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Abstract—Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a custom transmission parallel feeders [7]. This paper presents design
power device used as an effective solution in protecting and implementation of a high-performance DVR – which,
sensitive loads from voltage disturbances in power distribution unlike the past works mentioned – employs Artificial Neural
systems. The efficiency of the control technique, that conducts Network (ANN) control strategy for voltage sag and swell
the switching of the inverters, determines the DVR efficiency. mitigation of a power system network.
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control is the general
technique to do that. The power quality restoration capabilities ANN loosely imitates animal brains, where numerous
of this controller are limited, and it produces significant neurons are connected in an intricate nexus. In ANN, a
amount of harmonics – all of which stems from this linear number of nodes act as these neurons, and when a node
technique’s application for controlling non-linear DVR. As a receives any information, it forwards it to the next one in line
solution, this paper proposes an Artificial Neural Network after required processing. The nodes are arranged in different
(ANN) based controller for enhancing restoration and layers, and each input is processed through all the layers to
harmonics suppression capabilities of DVR. A detailed produce an output. Before being able to employ ANNs in
comparison of Neural Network controller with PID driven any specific task, they need to be trained with data related to
controller and Fuzzy logic driven controller is also illustrated, the purpose it is supposed to serve. In this case, the ANN is
where the proposed controller demonstrated superior trained with fault data and the corresponding actions to
performance with a mere 13.5% Total Harmonic Distortion. mitigate those instabilities. To achieve this, a feedforward
ANN is trained with backpropagation and Levenberg
Keywords—Power quality, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR),
PID, Fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Marquardt optimization. Bias is used during the training;
tansig, softmax, and purelin transfer functions are used in the
I. INTRODUCTION layers; the training data is generalized and randomized to
With advanced and complicated technologies being avoid the overfitting during the training, and consists of
implemented in today’s power systems, electrical power previous fault history and possible disturbance conditions.
quality faces many problems including voltage sags, swells, This ANN approach is guaranteed to be robust because of its
harmonics, unbalance and flickers [1-3]. Voltage sags adaptive nature which comes from the ability to be trained
associated with faults in transmission and distribution for all possible fault cases. The results show that the
systems, energizing of transformers, and starting of large proposed DVR works perfectly against voltage sags and
induction motors are considered as the most important power swells with only 13.5% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD),
quality disturbances [4-7]. Dynamic Voltage Restorers whereas Fuzzy logic and PID control systems generated
(DVR) in the past have been deployed to counter these issues THDs of 24.4% and 19.7%, respectively.
with various techniques including static VAR compensator In this paper, section II gives the theoretical background,
(SVC) [4], different inverter configurations [8, 9], voltage section III presents the proposed method, and section IV
source inverter [10], and bidirectional DC-DC converter, shows the mathematical underpinnings and the training
among others. Mahdianpoor et al. employed Posicast and process of the ANN. Section V demonstrates the simulation
P+Resonant control method which constrained fault current results: which shows the DVR performance for three phase
by making the DVR behave like a virtual impedance [5]. sag mitigation and the corresponding inverter signals.
Abed et al. used Proportional-Integral (PI) controller along Section VI compares the proposed method with PID and
with pulse width modulation to overcome voltage sags and Fuzzy controllers, where the superiority of the proposed
swells in [11], while dq0 concept was applied by Francis et technique is demonstrated for different sag and swell
al. in [12]. Jimichi et al. proposed an isolated unidirectional mitigations scenarios, and THD suppression. Finally, the
high frequency DC-DC converter to control a DVR with low conclusion is drawn in section VII.
voltage ratings in [13]. Shahabadini et al.’s method uses
cascaded H-bridge multilevel converters, and reduces power II. THEORITICAL BACKGROUND AND THE PROBLEM
factor at load side during sags to increase compensation FORMULATION
capability [14]. Kumar et al. used sliding mode control for To calculate the voltage sag/swell magnitude at the point
DVR control aimed at mitigating sags in three-phase of common coupling (PCC) in radial systems (which is the
978-1-4799-7312-5/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 5565
most prevailing one in industrial distribution networks), it is
common to use the voltage divider model. According to this
model, the power quality issues can be represented as shown
in Fig. 1, where the voltage magnitude at the PCC is given
by:
Vsag / swell = Z f / ( Z s + Z f ) (1)
Where,
Z s = The source impedance including the transformer
impedance;
Z f =The impedance between the PCC and the fault
(a)
including fault and line impedances.
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V pre − sag sin(θ pre − sag ) y j = f (¦i w ji xi − θ j ) − f (net j )
θinj = tan −1 ( ) (3) (7)
V pre − sag cos(θ pre − sag ) − Vsag cos(θ sag ) Where,
The voltage injected by DVR for in-phase compensation
technique is given by: net j = ¦i w ji xi − θ j
(8)
VDVR = Vinj (4)
Computational output of the output node:
| Vinj |=| V pre− sag | − | Vsag | (5)
1 m
θ j := θ j − α ¦ (hθ ( x (i ) ) − y (i ) ) x j (i )
m i =1 (13)
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compensation technique. Fig. 6 shows the simulation model,
while Table 1 shows the power system parameters used in
this work. Fig. 7 shows the waveforms of three phase supply
voltage, sag condition, required voltage to mitigate it, and
voltage after restoration by the proposed ANN driven DVR.
It can be noted that the restored waveform is identical to the
original one, and attained stability. The sag simulated here is
also a drastic one, where real systems do not usually change
in such an abrupt way. But the drastic sag is used to
underscore the robustness of the proposed ANN-based
DVR’s robustness over other methods; as for small changes
in voltage profile all methods’ responses are nearly the same.
Component Details
Source 33 kV, 50 Hz
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
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(f)
Fig. 7. Three phase sag mitigation based on ANN controlled DVR. (a) Instantaneous voltage at stable condition; (b) Instantantaneous voltage when sag
occurs; (c) Voltage required to mitigate voltage sag; (d) Output voltage of the inverter circuit; (e) Generated PWM for inverter; (f) Instantaneous voltage
after voltage restoration.
(a)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
Fig. 8. Restored Voltage Using (a) PID controller; (b) Fuzzy controller; (c) ANN controller; (d)THD comparison: the least THD can be seen at ANN based
DVR, the range of the harmonics is also truncated by a huge amount by this method.
TABLE II. COMPARISON OF ANN, FUZZY, AND PID CONTROLLED DVR. THE ANN METHOD SHOWS THE BEST PERFORMANCE.
Controller 50% 3-ĭ voltage 50% 1-ĭ voltage 50% 3-ĭ voltage 50% 1-ĭ voltage % THD Voltage restoration and
sag restoration sag restoration swell restoration swell restoration THD mitigation capability.
ANN 99.8% 99.5% 99.6% 99.8% 13.5% Excellent
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