Objective:

The purpose of this experiment is to design a first order low pass

Butterworth Filter and obtain the frequency response of the filter and examine
the effect of the variation of the circuit components.

Theory:
The frequency response of the Butterworth Filter approximation function is also
often referred to as “maximally flat” response because the pass band is designed
to have a frequency response which is as flat as mathematically possible from 0
Hz until the cut-off frequency at -3 dB with no ripples. Higher frequencies beyond
the cut-off point rolls-off down to zero in the stop band at 20dB / decade or 6
dB/octave. This is because it has a “quality factor”, “Q” of just 0.70%.

However one main disadvantage of the Butterworth filter is that it achieves this
pass band flatness at the expense of a wide transition band as the filter changes
from the pass band to the stop band. It also has poor phase characteristics as
well. The ideal frequency response, referred to as a “brick wall” filter, and the
standard Butterworth approximations, for different filter orders are given below.

Ideal Frequency Response for a Butterworth Filter:

The higher the Butterworth filter order, the higher the number of cascaded stages
there are within the filter design and the closer the filter becomes to the ideal
“brick wall” response.

In practice however Butterworth’s ideal frequency response is unattainable as it

produces excessive passband ripple.

Our circuit of the first –order low pass Butterworth Filter with a cut-off corner
frequency of 1020 Hz.

Equipment and Accessories :

1. Oscilloscope
2. Function generator
3. Multimeter
4. Resistance R1=10K, R2=10K, R3=15.9K, C=0.01𝜇F, and op-amp-741
5. AC voltmeter
6. Trainer board

Circuit Diagram:
Fig: Low pass first order Butterworth filter
Calculation:

Vin f VO DB(20log 𝑽𝒊𝒏)

𝑽𝒊𝒏
Gain( )
𝑽
𝑽𝑶 𝑶
8 60 16 2 6.02
8 100 16 2 6.02
8 200 16 2 6.02
8 400 14 1.75 4.87
8 600 13 1.625 4.22
8 800 12 1.5 3.52
8 1000 11 1.375 2.77
8 1200 10 1.25 1.94
8 1500 8 1 0
8 2000 7 0.875 -1.16
8 4000 4 0.5 -6.02
8 6000 3 0.375 -8.52
8 8000 2 0.25 -12.04
8 10000 1 0.125 -18.06
8 15000 1 0.125 -18.06
Expected Graph:

10

0
60 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 4000 6000 8000 1000015000
-5

-10

-15

-20 Gain dB