plastic bags or “plastic labo” are used every day
(GAIA, 2019).
Some schools in the Philippines have been making steps to help address some of the
environmental problems that plagues the country. Bulata National High School (BNHS) in
Cauayan, Negros Occidental started using mugs made of bamboo, bowls from coconut shells,
and plates from banana leaves to promote a plastic-free culture (Nicavera, 2019). Likewise,
Marist School Marikina in Marikina City implements cleanliness programs such as 7S and
CLAYGO (CLean As You Go) to “encourage its students to develop a sense of responsibility
when it comes to keeping the campus clean” (Bibe, 2019). An interview with Mr. Jose Aventino,
the Prefect of Discipline of the Junior High School department of Marist School, suggests that
cleanliness campaigns being implemented in the school has been successful so far (Gancia &
Alfonso, 2018). However, according to the same interview, students do not keep the same
environmentally friendly attitude when they are not being observed. To quote Mr. Aventino,
“…it is very evident that in cases where students are not observed and they know that they are
not being watched, definitely they will continue to litter and leave their garbage behind” (Gancia
11
& Alfonso, 2018). Nonetheless, there are no published studies, research papers, or surveys that
properly evaluates or quantifies the perception of Marist students when it comes to plastic use. A
The purpose of this study is to determine the perception of Grade 12 students of Marist
School Marikina. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. How often do Grade 12 students of Marist School Marikina use single use plastics?
2. How often do Grade 12 students of Marist School Marikina use biodegradable plastics?
a. Plastic pollution
c. Biodegradable plastics
a. Single-use plastics
b. Biodegradable plastics
This study will redound to the benefit of the institution where it will be conducted, the
researchers who intend to explore related topics, and policy makers who wish to address similar
issues discussed in this paper. Consequently, the findings in this paper can serve as a baseline for
future studies concerning topics of the same nature. Likewise, it can be used to improve current
policies, programs, or campaigns regarding garbage management, plastic use, pollution, and the
likes. Recent findings on plastic consumption and perception of Filipinos (GAIA 2019, 2010)
greatly influenced the hypotheses. Miller’s (2011) findings that most students in the University
of Alabama have contradictory behavior and perception concerning single-use plastics also
This study focuses on quantifying the general perception of the respondents with regards
biodegradable plastics and, likewise, government and school programs concerning plastic use.
The respondents were surveyed and their answers were analyzed by determining the weighted
mean and standard deviation; thus, putting this research paper under the ‘quantitative’ category.
The respondents are composed of Grade 12 students from Marist School Marikina, Marikina
City, Philippines during the school year 2019-2020. This paper, however, does not take into
Chapter 2
Conceptual Framework
This section contains the Review of Related Literature and Studies, Conceptual
Framework of the Study, Research Hypotheses, and the Definition of Terms Used in the Study.
Most research papers that sought to address plastic pollution tend to revolve around
recycling, finding alternatives for plastics, and other similar topics that focus on finding an end
to the said environmental issue. Nonetheless, there are some studies that dealt with consumer
perception on plastics. One such study was published in the journal Science of the Total
Environment. The study, which was authored by Heidbreder, Bablok, Drews, and Menzel
(2019), reviewed 187 literature on plastic and found out that people routinely use plastics despite
expressing awareness on the problems accompanying plastic use. Moreover, survey conducted
by Agri-food Analytics Lab at Dalhousie University in Canada found out that 93.7% of
Canadians surveyed are “personally motivated to reduce single-use plastic food packaging
because of its environmental impacts” (Charlebois, Walker, McGuinty, & Music, 2019). Another
2019 survey conducted by Accenture found out that 77% of their 6000 respondents from 11
countries find plastics as the least environmental-friendly packaging material. Other studies also
suggest a widespread negative view on plastics. Pereira (2019) surveyed 200 residents from
Rhode Island, U.S.A. and found out that 77% of the respondents support a statewide plastic bag
ban. Around 86% of the participants were also found to be aware of the issues surrounding
plastic use. Furthermore, Martin (2015) found out that residents of Bali Island in Indonesia
14
perceive single-use plastics negatively. The willingness of Balinese people to lessen plastic
consumption was also found to be high. However, there are communities that seems to care less
about plastic pollution. In 2017, Negussie and Mustefa surveyed residents of Harar City, Eastern
Ethiopia; the results indicate that around half (51%) of the respondents dump their plastic bag
wastes in open areas. This is despite 88.7% of the respondents perceiving plastics as having
environmental impacts.
Far fewer studies that deal with student perception on plastics exist. In 2011, 162 students
of the University of Alabama were surveyed and it was found out that the dominant attitude of
the students with regards to single-use plastics are inconsistent with their behavior; it was
mentioned that students generally use plastic bags regardless of their pronounced opinions and
attitude against plastics (Miller, 2011). On the other hand, a study conducted among 6 secondary
schools in Sharjah City, U.A.E. found out that 85.5% of the respondents understands how
detrimental plastic wastes are to the environment (Hammami et al., 2017). Likewise, a survey
conducted among 69 students from 2 junior high schools in Bandung, Indonesia claims that most
of the students think that plastic waste lead to environmental problem (Tapilouw, Firman,
Redjeki, & Chandra, 2017). Findings of another study conducted in a school in India indicates
that higher secondary students are more aware about plastic pollution (Das & Sarkar, 2015).
In the Philippines, findings indicate that Filipinos also have a contradicting perception
and behavior towards plastics. A survey conducted by the Social Weather Stations (SWS) in
2019 found out that 71% of Filipinos want to permanently ban the use of plastics while 10%
thinks that those who use plastic should pay higher (Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives
[GAIA], 2020). It was also found out that 4 out of 10 Filipinos think that companies should find
alternatives for plastic while 6 out of 10 said that they are willing to buy food condiments such as
15
vinegar, soy sauce, oil, etc. in recyclable or refillable containers. However, a report published by
GAIA in 2019 said that 164 million pieces of sachets are used in the country every day. GAIA
Philippines’ Executive Director, Froilan Grate, claims that people buy in sachets because
multinational companies do not use alternative distribution or packaging system (GAIA, 2020).
However, there are no definite study to back up Grate’s claim. Likewise, there are no studies that
specifically focus on the perception of students with regards to plastic use in the Philippines.
Research Hypotheses
3. Grade 12 Marist students are moderately aware about the effects of single-use plastics.
6. Grade 12 Marist students, in general, think single-use plastics have numerous uses.
7. Grade 12 Marist students, in general, think that single-use plastics contribute greatly to
pollution.
8. Grade 12 Marist students agree that the use of biodegradable plastics can help lessen
9. Grade 12 Marist students think that the government is not giving enough attention about
10. Grade 12 Marist students think that the school is giving enough attention to plastic use in the
campus.
11. Grade 12 Marist students think that single-use plastics should be banned in the campus.
12. Grade 12 Marist students think that single-use plastics should be banned in the whole
country.
13. Most Grade 12 Marist students think that the programs being implemented (7S and No
• Plastic – “a lightweight, hygienic, and resistant material” than can be molded and used in
• Single-use plastics – also known as disposable plastics, are commonly used for plastic
packaging and are used only once before being thrown away or recycled (Giacovelli, 2018).
carbon dioxide or methane, energy, and biomass through biological action (Kershaw, 2015).
They can be single-use or reusable. Single-use biodegradable plastics are different from
this paper
• Grade 12 Marist students – grade 12 senior high school students enrolled in Marist School
Marikina, Marikina City, Philippines for the school year 2019-2020. They are the main
Chapter 3
Research Design
This section contains the Method of Research Used, Sources of Data, Data Gathering
The researchers of this study intend to quantify the perception of plastics among Grade
12 Marist students with utmost objectivity; that is, with minimal involvement. Therefore, a
quantitative type of study was utilized by the researchers. Quantitative studies deal with
numerical data that can be used to make general observations or to explain a phenomenon
(McLeod, 2019). More specifically, this research is a survey research. According to Baraceros
(2016), a survey research is a type of non-experimental quantitative research that uses data-
gathering techniques such as questionnaires to acquire essential data. The researchers of this
study used a 5-point Likert scale and eighteen indicators in the questionnaire.
Sources of Data
As previously stated, this study is a survey research. The data, therefore, that will be
analyzed and discussed in this paper are obtained through surveys, particularly through
questionnaires.
19
In conducting this study, the researchers made use of the following materials and
instruments:
The researchers made use of a questionnaire composed of the following indicators and scales
Data gathering for this study is composed of two parts: preparatory and actual data
gathering. The preparatory phase revolved on determining who the respondents will be while the
Preparatory Phase
2. Using Slovin’s formula, determine the sample size with respect to the desired margin of
error (7%)
3. Divide the sample size by 6 to get the number of respondents per section
20
4. Through a random number generator, pick random class numbers to determine who will
Every day, during Homeroom period, the researchers went to the different sections or
homerooms to administer the surveys. A short introduction was given before the surveys were
administered. The respondents were given around five minutes to answer the survey. Those who
were absent during the day of administering the survey were not given the questionnaires
anymore.
The data gathered through the survey was consolidated in Microsoft Excel. Responses
were translated to their numerical values according to the scale provided in the questionnaire and
were segregated per section. Unanswered questions or statements and invalid responses, such as
those questions or statements with two responses, were taken into account and were left blank in
the Excel worksheet. After the data was summarized, the mode, mean, standard deviation, and
Chapter 4
Results
Altogether, 22 students per section or a total of 132 Grade 12 Marist students were
surveyed for this study. However, there were several questionnaires that contained invalid or
blank responses. In summary, 132 responses were collected for each indicator except for
indicators 11, 12 and 13 which received a total of 131, 129, and 131 responses, respectively. The
mean, mode, and standard deviation (SD) of the responses are shown in Table 1 while the
frequencies of the different responses for each question are shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3.
Table 1
Mean, Mode, and Standard Deviation of the Data Gathered
VARIABLE INDICATOR
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9
Mean 3.45 3.42 2.98 3.51 3.27 4.48 4.25 3.74 4.17
Mode 4 4 3 4 3 5 5 3 4
SD 1.07 1.01 1.11 1.25 1.01 0.69 0.90 0.99 0.78
VARIABLE INDICATOR
Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18
Mean 4.55 4.18 2.43 4.24 3.09 4.11 3.11 3.21 4.38
Mode 5 5 2 5 3 5 3 3 5
SD 0.70 0.85 1.16 0.90 1.14 1.05 1.31 1.28 0.80
Note. The values of the mean and standard deviation in this table were rounded off to three
significant figures.
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Figure 1
Frequency of Responses for Indicators 1 to 6
1 2 3 4 5
90
80 77
70
58
No. of Responses
60
52
50
41 42 42
38 37 3735
40
32 34 31
34
30 25 25
22
17 18 17 16
20 13 11 11 12
10 7
3 4
0 1
0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
Indicator
Note. The legend depicts the numerical value of the responses according to the Likert scale used
in the questionnaire.
23
Figure 2
Frequency of Responses for Indicators 7 to 12
1 2 3 4 5
100
90 86
80
67
70
No. of Responses
60
57
60
49
50 44 44
36 3837
40 35 35
32
26 28
30
19
20 12 14
10 10 8
10 2 1 4
1 0 1 0 1 1
0
Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12
Indicator
Note. The legend depicts the numerical value of the responses according to the Likert scale used
in the questionnaire.
24
Figure 3
Frequency of Responses for Indicators 13 to 18
1 2 3 4 5
80
69
70
62 60
60
No. of Responses
49
50 46
41 43
40 38
40 35
31
26 2827
30 24
21 23
19 2020
20 15 15
11 11
10 5 5
3 1 2 1
0
Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18
Indicator
Note. The legend depicts the numerical value of the responses according to the Likert scale used
in the questionnaire.
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Chapter 5
Conclusion
This section contains the Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations of this study.
Discussion
formulated a survey questionnaire that contains 18 indicators (see Appendix). All of these
indicators revolve around the questions or problems that this study seeks to address. Indicators 6
and 9 were specifically designed to determine the perception of Grade 12 Marist students on
plastics, in general. Table 2 shows that most members of the population show high level of
concern about plastic pollution. Moreover, Table 2 indicates that most Grade 12 Marist students
Table 2
Responses for Indicators 6 and 9
Neutral 19 14.39%
On the other hand, Table 3 shows responses for indicators that concern single-use
plastics. Responses for indicator 7 show that most Grade 12 Marist students believe that they
have high level of awareness about the effects of single-use plastics. Meanwhile, responses for
indicators 10, 13, and 15 suggest that there is a prevalent negative view on single-use plastics
amongst Grade 12 Marist students. Furthermore, four out of five Grade 12 Marist students
believe that the government should ban single-use plastics in the country while three out of four
Table 3
Responses for Indicators 7, 10, 13, and 15
Q7. How aware are you of the effects of using single-use plastics?
Neutral 10 7.576%
Neutral 19 14.50%
Neutral 21 15.91%
Despite the apparently high level of awareness and concern about plastic use as suggested
in Table 2 and Table 3, use of plastics is still common amongst the members of the population.
An analysis of the responses for indicators 1 and 2 reveals that around 50% or one-half of the
population of Grade 12 Marist students frequently consumes foods and beverages that are
packaged in plastic. At the same time, responses from indicator 3, as shown in Table 4, indicate
that approximately one-third of the population regularly use plastic bags to carry shopping items
or contents.
Table 4
Responses for Indicators 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
Q1. How often do you use plastic bags to carry your shopping contents?
Sometimes 42 31.82%
Q4. How often do you bring your own shopping bags when shopping?
Sometimes 31 23.48%
Sometimes 58 43.94%
Likewise, data shown in Table 2 indicate that around half of the population brings their
own bags when shopping while approximately 37% regularly use biodegradable plastics.
Marist Students on the policies and programs being implemented by the government and the
school. Indicators 12, 14, 16, and 17 were designed with that goal in mind. From the data
30
presented in Table 5, it can be said that the opinions of Grade 12 Marist students on school
programs and policies are quite divided. Nonetheless, half of the population being studied does
not think that the government is giving enough attention to plastic pollution in the country.
Table 5
Responses for Indicators 12, 14, 16, and 17
Q12. The government is giving enough attention to plastic pollution in the country.
Neutral 35 27.13%
Q14. Marist School is giving enough attention to plastic use in the country.
Neutral 40 30.30%
Neutral 43 32.58%
31
Neutral 38 28.79%
Table 6
Responses to Indicators 5,8, 11, and 18
Sometimes 58 43.94%
Q11. The use of biodegradable plastics can help lessen the pollution in the country.
Neutral 28 21.37%
Neutral 11 8.333%
The results shown in Table 6 reveal that around half of the population is highly familiar
with biodegradable plastics. The results also indicate that majority of Grade 12 Marist students
33
think that using biodegradable plastics can help lessen the pollution in the country. Moreover,
data suggest that they would probably recommend biodegradable plastics as an alternative for
single-use plastics.
Conclusions
The findings of this study reveal that Grade 12 Marist students have opposing behavior
and perception on plastics; survey suggest an ubiquitous plastic use amongst the population
despite a high level of concern on plastic pollution and a predominant negative view on plastics.
These results are consistent with the findings described in papers authored by Heidbreder et al.
(2019) and Miller (2011). Such findings can be explained by different factors. One such factor is
social desirability bias. The respondents may have answered in a manner that would be viewed
desirably by others. If this is the case, then Grade 12 Marist students may not really care about
plastic and the consequences of plastic use. Another explanation could be the lack of possible
alternative for plastics. Even if the subjects desire a plastic free environment, they would still be
forced to utilize plastics because no other alternatives are offered in their immediate locale. The
trend may also be caused by unsuccessful school policies or programs. Nonetheless, further
studies are required in order to fully explain the reason behind such contrasting trends in plastic
Moreover, the findings of this study reveal divided opinions amongst Grade 12 Marist
students on school policies and programs with regards to plastic use. However, half of the
population does believe that the government is not giving enough attention to plastic pollution in
34
the country. Furthermore, it was also found out that a positive view on biodegradable plastics is
Recommendations
This study has only evaluated the perception of Grade 12 Marist students on plastics.
Based on the findings and delimitations of the study, there are several recommendations for
This population that was studied in this paper is only composed of grade 12 Marist
students enrolled in Marist School Marikina, Marikina City, Philippines for school year 2019-
2020. It is highly suggested that future studies expand the population and determine if there
would be any similarities or differences with the findings of this study. Comparative studies
This study did not take into consideration the demographics of the population being
studied; it is, therefore, recommended to likewise study the demographics of the population as
there could be hidden relationships with different variables associated with the population’s
demographics.
The conclusions of this study were based on the analysis of the survey responses of the
population. As such, it is possible that some or most of the respondents answered in a manner
that they think is more socially favorable, rather giving responses that is truly reflective of their
thoughts. In order to avoid this bias, further studies may opt to analyze variable that are not
Lastly, it is also highly recommended that further studies be undertaken in order to verify
the findings in this paper. Factors behind the identified trend among Grade 12 Marist students
should further be explored. Likewise, future studies could also tackle students’ perception and
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Appendix
Survey Questionnaire