ii
Civil and structural engineering
Jirousek, J 'A family of variable section
curved beam and thick-shell or membrane-
stiffening isoparametric elements' Int. ].
Numer. Methods Eng. Vol 17 No 2
(February 1981) pp 171-186
A family of isoparametric curved beam
elements of a general, compact cross-section
is introduced. The formulation is based on
beam theory and takes into account both
transverse shear deformation and shear centre
location. The eleTnents exhibit the required
displacement compatibility with Ahmad's
superparametric thick-shell elements and
isoparametric membrane elements. Examples
presented at the end of the paper illustrate
the validity of the formulation and the
possibility of practical application o f the
elements.
Barrett, D and Soler, A 'A finite element
model for thick beams' Comput. Methods
Appl. Mech. Eng. Vol 25 No 3 (March
1981) pp 2 9 9 - 3 1 3
A general method for obtaining higher
order beam theories is reviewed and cast
in a form for creating a finite element
model. Reissner's principle and Legendre
polynomial series expansions are key
features in the development. A thick beam
element is produced capable of representing
nonlinear distributions, through the thick-
ness, of all stress and deformation variables.
The model can be used to analyse most
thick beams and localized stress conditions.
Beam problems are solved and the perform-
ance of the thick beam element is assessed.
Gero, J S and Radford, A D 'The design in
computer aided design' in Proceedings o f the
first international conference on computing
in civil engineering ASCE, New York, NY,
USA (1981)
This paper is concerned with the design
aspect of CAD. It examines the role of
computers in the provision of information
for design decision making in CAD and
compares the advantages and disadvantages
of three design paradigms: simulation,
generation and optimization. It shows that
decision making using optimization is a
particularly useful approach. Usually design
problems have a number of distinct and
disparate objectives which are important
to a greater or lesser degree. To encompass
them the concepts of single objective
optimization must be extended to provide
a framework for the multi-objective case.
Such design problems can be handled
through the use of Pareto optimality
approaches.
Buckley, F J 'A standard for software quality
assurances' in Proceedings of the first inter-
national conference on computing in civil
engineering ASCE, New York, NY, USA.
(1981 )
This paper presents an interim report on the
v o l u m e 13 n u m b e r 6 n o v e m b e r 1981
efforts associated with developing astandard
for software quality assurance plans; it
examines the needs, summarizes the signifi-
cant issues, and indicates some of the major
items under consideration for the forth-
coming revision.
Machover, C 'Current directions in CAD' in
Proceedings of the first international con-
ference on computing in civil engineering
ASCE, New York, NY, USA (1981)
CAD (computer-aided design/drafting)
systems are now proving their worth in
day-in, day-out engineering applications.
Civil engineering CAD applications will
grow at about 45 per cent per year over the
next few years, and will represent about
14 per cent of a multi-billion dollar market
by 1985. This paper discusses typical
applications, and hardware, software and"
system trends.
Akin, ] E 'Verification checks of finite
element models' in Proceedings of the first
international conference on computing in
civil engineering ASCE, New York, NY,
USA (1981)
The verification of finite element solutions
is of increasing importance. A number of
verification checks are recommended. They
are based on both theoretical and empirical
studies. Most of the checks can be auto-
mated to enhance the reliability of finite
element codes.
Lyons, P 'Large deflection elasto-plastic
analysis of stiffened shells using semiloof
elements' in Numerical methods for non-
linear problems: proceedings of the inter-
national conference, University College,
Swansea, UK Vol 1 {1980)
iron's semiloof elements have proved
superior for linear thin shell analysis, and
the author and co-workers have recently
presented an effective nonlinear semiloof
shell formulation. For stiffened shell
analysis, a beam element is required and
this paper describes the nonlinear semiloof
beam. The employed geometric nonlinearity
accounts for the large displacements using
a total Lagrangian formulation. The elasto-
plastic rigidities are computed using a
rigorous multifibre formulation for
arbitrary eccentric stiffener cross-sections,
and a subincremental technique for fibre
plasticity is included to produce reliable
results with fewer load steps. Several
numerical examples demonstrate the
validity of the nonlinear semiloof beam
formulation.
Dinis, L M S, Martins, R A F and Owen, D R J
'Material and geometrically nonlinear analysis
of thin plates and arbitrary shells' in Numeri-
cal methods for nonlinear problems: proceed-
ings of the international conference, Univer-
sity College, Swansea, UK Vol 1 (1980)
The semiloof shell element is considered for
the nonlinear large displacement analysis of
plates and shells. Lagrangian and updated
formulations are both used for describing
the large displacement response. An initial
stiffness conventional plasticity algorithm
and an elasto-viscoplastic model are con-
sidered for material nonlinear analysis. For
the combined effect of material nonlinearity
and large displacements an incremental stiff-
ness procedure is adopted, whereby the tan-
gential stiffness matrix is modified every load
increment. Some plate and shell problems are
solved to assess the performance of the semi-
loaf shell element under nonlinear conditions.
Cope, R J, Rao, P V and Edwards, K R
'Non-linear finite element analysis techniques
for concrete slabs' in Numerical methods
for nonlinear problems: proceedings of the
international conference, University College,
Swansea, UK Vol 1 (1980)
Implementation of non-linear finite element
procedures for analysing reinforced concrete
slabs is discussed with reference to specifica-
tion of suitable convergence criteria, and
errors introduced by numerical integration
when material properties vary over an
element. Comments are given on imple-
mentations based on non-conforming
rectangular and quadrilateral elements, and
the heterosis formulation.
Cope, R J, Rao, P V, Clark, L A and Norris, P
'Modelling of reinforced concrete behaviour
for finite element analysis of bridge slabs' in
Numerical methods for nonlinear problems:
proceedings of the international conference,
University College, Swansea, UK Vol 1 (1980)
Strategies for predicting response of bridge
slabs to multiple load patterns and repeated
load application are described. To reduce the
cost of computation, effects of composite
action such as tension stiffening and aggre-
gate interlock are simulated by modifying
concrete properties. Results obtained by
implementing these strategies are compared
with experimental data.
Cesari, F, Gheduzzi, P, Vannini, L and Hellen,
T K 'The feasibility of finite element codes
for elasto-plastic analysis' in Numerical meth-
ods for nonlinear prob/ems: Int. Conf
University College, Swansea, UK Vol I
(1980)
This paper describes results obtained from
the elasto-plastic analysis of two benchmark
tests which have previously been conducted
experimentally. Two finite element inelas-
tic computer programs, A D I N A and BER-
SAFE, were employed. The analysis pro-
cedures are briefly discussed and the comput-
ed results are presented and compared with
those of experiment. The results demon-
strate the feasibility of performing elasto-
plastic analysis for the kinds of problems
discussed and indicate the level of agree-
ment the analyst can expect when using
inelastic computer programs.
391