Open Math.

2015; 13: 308–320

Open Mathematics Open Access

Research Article

Abdur Rehman, Shahid Mubeen*, Rabia Safdar, and Naeem Sadiq

Properties of k -beta function

with several variables
Abstract: In this paper, we discuss some properties of beta function of several variables which are the extension
of beta function of two variables. We define k-beta function of several variables and derive some properties of this
function which are the extension of k-beta function of two variables, recently defined by Diaz and Pariguan [4].
Also, we extend the formula €k .2z/ proved by Kokologiannaki [5] via properties of k-beta function.

Keywords: k-Gamma function, k-Beta function, Several variables

MSC: 33B15, 33B20, 26B35

DOI 10.1515/math-2015-0030
Received May 26, 2014; accepted February 3, 2015.

1 Introduction
The beta function or Eulerian integral of the first kind with two variables is defined by
Z1
ˇ.x; y/ D tx 1
.1 t /y 1
dt ; Re.x/ > 0 ; Re.y/ > 0: (1)
0

The Euler gamma function or Euler integral of the second kind is given by
Z1
t x 1
€.x/ D e t dt ; Re.x/ > 0: (2)
0

The beta function in terms of gamma function is defined in [8] as

€.x/€.y/
ˇ.x; y/ D ; Re.x/ > 0; Re.y/ > 0: (3)
€.x C y/
Also, the authors [2] proved some properties of beta function by a simple change of variables as
=2
Z
ˇ.x; y/ D 2 .cos /2x 1
.si n /2y 1
d (4)
0

Z1
tx 1
ˇ.x; y/ D dt: (5)
.t C 1/xCy
0

Abdur Rehman: Department of Mathematics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan, E-mail: abdurrehman2007@hotmail.com
*Corresponding Author: Shahid Mubeen: Department of Mathematics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan,
E-mail: smjhanda@gmail.com
Rabia Safdar: Department of Mathematics, G.C.University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, E-mail: rabia.safdar1109@gmail.com
Naeem Sadiq: Department of Mathematics, G.C.University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, E-mail: naeemsadiq 008 @yahoo.com

© 2015 Abdur Rehman et al., licensee De Gruyter Open.

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 Properties of k -beta function with several variables 309

The collection of most important properties of the beta function of two and more variables is given in [1–3]. The
definition of beta function is extended to three or more variables in [3]. Let p D .p1 ; p2 ; :::; pn / 2 Cn ; pi ¤
f0: 1; 2; :::g; n  2. The beta function of n variables is defined as
€.p1 /€.p2 /:::€.pn /
ˇ.p/ D ˇ.p1 ; p2 ; :::; pn / D : (6)
€.p1 C p2 C ::: C pn /
For n D 2, the classical beta function is represented by integral (1) over a unit interval 0  t  1. If n D 3, we
integrate over a triangular region in .x; y/ plane with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 1). This is the set f.x; y/; x 
0; y  0; x C y  1g and is called the standard simplex in R2 . The points .x; y/ of the simplex are (1-1) in
correspondence with the triples .x; y; 1 x y/ of non-negative weights with unit sum.The standard simplex in R3
is f.x; y; z/; x  0; y  0; z  0; x C y C z  1g which is a solid tetrahedron with vertices .0; 0; 0/; .1; 0; 0/.0; 1; 0/
and .0; 0; 1/. In general, we denote the standard simplex in Rn by
X
E D En D f.x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn / W xi  0; xi  1; i D 1; 2; :::; n/g: (7)

The points .x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn / of the simplex are (1-1) in correspondence with the .n C 1/-tuples .x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn ; 1
x1 x2 ::: xn / of non-negative weights with unit sum. If n is not mentioned , we write E in place of En . The
interior of E is denoted by
X
i nt .E/ D f.x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn / W xi > 0; xi < 1; i D 1; 2; :::; /g: (8)

Let p 2 Cn ; pi ¤ 0; jargpi j < 2 and n  2.If E D En 1 be the standard simplex in Rn 1 , then integral form of
beta function of n variables defined by the relation (9) and is proved in [3].
Z
ˇ.p/ D ˇ.p1 ; p2 ; :::; pn / D x1p1 1 :::xnpn 11 1 .1 x1 ::: xn 1 /pn 1 dx1 :::dxn 1 : (9)
E

2 Properties of beta function of several variables

Proposition 2.1. If Re.x/ > 0; Re.x C y/ > 0; Re.x C y C z/ > 0 and Re.w/ > 0, then beta function of four
variables can be written as

ˇ.x; y/ˇ.x C y; z/ˇ.x C y C z; w/ D ˇ.x; y; z; w/ (10)

Proof. From the relation (3), we see that for three variables we have
€.x C y/€.z/
ˇ.x C y; z/ D ; Re.x C y/ > 0; Re.z/ > 0; (11)
€.x C y C z/
and for four variables we have
€.x C y C z/€.w/
ˇ.x C y C z; w/ D ; Re.x C y C z/ > 0; Re.w/ > 0: (12)
€.x C y C z C w/
Multiplying equations (3), (11) and (12), we get
€.x/€.y/ €.x C y/€.z/ €.x C y C z/€.w/
ˇ.x; y/ˇ.x C y; z/ˇ.x C y C z; w/ D
€.x C y/ €.x C y C z/ €.x C y C z C w/

€.x/€.y/€.z/€.w/
) ˇ.x; y/ˇ.x C y; z/ˇ.x C y C z; w/ D : (13)
€.x C y C z C w/
Comparing the relation (13) with definition of beta function of several variables (6) implies the required result.

Remarks. The relation (10) can be extended up to n variables which will be the representation for beta function of
several variables. If there are only two variables, we get the classical definition of beta function.

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310 A. Rehman et al.

Theorem 2.2. If there are n variables, then there exists a relation between gamma function and beta function of
several variables as r 
1 n 1 1 1
€. / D ˇ ; ; :::; (14)
n n n n
1
Proof. Using p1 D p2 D ::: D pn D n
in the relation (6), we have
h in
1 1 1 €. n1 /€. n1 /:::€. n1 / €. n1 /
ˇ ; ; :::; D   D ;
n n n € n1 C n1 C ::: C n1 €.1/

which implies r 
1 n 1 1 1
€. / D ˇ ; ; :::; :
n n n n

Corollary 2.3. If n D 2 .i.e, there are only two variables we have a classical result (See [2]).
r 
1 1 1 p
€. / D ˇ ; D :
2 2 2

Theorem 2.4. If Re.x/ > 0; Re.x C y/ > 0; Re.x C y C z/ > 0 and Re.w/ > 0, then we have the following
properties of beta function with three and four variables.
=2
Z =2
Z
2
ˇ.x; y; z/ D 2 .cos  /2.xCy/ 2
.sin  /2.yC2z/ 2
d 2 (15)
0 0

and
Z =2
Z =2
=2 Z
3
ˇ.x; y; z; w/ D 2 .cos  /2.xCyCz/ 3
.sin  /2.yC2zC3w/ 3
d 3 : (16)
0 0 0

Proof. From equation (9), we see that the integral form of beta function for three variables is
Z
ˇ.x; y; z/ D p x 1 q y 1 .1 p q/z 1 dpdq;
E

taking v D 1 p, the above equation takes the form

Z Zv
ˇ.x; y; z/ D px 1
dp qy 1
.v q/z 1
dq:
0

Setting q D vt implies dq D vdt and limits of integration becomes 0 to 1. Thus we have

Z Z1 Z
x 1
ˇ.x; y; z/ D p dp v yCz 1 y
q 1
.1 q/z 1
dt D px 1 yCz 1
v dpˇ.y; z/:
0

Using the similar reasons, we conclude that

Z1
ˇ.x; y; z/ D ˇ.y; z/ px 1
.1 p/yCz 1
dp D ˇ.y; z/ˇ.x; y C z/:
0

Applying the relation (4) on right hand side of above equation, we get
=2
Z =2
Z
2y 1 2z 1
ˇ.x; y; z/ D 2 .cos  / .sin  / d 2 .cos  /2x 1
.sin  /2yC2z 1
d
0 0

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 Properties of k -beta function with several variables 311

=2
Z =2
Z
2
) ˇ.x; y; z/ D 2 .cos  /2.xCy/ 2
.sin  /2.yC2z/ 2
d 2 :
0 0
Similarly, we can prove the relation (16).

Remarks. We can extend the results of the Theorem 2.4 up to n variables and that can be expressed as
=2
Z =2
Z =2
Z
ˇ.x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn / D 2n 1
:::
0 0 0

.cos  /2.x1 Cx2 C:::Cxn 1/ .n 1/

.sin  /2.x2 C2x3 C:::C.n 1/xn / .n 1/
d .n 1/
; (17)
which can be proved like the Theorem 2.4.

Proposition 2.5. If m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn 2 N and ˛ ¤ 0, then we have the following properties of beta function with n
variables.
m1 Šm2 Š:::mn Š
ˇ.˛; m1 C 1; m2 C 1; :::; mn C 1/ D (18)
.˛/..m1 Cm2 C:::Cmn /Cn/
where .˛/n D ˛.˛ C 1/:::.˛ C n 1/, is the Pochhammer’s symbol.
ˇ.m1 C 1; m2 C 1; m3 C 1; :::; mn C 1/ D

m1 m2 m3 :::mn ˇ.m1 ; m2 ; m3 ; :::; mn /

; (19)
.m1 C ::: C mn /.m1 C ::: C mn C 1/:::.m1 C ::: C mn C n 1/
and
ˇ.m1 C 1; m2 ; :::; mn / C ˇ.m1 ; m2 C 1; :::; mn / C ::: C ˇ.m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn C 1/ D ˇ.m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn /: (20)

Proof. Using the definition of beta function of several variables (6), we have
€.˛/€.m1 C 1/€.m2 C 1/:::€.mn C 1/
ˇ.˛; m1 C 1; m2 C 1; :::; mn C 1/ D :
€.˛ C m1 C m2 C ::: C mn C n/
Using €.n C 1/ D nŠ and the property of Pochhammer’s symbol .˛/n D €.˛Cn/ €.˛/
(See [12]), in the above equation,
we find the required relation (18). To prove the relation (19), we use the same definition along with the property
of classical gamma function €.n C 1/ D n€.n/ in the numerator and denominator to conclude the desired result.
For (20), we use the relation (6) and proceed as
ˇ.m1 C 1; m2 ; :::; mn / C ˇ.m1 ; m2 C 1; :::; mn / C ::: C ˇ.m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn C 1/ D
€.m1 C 1/€.m2 /:::€.mn / €.m1 /€.m2 C 1/:::€.mn / €.m1 /€.m2 /:::€.mn C 1/
C C ::: C ;
€.m1 C ::: C mn C 1/ €.m1 C ::: C mn C 1/ €.m1 C ::: C mn C 1/
by using €.n C 1/ D n€.n/ in numerator as well as in denominator, we get
m1 €.m1 /€.m2 /:::€.mn / €.m1 /m2 €.m2 /:::€.mn / €.m1 /€.m2 /:::mn €.mn /
D C C ::: C
€.m1 C ::: C mn C 1/ €.m1 C ::: C mn C 1/ €.m1 C ::: C mn C 1/
€.m1 /€.m2 /:::€.mn /.m1 C m2 C ::: C mn /
D D ˇ.m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn /:
.m1 C m2 C ::: C mn /€.m1 C m2 C ::: C mn /

Corollary 2.6. If 1 is added to any one of the variables, then following results hold ( only three variables are
provided here).
pˇ.p; q; r C 1/ D rˇ.p C 1; q; r/
qˇ.p C 1; q; r/ D pˇ.p; q C 1; r/
and
qˇ.p; q; r C 1/ D rˇ.p; q C 1; r/:

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312 A. Rehman et al.

Proof. Just use the definition (6) along with the result €.n C 1/ D n€.n/.

3 Main results properties of k-beta function

Recently, Diaz and Pariguan [4] introduced the generalized k-gamma function as
x
1
nŠk n .nk/ k
€k .x/ D lim ; k > 0; x 2 C n kZ (21)
n!1 .x/n;k

and also gave the properties of said function. The €k is one parameter of deformation of the classical gamma function
such that €k ! € as k ! 1. The €k is based on the repeated appearance of the expression of the following form

˛.˛ C k/.˛ C 2k/.˛ C 3k/:::.˛ C .n 1/k/: (22)

The function of the variable ˛ given by the statement (22), denoted by .˛/n;k , is called the Pochhammer k-symbol.
We obtain the usual Pochhammer symbol .˛/n by taking k D 1. The deffinition given in (21), is the generalization
of €.x/ and the integral form of €k is given by

Z1
tk
€k .x/ D t x 1
e k dt; Re.x/ > 0: (23)
0

From (23), we can easily show that

x
1 x
€k .x/ D k k €. /: (24)
k
The same authors defined the k-beta function as
€k .x/€k .y/
ˇk .x; y/ D ; Re.x/ > 0; Re.y/ > 0 (25)
€k .x C y/

and the integral form of ˇk .x; y/ is

Z1
1 x
1 y
1
ˇk .x; y/ D tk .1 t/ k dt: (26)
k
0

From the definition of ˇk .x; y/ given in (25) and (26), we can easily prove that
1 x y
ˇk .x; y/ D ˇ. ; /: (27)
k k k
Also, the researchers [5–9] have worked on the generalized k-gamma and k-beta functions and discussed the
following properties:
€k .x C k/ D x€k .x/ (28)

€k .x C nk/
.x/n;k D (29)
€k .x/

€k .k/ D 1; k > 0 (30)

p
k 2n 1 .2n/Š 
€k ..2n C 1/ / D k 2 ; k > 0; n 2 N: (31)
2 2n nŠ
In [2], it is proved that gamma function €.z/ is analytic on C except the poles at z D 0; 1; 2; ::: and the residue
1/n
at z D n is equal to . nŠ ; n D 0; 1; 2; :::. Recently, Mubeen and Rehman [11] proved that for k > 0, the function
€k .x/ is analytic on C, except the single poles at x D 0; k; 2k; ::: and the residue at x D nk is . 1/n1k n nŠ .

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 Properties of k -beta function with several variables 313

Using (25) and (27), we see that, for x; y > 0 and k > 0, the following properties of k-beta function of two
variables are satisfied by authors (see [5, 6] and [10]):
x
ˇk .x C k; y/ D ˇk .x; y/ (32)
xCy

y
ˇk .x; y C k/ D ˇk .x; y/ (33)
xCy

1
ˇk .xk; yk/ D ˇ.x; y/ (34)
k

Œ.n 1/Š2
ˇk .nk; nk/ D ; n2N (35)
k.2n 1/Š

1 1
ˇk .x; k/ D ; ˇk .k; y/ D : (36)
x y

Remarks. When k ! 1 , ˇk .x; y/ ! ˇ.x; y/.

Now, we define k-beta function of several variables and prove some properties of the said function. With the help of
this definition, we extend some previous results which will help us to compute the values of ˇk function at particular
points.

Definition 3.1. Let p D .p1 ; p2 ; :::; pn / 2 Cn ; pi ¤ f0: 1; 2; :::g; n  2; k > 0. The k-beta function of n
variables is defined as
€k .p1 /€k .p2 /:::€k .pn /
ˇk .p/ D ˇk .p1 ; p2 ; :::; pn / D : (37)
€k .p1 C p2 C ::: C pn /

Remarks. For n D 2, we obtain k-beta function represented by (25) and if k D 1, we have the classical beta
function.

Lemma 3.2. Let  and  be the positive -finite or a complex measure on a measure space X and T respectively
with jj and jj be the corresponding total variation. Assume that the function f W X  T ! C is measurable on
the product spaceX  T with respect to the product  -algebra. If the integral
Z Z
jf .x; t /jd jj.x/d jj.t /
X T

is finite when evaluated as an iterated integral in one order or the other, then the value of
Z Z
f .x; t /d .x/d.t /
X T

is independent whether it is evaluated as a double integral or an iterated integral in either order.

Remarks. The above Lemma is the Fubini’s Theorem. For more complete and precise detail of Fubini’s Theorem
for positive measure (see Rudin 1974 [13]).

Proposition 3.3. Let p 2 Cn n f0g; n  2; k > 0 and let E D En 1 be the standard simplex in Rn 1 , then integral
form of k-beta function of n variables is defined by
Z p1 pn 1
1 1 1 pn
ˇk .p/ D ˇk .p1 ; :::; pn / D n 1 x1k :::xn k1 .1 x1 ::: xn 1 / k 1 dx1 :::dxn 1 : (38)
k
E

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314 A. Rehman et al.

Proof. We denote the integral by In;k D ˇk .p1 ; :::; pn /. Thus I2;k D ˇk .p1 ; p2 / which is equivalent to (26).
For n  3, first we take the case when p 2 Rn ,where R is the set of positive real numbers. The integrand is
positive and the integral may be evaluated as an iterated integral by Lemma 3.2. Integrating over xn 1 and defining
v D 1 x1 x2 ::: xn 2 , we see that
Z p1 pn 2
Zv pn 1
1 1 1 pn
k k k 1
In;k D x1 :::xn 2 dx1 :::dxn 2: xn 1 .v xn 1/ k dxn 1: (39)
En 1 0

The region of integration for outer integral is

f.x1 ; :::xn 2/ W x1  0; :::xn 2  0; 1 x1 ::: xn 2  0g D En 2;

putting xn 1 D vt , the inner integral becomes

Z1
pn 1 Cpn pn 1 pn pn 1 Cpn
1 1 1 1
v k t k .1 t/ k dt D v k :kˇk .pn 1 ; pn /; (40)
0

and using the above result in equation (39), we have

p1 pn 2
Z
1 1 pn 1 Cpn
1
In;k D x1k :::xn k2 dx1 :::dxn 2v k :kˇk .pn 1 ; pn /
En 2

p1 pn 2
Z
1 1 pn 1 Cpn
1
D kˇk .pn 1 ; pn / x1k :::xn k
2 .1 x1 ::: xn 2/ k dx1 :::dxn 2
En 2

D In 1;k .p1 ; :::; pn 2 ; pn 1 C pn /kˇk .pn 1 ; pn /: (41)

Now we make the inductive assumption that In 1;k is the k-beta function of n 1 variables. So, by the relations
(41) and (37), we get

In;k D k n 2
ˇk .p1 ; :::pn 2 ; pn 1 C pn /:kˇk .pn 1 ; pn / D kn 1
ˇk .p1 ; :::; pn /;

which is the relation (38) for k > 0; n  3 and p 2 Rn . The same proof holds for the case when p 2 Cn n f0g if
the integrand of the equation (39) can be replaced by the absolute values, simply each pi by Re.pi /; i D 1; 2; :::; n.
The iterated integral of the absolute value is finite by the preceding proof for the real case and Lemma 3.2, ensures
that the relation (39) is valid for complex case.
Now, we prove the symmetry of all arguments. According to the relation (37), ˇk .p1 ; :::pn / is symmetric in
p1 ; :::; pn and it is worth-while to verify directly that the integral on R.H.S of the equation (38) has the same property.
Symmetry in p1 ; :::; pn 1 is made evident by simply relabeling the variables of integration, so it suffices to prove
symmetry in p1 and pn . We define
xn D 1 x1 ::: xn 1 (42)
and change the variables from x1 ; :::; xn 1 to x2 ; :::; xn . The jacobian determinant of the transformation has unit
magnitude and the region of integration changes from

f.x1 ; :::; xn 1/ W x1  0; :::; xn 1  0; x1 C ::: C xn 1  1g (43)

to
f.x2 ; :::; xn / W x2  0; :::; xn  0; x2 C ::: C xn  1g: (44)
The last two inequalities in (44) results from the last and first in (43). Thus the region of integration is again E in
terms of the new variables and integral on R.H.S of the equation (38) becomes
p2
1
Z pn
p1
1 k 1 1
n 1
.1 x 2 ::: xn / k x 2 :::xnk dx2 :::dxn : (45)
k
E

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 Properties of k -beta function with several variables 315

Relabeling xn as x1 changes it to the original form with p1 and pn interchanged. Hence the original integral is
symmetric in p1 and pn . We may think of the variables p1 ; :::; pn as being attached to the vertices of the simplex
E D En 1 as follows: pk1 to the vertex .1; 0; :::; 0/, pk2 to .0; 1; :::; 0/,..., pnk 1 to .0; 0; :::; 1/ and pkn to the
.0; 0; :::; 0/. Also, the vertex at the origin is at an equal footing with all other vertices. The points .x1 ; :::; xn 1 /
of En 1 are in (1-1) correspondence with n-tuples .x1 ; :::; xn 1 ; 1 x1 ::: xn 1 / of non negative weights
with unit sum and the last of these weights is the quantity xn defined in (42) which has the value unity at the vertex
.0; 0; :::; 0/. The complete symmetry in 1; :::; n can be exhibited by writing the n 1-fold integral in the relation (38)
as n-fold integral with a Dirac delta function in the integrand

Z1 Z1 Z1 p1
1 1 pn
1
ˇk .p/ D ::: x1k :::xnk ı.1 x1 ::: xn /dx1 :::dxn : (46)
kn 1
0 0 0

Now we discuss some properties of k-beta function of several variables.

Proposition 3.4. For Re.x/; Re.y/ > 0 and k > 0, the k-beta function of two variables satisfy the following
properties:
R 1 s xk 1
(i) ˇk .x; y/ D 0 xCy ds
.sC1/ k

R =2 2x 2y
2 1 1
(ii) ˇk .x; y/ D k 0 .cos / k .sin / k d
xCy Rb x y
1 1 1
(iii) k.b a/ k ˇk .x; y/ D a .s a/ k .b s/ k ds:

Proof. By changing the variables as t D s

sC1
, t D cos2  or t D sin2  and t D s a
b a
respectively in the relation
(26), we have (i), (ii) and (iii).

Corollary 3.5. For k > 0, we have ˇk . k2 ; k2 / D 

k
and hence the values of k-beta function can be computed at
particular points.

k
Proof. By Proposition 3.4, putting x D y D 2
, we have

=2
k k 2 2  
Z
ˇk . ; / D .cos /0 .sin /0 d D : D : (47)
2 2 k k 2 k
0

Now, we can compute the values of k-beta function from equation (47) by using k D 1; 2; 3; :::; n as
1 1
ˇ1 . ; / D 
2 2

ˇ2 .1; 1/ D
2
3 3 
ˇ3 . ; / D
2 2 3
:: ::
: :
n n 
ˇn . ; / D
2 2 n

ˇ2n .n; n/ D :
2n
Corollary 3.6. Using the relation (25) on left hand side of the relation (47), we get

€k . k2 /€k . k2 /
r
 k 
D ) €k . / D ;
€k .k/ k 2 k
which is a conclusion of the relation (31).

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316 A. Rehman et al.

Remarks. From the corollary 3.5 it seems that k is any natural number. However, we can compute the values of
k-beta function for all real numbers k > 0. From the above results, if k D 1, we conclude an important result [2].
 1 1  12 1 p
ˇ1 . ; / D €. / D : (48)
2 2 2
Proposition 3.7. If k > 0; Re.x/ > 0; Re.x C y/ > 0 and Re.z/ > 0, then k-beta function of three variables can
be written as
ˇk .x; y/ˇk .x C y; z/ D ˇk .x; y; z/: (49)

Proof. From the relation (25), we see that for three variables

€k .x C y/€k .z/
ˇk .x C y; z/ D ; Re.x C y/ > 0; Re.z/ > 0: (50)
€k .x C y C z/
Multiplying equations (25) and (50) we have

€k .x/€k .y/ €k .x C y/€k .z/ €k .x/€k .y/€k .z/

ˇk .x; y/ˇk .x C y; z/ D D : (51)
€k .x C y/ €k .x C y C z/ €k .x C y C z/

Comparing the relation (51) with definition of k-beta function of several variables (37) implies the desired proof.

Remarks. The relation (49) can be extended up to n variables. Here, we introduced the new notation for beta
function of several variables in right hand side of relation (49). If there are only two variables, we get the definition
of k-beta function defined in [4] and if k D 1, the classical one.

Theorem 3.8. If there are n variables, then k-gamma and k-beta functions are related as
r 
k n k k k
€k . / D ˇk ; ; :::; (52)
n n n n
k
Proof. Using p1 D p2 D ::: D pn D n
in the definition (37), we have
h in
k
k k k  k k k
€k . n /€k . n /:::€k . n / € .
k n /
ˇk ; ; :::; D   D ;
n n n k k
€k n C n C ::: C n k € k .k/

and using €k .k/ D 1, we have r

k n
k k k
€k . / D ˇk ; ; :::;
n n n n

Corollary 3.9. If k D 1; n D 2 .i.e, there are only two variables we have a classical result
r 
1 1 1 p
€. / D ˇ ; D 
2 2 2

Theorem 3.10. If Re.x/ > 0; Re.x C y/ > 0; Re.x C y C z/ > 0 and Re.w/ > 0, then we have the following
properties of k-beta function with three and four variables.

Z =2
 2 2 =2 Z
2.xCy/ 2.yC2z/
2 2
ˇk .x; y; z/ D .cos  / k .sin  / k d 2 (53)
k
0 0

and
 2 3 =2
Z =2
Z =2
Z
2.xCyCz/ 2.yC2zC3w/
3 3
ˇk .x; y; z; w/ D .cos  / k .sin  / k d 3 : (54)
k
0 0 0

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 Properties of k -beta function with several variables 317

Proof. From Proposition 3.3, we see that the integral form of k-beta function of three variables is
1
Z
x y z
ˇk .x; y; z/ D 2 p k 1 q k 1 .1 p q/ k 1 dpdq:
k
E

Setting v D 1 p, the above equation takes the form

Zv
1
Z
x y z
1 1 1
ˇk .x; y; z/ D 2 p k dp qk .v q/ k dq;
k
0

putting q D vt implies dq D vdt and limit of integration becomes 0 to 1. Thus we have

Z1
1 1 1
Z Z
x yCz y z x yCz
1 1 1 1 1 1
ˇk .x; y; z/ D p k dp v k qk .1 q/ k dt D pk v k dpˇk .y; z/
k k k
0

and by similar arguments, we conclude that

Z1
1 x
1 yCz
1
ˇk .x; y; z/ D ˇk .y; z/ pk .1 p/ k dp D ˇk .y; z/ˇk .x; y C z/:
k
0

Using the Proposition 3.4 on right hand side of above equation, we have
=2 =2
2 2
Z Z
2x 2yC2z 2y 2z
1 1 1 1
ˇk .x; y; z/ D .cos  / k .sin  / k d: .cos  / k .sin  / k d
k k
0 0

 2 2 =2
Z =2
Z
2.xCy/ 2.yC2z/
2 2
) ˇk .x; y; z/ D .cos  / k .sin  / k d 2 :
k
0 0

Similarly, we can prove the relation (54).

Remarks. We can extend the results of Theorem 3.10 up to n variables and can be expressed as
=2
Z =2 =2
 2 n 1
Z Z
ˇk .x1 ; x2 ; :::; xn / D :::
k
0 0 0

2.x1 Cx2 C:::Cxn 1 / 2.x2 C2x3 C:::C.n 1/xn /

.n 1/ .n 1/
.cos  / k .sin  / k d .n 1/
 (55)
which can be proved like the Theorem 3.10.

Proposition 3.11. If m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn 2 N; k > 0 and ˛ ¤ 0, then we have the following properties of the k-beta
function with n variables.
m1 m2 :::mn
ˇk .˛; m1 C k; m2 C k; :::; mn C k/ D ˇk .m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn ; ˛ C nk/ (56)
.˛/n;k
where .˛/n;k is the Pochhammer k-symbol defined in the relation (22),

ˇk .m1 C k; m2 C k; m3 C k; :::; mn C k/ D

m1 m2 m3 :::mn
ˇk .m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn / (57)
.m1 C ::: C mn /.m1 C ::: C mn C k/:::.m1 C ::: C mn C .n 1/k/
and

ˇk .m1 C k; m2 ; :::; mn / C ˇk .m1 ; m2 C k; :::; mn / C ::: C ˇk .m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn C k/ D ˇk .m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn / (58)

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318 A. Rehman et al.

Proof. Using the definition of k-beta function of several variables (37), we have
€k .˛/€k .m1 C k/€k .m2 C k/:::€k .mn C k/
ˇk .˛; m1 C k; m2 C k; :::; mn C k/ D :
€k .˛ C m1 C m2 C ::: C mn C nk/
Use of €k .x C k/ D x€k .x/ in R.H.S of the above relation gives
m1 m2 :::mn €k .˛/€k .m1 /€k .m2 /:::€k .mn /
D :
€k .˛ C m1 C m2 C ::: C mn C nk/
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by €k .˛ C nk/ implies
m1 m2 :::mn €k .˛/€k .m1 /€k .m2 /:::€k .mn /:€k .˛ C nk/
D ;
€k .˛ C m1 C m2 C ::: C mn C nk/€k .˛ C nk/

and by the property of Pochhammer k- symbol, .˛/n;k D €k€.˛Cnk/ k .˛/

, the above equation creates the desired
result (56). To prove the relation (57), we use the definition (37) and the relation (28) in the numerator and
denominator, and we conclude the required result. For (58), we use the definition (3.17) and proceed as

ˇk .m1 C k; m2 ; :::; mn / C ˇk .m1 ; m2 C k; :::; mn / C ::: C ˇk .m1 ; m2 ; :::; mn C k/ D

€k .m1 C k/:::€k .mn / €k .m1 /€k .m2 C k/:::€k .mn / €k .m1 /:::€k .mn C k/
C C ::: C ;
€k .m1 C ::: C mn C k/ €k .m1 C ::: C mn C k/ €k .m1 C ::: C mn C k/
and using the relation (28), we obtain the required relation (58).

Corollary 3.12. If k is added to any one of the variables, then following results hold (only three variables are
provided here).
pˇk .p; q; r C k/ D rˇk .p C k; q; r/
qˇk .p C k; q; r/ D pˇk .p; q C k; r/
and
qˇk .p; q; r C k/ D rˇk .p; q C k; r/:

Proof. Just use the definition 37 along with the result €k .x C k/ D x€k .x/.

Here, we give some properties of k-gamma function which will be used to prove some results involving k-beta
function of several variables.

Lemma 3.13. If r 1 2 N, then we have

1 2 3 r 1 1 .r 1/
€ € € :::€ Dr 2 .2/ 2 : (59)
r r r r
Proposition 3.14. If r 1 2 N; k > 0, then we have
 k   2k   3k   .r 1/k  .1 r/ 1 .r 1/
€k €k €k :::€k Dk 2 r 2 .2/ 2 (60)
r r r r

Proof. Replacing x by r
; r ; :::; .r r1/k
k 2k
and rk
r
in the relation (24) respectively, we have

k 1
1 1 2k 2
1 2
€k . / D k r €. / ; €k . / D kr €. /
r r r r
.r 1/k r 1
1 rk r 1
€k . /Dk r €. / D k 1 1 €.1/ D 1:
/ ::: €k .
r r r
Multiplying all above equations and applying the Lemma 3.13, we get
 k   2k   .r 1/k  1 2 r 1 1 2 r 1
€k €k :::€k D k r C r C:::C r .r 1/ €. /€. /:::€. /
r r r r r r
1C2C3C:::C.r 1/ 1 .r 1/ .1 r/ 1 .r 1/
.r 1/
Dk r r 2 .2/ 2 Dk 2 r 2 .2/ 2 :

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 Properties of k -beta function with several variables 319

Lemma 3.15. If r 1 2 N; k > 0, and r 2 C n f0; k; 2k; :::g, then we have

rx 1 .r 1/ .1 r/ k 2k .r 1/k
€k .rx/ D r k 2 k 2 .2/ 2 €k .x/€k .x C /€k .x C /:::€k .x C /:
r r r
Remarks. The above Lemma 3.15 is the k-analogue of Gauss multiplication theorem. If we use r D 2, we have k-
analogue of Legendre duplication formula proved in [5]. Also, if k D 1, we have the classical Gauss multiplication
and Legendre duplication theorems [12].

Theorem 3.16. If z 2 C n f0; 1; 2; :::g, then k-beta function of n variables, n  2 satisfies the identity
nz
 k   2k   .n 1/k 
1
n k ˇk .z; z; :::; z/ D ˇk z; ˇk z; :::ˇk z; : (61)
n n n
Proof. Using the relation (25) on R.H.S of above equation (61), we have
 k  .n 1/k  €k .z/€k . kn / €k .z/€k . 2k
n
/ €k .z/€k . .n n1/k /
ˇk z; :::ˇk z; D :::
n n €k .z C kn / €k .z C 2k n
/ €k .z C .n n1/k /
.€k .z//n €k . kn /€k . 2k
n
/:::€k . .n n
1/k
/
D k 2k .n 1/k
:
€k .z/€k .z C n
/€k .z C n
/:::€k .z C n
/

By the Proposition 3.14 and Lemma 3.15, we obtain the required proof.
Lately, Kokologiannaki [5] worked on properties and inequalities of generalized k-gamma, k-beta and zeta functions
and proved that the function €k .x/ satisfies the identity
r
k 2x k
€k .2x/ D 2 k €k .x/€k .x C /;
 2
for x 2 C and Re.x/ > 0. Here, we extend this result.

Theorem 3.17. For x 2 C and Re.x/ > 0, and n 2 N, prove that

r
k 2n x 1 k
€k .2n x/ D 2 k €k .2n 1 x/€k .2n 1
xC /: (62)
 2

Proof. The integral form of k-beta function in equation (26) is

Z1
1 x
1 y
1
ˇk .x; y/ D tk .1 t/ k dt:
k
0

Replacing x and y by 2n 1
x, in the above equation, we have

Z1
n 1 n 1 1 2n 1 x
1 2n 1 x
1
ˇk .2 x; 2 x/ D t k .1 t/ k dt; (63)
k
0

1Cs
and changing the variable as t D 2
which implies that dt D 12 ds. Equation (63) gives

Z1
n 1 n 1 2 1 s2 2n 1 x
11
ˇk .2 x; 2 x/ DD . / k ds:
k 22 2
0

By setting s 2 D v ) 2sds D dv, we have

Z1
n 1 n 1 1 1 1
1 2n 1 x
1 1 1 2n 1 x 1
ˇk .2 x; 2 x/ D 2n x
v2 .1 v/ k dv D 2n x
ˇ. ; /:
k2 k 1
2 k 1 k k 2
0

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320 A. Rehman et al.

We obtain the following expression by using equation (34)

1 k
ˇk .2n 1
x; 2n 1
x/ D 2n x
ˇk .2n 1
x; /: (64)
2 k 1 2

By applying the definition of k-beta function as given in equation (25) on both sides of equation (64), we have

€k .2n 1
x/:€k .2n 1
x/ 1 €k .2n 1
x/:€k . k2 /
D 2n x
;
€k .2n x/ 2 k 1 €k .2n 1x C k
2
/

which implies
2n x k
1
n
2 k €k .2n 1
x/:€k .2n 1
xC 2
/
€k .2 x/ D :
€k . k2 /

By using the Corollary 3.5, we get

r
n k 2n x 1 k
€k .2 x/ D 2 k €k .2n 1
x/€k .2n 1
xC /:
 2

Remarks. The Theorem 3.17 is the generalization of the Legendre’s duplication formula of €.x/ in [12]. By using
n D 1, we find a formula €k .2x/ which is proved in [5]. Further, if we use k D 1 and n D 0 in the result obtained,
we get the classical gamma function and the product form of the above Theorem is given by
n
k n Y 2i x k
€k .2n x/ D . / 2 2 k 1
€k .x/€k .2i 1
xC /; n 2 N:
 2
iD1

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to express profound gratitude to referees for deeper review of this
paper and the referee’s useful suggestions that led to an improved presentation of the paper.

References
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Press, 1999
[3] Carlson B.C., Special Functions of Applied Mathemaics, Academic Press, New York, 1977
[4] Diaz R., Pariguan E., On hypergeometric functions and k -Pochhammer symbol, Divulgaciones Mathematics, 2007, 15(2), 179-
192
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Math. Sciences, 2009, 4(21), 1037-1042
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[13] Rudin W., Real and Complex Analysis, 2nd edition McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974

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