MULUNGUSHIUNI

VERSI
TY
SCHOOLOFSCI
ENCE,
ENGI
NEERI
NGANDTECHNOLOGY

PROJECTREPORT

COMPUTERI
SEDGYM MANAGEMENTANDMONI
TORI
NGSYSTEM

NAME: CHRI
SPI
NK.MUKUWA

STUDENTI
D: 201404474

BACHELORPROGRAM: BACHELOROFCOMPUTERSCI
ENCE

SUPERVI
SOR: Mr
.Br
ianHal
ubanza
DECLARATI ON
I,Chrispi
nK.Mukuwat heunder si
gnedher e,
proclaimthattheComput eri
zedGym
ManagementandMoni t
oringSystem forKabwei smyownpar ti
cularwor kandtot
hat
endt hisworkhasnotbeensubmi t
tedtosomeot herUni
versi
ty,
bei tLocalor
Inter
nat i
onal
,toat
tainadegr eeorforanexami nati
on.I
noccasionswher eIhaveuti
l
ized
orcitedoutsidemateri
althesesourcehav ebeenaccredit
edandi ndicat
edintheent
ire
refer
encel i
st.
Icomplet
elycomprehendthatt
heuti
li
zat
ionofout
sidemater
ial
withoutgiv
ingdue
credi
ttot
hesourceorcreatormayandwill
beconsi
deredascopyr
ightinf
ri
ngement
si
mplyknownasplagiari
sm.

Aut
hor
:Chr
ispi
nK.Mukuwa

Dat
e:20thNov
,2017

Si
gnat
ure……………………….
…

Super
visor
:Mr
.Br
ianHal
ubanza.School
ofSci
enceEngi
neer
ingandTechnol
ogy
Dat
e:20thNov
,2017
Si
gnat
ure……………………….
…

APPROVAL
Thi
sproj
ectr
epor
thasbeensubmi
tt
edf
orexami
nat
ionwi
tht
heappr
oval
ofmy
super
visornamedbel
ow.
Supervi
sor:Mr
.Bri
anHal
ubanza.School
ofSci
enceEngi
neer
ingandTechnol
ogy
.
Date:
Si
gnature………………………………………………………. .

DEDICATION
Idedi
catethisproj
ectt
omyparents,MaryMukuwaandEphrai
m Mukuwa, f
ort
heyhave
beenthereformeallmyli
feandhavesuppor
tedmephysical
ly
,fi
nanci
all
yand
academical
ly.Theyhav
ealwaysencour
agedandadvi
sedmet oworkhardinschool
.
Toev
ery
oneel
se,
fami
l
yandf
ri
endst
hatsuppor
tedmeandbel
i
evedt
hatIcoul
ddoi
t.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Iacknowledgemymanyf r
iends,f
amily,andlect
urer
swhoassi st
ed, adv
ised,and
supportedmewhent ackli
ngthisproj
ect.Especi
all
y,Ineedtoexpressmygr ati
tudeand
deepappr eciati
ontoGodAl might
ywho’ salwaysbeenfait
hfult
ome, hi
shospitali
ty,
knowledge, andwisdom havesupported,enl
ight
ened,andentert
ainedmeov ert hemany
yearsofmyl i
fe.
ABSTRACT
Inthispresentmoder ni
zedwor ld,
abusi nesst hatlacksawebsi t
ei smi ssingoutona
vit
almar ketingt ool.Withawebsi t
e,y ourbusi nesswi l
l beeasil
yf oundbycust omers.
Peoplenor mal lysearchf orthingsonl inebefor et aki
ngonsomet hing.Duet ot hi
s
dependencyt hatpeopl ehav eont heI nternet,apr ojectpr oposalforanOnl i
ne
Comput erizedGy m ManagementandMoni t
oringSy stem camei nmi ndf orpeoplet o
easil
yaccessi t,getinformationabouti tandappl yformember shiponl i
ne.Thecur r
ent
system i
nv olvesmanual handlingofr ecordsonpaperorMi cr
osof tExcel.Thi smakesi t
havemanydi sadv ant
ages; suchasmaki ngitv erydi ff
iculttosharei nformat i
onbet ween
systemsi nmul tiuserenv i
ronment ,therei salotofr edundancyandpossi bl
echancesof
mistakesandwhenar ecordneedst obeupdat ed,eachexcel fi
lehast obeupdat ed.A
Comput erizedGy m ManagementSy st em willthrowoutmostoft hel i
mi t
at i
onspr esent
i
nt hecur r
entsy stem.Facilit
atingamor eef fi
cientandef fecti
vewayt omanaget hegy m,
automatedoper ati
ons, dat
asecur ity
, easymanagementofempl oyeeandmemberdat a,
user-f
ri
endl yGr aphicalUserI nterf
ace, managi ngmemberpay ment s,empl oyeepay rol
l
andexerciseschedul ingandmoni t
oring.
Theproposedsy
stem wi
l
lbeprogr
ammedusi ngaPyt
honfr
ameworkcal
l
edDj
angoand
Twil
i
oSMSAPIf orphonenumberver
if
icat
ionandSMShandl
ing.

Tabl
eCont
ent
s
DECLARATI
ON 2
APPROVAL 2
DEDI
CATI
ON 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
ABSTRACT 6
1.
0CHAPTERONE-I
NTRODUCTI
ON 13
1.
0.1BACKGROUNDOFTHEAVONGYM 13
1.
1PROBLEM STATEMENT 13
1.
2AI
M 14
1.
3OBJECTI
VESOFPROJECT 14
1.
4SCOPEOFPROJECT 15
1.
5JUSTI
FICATI
ON 16
1.
6SUMMARY 17
2.
0CHAPTERTWO 18
2.
1LI
TERATUREREVI
EW I
NTRODUCTI
ON 18
2.
2WEBBASEDMANAGEMENTI
NFORMATI
ONSYSTEMS 18
2.
2.1BENEFI
TSOFWEBBASEDMANAGEMENTI
NFORMATI
ONSYSTEMS 18
2.
3EXPERTSYSTEMS(
Knowl
edgebasedsy
stem) 20
2.
3.1ADVANTAGESOFANEXPERTSYSTEM 20
2.
4RELATEDWORK 21
2.
4.1REVI
EW OFEXI
STI
NGGYM/
FITNESSMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS 21
2.
4.2CLUBRI
GHTSOFTWARE 21
2.
4.3I
NSI
GHTSOFTWARE 22
2.
4.4COMPETECLUBMANAGEMENT 23
2.
4.5GLOFOXSOFTWARE 25
2.
5COMPARI
SONTABLE 27
2.
6CHALLENGESOFWEBAPPLI
CATI
ONS 29
2.
7CHALLENGESOFANEXPERTSYSTEMS 30
2.
8THEFOLLOWI
NGARESOMEDEVELOPMENTCHALLENGES 30
2.
9PROPOSEDSYSTEM 31
2.
9.1THEFOLLOWI
NGARETHEFEATURESFORTHECOMPUTERI
ZEDGYM
MANAGEMENTANDMONITORI
NGSYSTEM 31
2.
9.2WHATMAKESTHI
SSYSTEM DI
FFERENTFROM OTHERSYSTEMS 32
2.
9.3HOW THEPROPOSEDSYSTEM WI
LLSOLVESOMEOFTHECHALLENGES
 ADDRESSEDI
NPREVI
OUSCHAPTERS 32
3.
0CHAPTERTHREE–RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY 33
I
NTRODUCTI
ON 33
3.
1SOFTWAREDEVELOMENTMETHODOLOGI
ES 34
Sof
twar
eDev
elopmentLi
feCy
cle 34
3.
1.1THEWATERFALLMODEL 35
3.
1.2I
TERATI
VEDEVELOPMENT 36
3.
1.3I
NCREMENTALSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTMETHODOLOGY 36
3.
1.4RAPI
DAPPLI
CATI
ONDEVELOPMENT(
RAD) 37
3.
1.5SPI
RALMODEL 38
3.
1.6AGI
LEMETHODS 38
3.
1.7V-
SHAPEDMODEL 39
3.
2CHOSENMETHODOLOGYFORPROPOSEDSYSTEM 40
WhyI
ncr
ement
alDev
elopment
? 40
3.
3TECHNOLOGI
ES 41
3.
3.1REVI
EW OFPROGRAMMI
NGLANGUAGES 41
PYTHON 41
3.
3.2DJANGOWEBFRAMEWORK 42
ADDI
TIONALTOOLSTOMAKEDJANGOMOREPOWERFUL 43
3.
3.3REVI
EW OFDATABASETECHNOLOGI
ES 44
3.
3.4DBMSFORTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEM 45
3.
3.5API
s 46
3.
3.6DEVELOPMENTPLATFORM 46
3.
3.7TECHNOLOGI
ESTOBEUSEDI
NPROJECT 46
3.
4PROJECTRI
SKMANAGEMENT 47
3.
4.1RI
SK 47
3.
4.2RI
SKMANAGEMENT 47
3.
4.3SAFETYMANAGEMENT 48
3.
4.4RI
SKI
DENTI
FICATI
ONAPPROACHES 48
3.
3.5RI
SKMANAGEMENTSTEPSANDTOOLS 48
3.
4.6PROPOSEDSYSTEM RI
SKS 52
3.
4.7RI
SKSREGI
STER 53
 3.
5SOFTWAREMETRI
CS 54
3.
5.1CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFSOFTWAREMETRI
CS(
K.P.Sr
ini
vasan2015) 55
3.
5.2REQUI
REMENTSMETRI
CS 55
3.
5.3DESI
GNMETRI
CS 57
3.
5.4CODI
NGMETRI
CS 60
3.
5.5TESTMETRI
CS 62
4.
0Chapt
erFour–Sy
stem Anal
ysi
sandDesi
gn 63
4.
1Int
roduct
ion 63
4.
2Sy
stem Anal
ysi
s 63
4.
2.1Requi
rement
sEngi
neer
ing 64
4.
2.1.
1Funct
ionalRequi
rement
s 64
4.
2.1.
1.1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion 64
4.
2.1.
1.2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion 64
4.
2.1.
1.3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion 64
4.
2.1.
1.4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion 65
4.
2.1.
1.5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion 65
4.
2.1.
1.6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion 65
4.
2.1.
1.7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Ev
ent
sAppl
icat
ion 65
4.
2.1.
1.8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion 65
4.
2.1.
1.9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion 65
4.
3.1Dat
afl
owDi
agr
ams 66
4.
3.1.
1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion 66
4.
3.1.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion 67
4.
3.1.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion 67
4.
3.1.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion 67
4.
3.1.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion 67
4.
3.1.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion 68
4.
3.1.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Ev
ent
sAppl
icat
ion 68
4.
3.1.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion 68
4.
3.1.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion 68
4.
3.2Ent
it
yRel
ati
onshi
pDi
agr
am 69
4.
3.3Dat
abaseDesi
gn 70
4.
3.4UseCaseDi
agr
ams 72
4.
3.4.
1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion 72
4.
3.4.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion 72
4.
3.4.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion 72
4.
3.4.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion 73
4.
3.4.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion 73
4.
3.4.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion 73
4.
3.4.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Ev
ent
sAppl
icat
ion 74
4.
3.4.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion 74
4.
3.4.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion 75
4.
3.5UseCaseScenar
ios 75
4.
3.5.
1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion 75
4.
3.5.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion 76
4.
3.5.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion 77
4.
3.5.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion 78
4.
3.5.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–MessageAppl
icat
ion 78
4.
3.5.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion 80
4.
3.5.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Appoi
ntmentAppl
icat
ion 80
4.
3.5.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion 81
4.
3.5.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion 82
4.
3.6SequenceDi
agr
ams 83
4.
3.6.
1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion 84
4.
3.6.
1.1Regi
str
ati
on 84
4.
3.6.
1.2Logi
n 84
4.
3.6.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion 85
4.
3.6.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion 86
4.
3.6.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion 87
4.
3.6.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–MessageAppl
icat
ion 87
4.
3.6.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion 88
4.
3.6.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Appoi
ntmentAppl
icat
ion 88
4.
3.6.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion 89
4.
3.6.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion 90
4.
3.6.
9.2Vi
ewWor
koutRout
ine 91
4.
3.7Cl
assDi
agr
ams 91
4.
3.7.
1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion 92
4.
3.7.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion 92
92
4.
3.7.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion 93
4.
3.7.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion 93
4.
3.7.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion 94
4.
3.7.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion 94
4.
3.7.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Appoi
ntmentAppl
icat
ion 95
95
4.
3.7.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion 95
4.
3.7.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion 96
4.
3.8Depl
oymentDi
agr
am 96
5.
0Chapt
erFi
ve–Desi
gnedPr
otot
ype 96
5.
1Int
roduct
ion 96
5.
2Uni
tTest
ing 97
5.
2.1TestPl
anni
ng 99
5.
2.1.
1TestCases 99
5.
2.2Py
testandFact
oryBoyTest
ing 100
5.
3Int
egr
ati
onTest
ing 100
5.
4UserAccept
anceTest
ing 101
1.Funct
ional
i
tyt
est
ing 101
2.Env
ironment
alt
est
ing: 101
3.Per
for
manceTest
ing: 101
4.I
nter
facet
est
ing: 101
5.
5USERI
NTERFACETESTI
NG 101
Admi
nSi
de 102
102
UserSi
de 103
5.
6Pr
obl
emsEncount
ered 106
5.
7Summar
y 106
6.
0Chapt
ersi
x–CRI
TICALEVALUATI
ON 106
6.
1Whyi
swasunder
taken 106
1.Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion 106
2.Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion 107
3.Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion 107
4.Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion 107
5.Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion 107
6.Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion 107
7.Ev
ent
sAppl
icat
ion 107
8.Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion 108
9.Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion 108
6.
3Anal
ysi
sTool
s 108
6.
4FactFi
ndi
ngTechni
ques 108
1.I
nter
views 108
2.Backgr
oundReadi
ng 109
6.
5Desi
gnPr
ocess 109
6.
5Concl
usi
on 109
7.
0Concl
usi
on 109
7.
1Int
roduct
ion 109
7.
2Chal
lenges 109
7.
3LessonLear
nt 110
7.
4Fut
ureRecommendat
ions 110
UseofMobi
leMoneyPay
ment 110
I
ntegr
ateRFI
DTechnol
ogy 110
Mobi
leAppl
icat
ion 110
7.
5Summar
y 110
BI
BLI
OGRAPHY 112
Appendi
x 118
Schedul
eandwor
kPl
anf
orThePr
ojectPr
oposal 118
Schedul
eandwor
kPl
anf
orTheAct
ualPr
oject 119
1.
0CHAPTERONE-I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Witht her elat
ivelyl
owdev elopmentcostandgl obal r
eachofWebsi tes,t
herehasbeen
rapidadv ancesi nWebt echnol ogies,maki ngi tattr
activeformoreor gani
zati
onsand
compani est ouseWebsi test oadv erti
se,suppor tandpr omotebusinessmodel st
hat
woul dot herwisenothav ebeenpossi ble.I
nf ormat i
onsy stemsareoneoft hemost
rel
ev antcomponent softhecur r
entbusi nessenv ir
onment .Theyoffergreat
oppor tuniti
esf orsuccessf orthecompani es; giv
ent hattheyhavethecapabi l
i
tyof
coll
ect i
ng, processing,distr
ibuting,andshar i
ngdat ainani nt
egr
atedandt imelymanner
(Almazán, D.A.,Tovar,Y.
S.andMedi naQui nt ero,J.M.,2017).
ThegoalofaComput er
izedGym ManagementandMoni t
oringSyst
em willbeto
aut
omat etheoperati
onsofgy msandfi
tnesscentersin,
expandtheirser
v i
ceoffer
ings
andmanaget heiract
ivi
ti
essuchasstori
ngemploy eedetai
ls,membershi
pmanagement ,
bi
ll
ing,
scheduli
ngwor koutti
mes,monit
oringandabili
tytoshowmember shipexpi
rati
on
andaccountstatus.Wit
ht hi
ssyst
em i
nplace,gym manager swil
lspendlesstimeon
admini
strat
ivetasks.

1.0.
1BACKGROUNDOFTHEAVONGYM
Thegym hasbeeninexist
encef oraboutthr
eet ofouryearsnow.It’
sanextensionof
themai
ngy minLusaka.Itissit
uatedatLion’sDen.Ithas7empl oyeesofwhich5arein
themanagementteam andt heothert
woar einchargeofcl eani
ngoftheapartment.
Thegym hascl
assesorgr oupsbutcurrentl
yonlyonecl assisact
ive,t
heaerobi
csclass.
Thegym hasmanyf ormsinwhi
chpay mentsorsubscr
ipt
ioncanbemade,theseare
dai
lysessi
onfork15,monthl
ymember shi
pwhi chi
sk200,famil
ypack,mi
nimum of5
peopl
eatk900,Studentsmembershi
p(21y ear
sandbelowwi t
hav al
i
dID)atk150,
weekl
ymember shipatk75andmanymor e.
Thegymiscurrent
lyusi
ngamanualsy
stem (
papersyst
em)andfacesanumberof
chal
l
engesthathavebeenbr
oughtt
osighti
ntheprobl
em st
atement.

1.
1PROBLEM STATEMENT
TheComputer
izedGym ManagementandMoni tori
ngSyst
em i
sintendedt
oimprov
ethe
managementofAvoncl
ubgy m becausethecurr
entmanualmanagementsyst
em t
hat
i
sbeenusedhassomel otdownfal
ls,suchas:
Thegym usesbooksandregist
ersf
orst
orageofdat
a.Thi
sposesapr
obl
em whent
he
booksgomi ssi
ngorgetst
olen.
Stori
ngdatainbooksandregi
ster
si snotsecurebecausesomeonewi t
houtprivi
l
eges
toaccesscertai
ndatamayactual
lyhav eaccessandmodi fyt
hedataoraddmor e
becausebooksdon’thav
eloginscreens.Forexample:someonecanwritethathehas
paidforthi
smont h,
andbytheti
met hegy m managerscatchupitmaybet oolat
e.I
n
thecurrent
lyexi
sti
ngmanualsyst
em, therearechancesofmakingmistakes.
Thecurrentl
yexist
ingmanagementofthegymlacksamedi cal
personneloranexper
t
toproperl
yguidethegym members.Fori
nst
ance,gui
desont heappropri
atedi
etand
workoutschedule,andal
sogui
depeoplewit
hcertai
nil
lnesses.
Sincet heapar
tmentoft
hegymisrented,
it’
sdi
ff
icul
ttoi
mpl
ementsomemoder
ngy
m
facil
i
tiesli
keamodernRFIDdooronthegym.
Thecurrentsy
stem al
sol
acksafaci
l
ityforeducat
ingnewgy
m member
sonanumber
ofgym eti
quett
esandhowtousecertai
nequipment’s.
Themanual
gym sy
stem usesal
otofpaperwhi
chal
socomesatacost
.
Theexist
ingmanualsyst
em i
spronetodat
aredundancy
,andi
ncasesofchangi
ngor
updat
ingar ecor
d.Al
lbooksorr
egist
erswi
tht
hatdatamustbemodif
ied.
I
nt hecurrentl
yexi
sti
ngmanualsy
stem,sear
chi
ngforaspeci
fi
crecor
disdif
fi
cul
tas
therecouldbemanyr ecor
dsi
nthedocumentandsear
chi
ngisonlydonebygoi
ngfr
om
oner ecor
dt oanot
her.

1.2AIM
Theaim ofthi
sproj
ectist
odevelopasyst
em t
hatwi
ll
computeri
zetheoperat
ionsand
acti
vi
ti
esofgy m manager
s.Thi
swill
enabl
eeasymanagementofthegym andenhance
datasafet
y.

1.
3OBJECTIVESOFPROJECT
1.Todev el
opasy st
em t
hatfaci
l
itat
esst
orage,
mai
ntenanceandr
etr
iev
alof
dat
aelect
roni
call
yinadat
abase.
2.Todev
elopamodul
ethatwi
l
lhandl
eregi
str
ati
onofmember
sandempl
oyees.
3.Todev
elopamodul
eforonl
i
nemember
shi
pappl
i
cat
ion.
4.Todev el
opamodulethatautomati
cal
lygener
atesdietrecommendati
onsand
scheduleawor
kouttimetabl
ebasedoncertai
nattri
butesacqui
redf
rom a
membersuchaswei ght,
height
,age,i
l
lness(i
fany)etc.
 5.Todevelopamodul
ethatwi
l
lenabl
emember
stov
iewt
hei
rgy
m st
ati
sti
cs,
pr
ogress,et
c.
6.Todev
elopamodul
ewheretherecept
ioni
stwil
lbeabl
etocreategr
oupsand
addmemberst
ospeci
fi
cgroupsandalsocheckatt
endanceofeachgr
oup
members.
7.Todev
elopamodul
ef ortr
acki
ngmember
shipexpi
rati
ondat
esand
aut
omati
cal
l
ydeact
ivati
nganexpi
redmembersaccount.
8.Todevel
opamodulet
hatwi
llenhancebil
l
ingwi
thanaut
orecei
ptgener
ati
on
andr
eceipt
scanbepr
int
edoremailed/
SMSedfrom t
hesamemodule.
9.Todev
elopamodul
eforcr
eat
ingandsendi
ngemai
l
sandSMSt
ouser
s.

1.
4SCOPEOFPROJECT
Thescopeoft
hepr
ojecti
ncl
udes:
1.Aut
omat
ion
TheComput erizedOnli
neGy m ManagementSy stem i
ncreasesthroughputby
automat ingall theacti
vi
tiesofthegy mthroughitsvar
iousmodul es.Ithasa
modul ewher eauserent er saperson’
sdetail
s,suchas,weight,
height,age,et
c.
andf inal
lyaut omatical
lygeneratesarecommendeddi etandwor koutschedul
e
forthatper sonbasedont hedetai
lsgi
ven.Ital
sohasamodul ethat
automat icall
ymakesamember saccountinacti
vewhenhe/ she’smember ship
expires.

2.Regi
str
ati
on
Thesy st
em willhavetwoty
pesofregi
strat
ion,
employeeandmember shi
p
regist
rat
ion.Theadmi nr
egi
ster
stherecepti
oni
standallot
heremploy
ees.The
recepti
onistr
egister
sgym membersandaddst hem t
ospecif
icgr
oups.
Member ’saccount
swi l
lbeacti
veforaslongasthemembershippaymentlast
s
orisrenewed.Whent hemember shippay
mentexpir
es,
thatspecif
icmember
accountisdeacti
vat
edf oraspecif
iedper
iodoft
imebefor
eit’
scompl et
ely
remov edfr
om thesystem i
sthemember shi
ppaymenti
snotr enewed.
3.Onl
ineRegi
str
ati
on
Thiscomponenti
sexpectedtofaci
li
tat
eonli
nemember shi
pregi
str
ati
on.I
nthis
regar
d,newmember swil
lonlybeabletor
egisterthemselv
eswit
houtacti
vat
ion
oftheaccount
.Theaccountswil
lonl
ybeactivateduponmakingamember ship
paymentatthegym.

4.Bi
ll
ing
Thiscomponentenablesinvoi
cingofmember sduri
ngpay
ment.Receipt
swi l
lbe
generatedandcanbepr i
ntedoremailedtomemberuponpayment.Detail
softhe
paymentmadear estoredinthedatabaseandthatmember’
saccountis
acti
vated.

5.Gr
oups
Thisisamodul et
hatisexpect edtohandl
ealloper
ati
onsofgroups.Newgr oups
canbecr eat
ed,modifiedanddel eted.Membersareaddedtovari
ousgroups
thr
ought hi
smodule.Thesy stem comeswi t
htwogroupsbydefault,
the
weight_
gainandwei ght_loss.Member swil
lbeaddedtospeci
ficgroupsbased
ontheaut ogener
ateddi etandwor koutschedul
e.
6.Messagi
ng
Thiscomponentwillhandl
eallemai l
sandSMS.I twill
enablether
ecepti
oni
stto
sendemai l
sandSMSt ouser
ssy stemati
cal
ly.Themessagessentcanbea
reminderofrenewi
ngt hemember shipet
c.Thesy st
em wi l
lal
sobeabletosend
Remi nder
stousersviaemailorSMSaut omatical
lythroughthi
smodule.

7.Secur
it
y
Thesystem will
havepr i
vi
legessetforaccessingeachmodul ebasedonuser
ty
pe.Forexampl e,t
hereceptioni
sthasnopr i
vilegeofaccessi
ngtheadmin
module.Themember sont heotherhandonlyhav eaccesstothegroupsand
member sli
st.Thisenhancessecurit
yanddat asafety.
1.5JUSTIFICATION
Fir
stl
y,t
hepr oposedsystem i
sint
endedtoi
mprov
et hemanagementofAvonGy
m by
repl
aci
ngt hecurrentmanualsyst
em wi
thacomputeri
zedmanagementsy
stem.
Theint
egrat
edEmailandSMSmoduletoaut
omati
call
ysendreminderstogym
member swil
lhel
ptodoawaywit
hgym membersfor
gett
ingt
heirworkoutti
meand
renewi
ngthei
rpaymentsmaki
ngthegy
m moreeff
ici
entandeff
ecti
ve.
Theproposedsy st
em wi l
lhav
eanI ntegr
atedAIthatwi l
lactasamedi calper
sonneland
aut
omat ical
l
ygeneratetheappropri
atedietandwor koutschedul
eforeachspecifi
cgy m
member .Therebypreventi
ngtheli
keli
hoodoffoll
owi ngawr ongorl
essaccur at
ediet
andworkoutschedul ewhichmightleadint
ootherissuessuchasbur sti
ngamuscl eor
worse.
Thepr oposedsystem shall
enhancesecuritywereonlygym st af
far
epr i
vi
legedto
accessanydat ainthedatabasebasedonpr i
vi
legesandappl ymodif
icati
onswhen
necessary.Forexample,theadmi nwill
haveaccesst oal
lthemoduleswhi lethe
recepti
onistwil
lhaveaccesst oallt
hemodul esbuttheadmi nmoduleandt hemember s
willonl
ybeabl etoviewtheirstat
ist
icsandpaymenthi st
ory.Thiswi
llbri
ngaboutdata
safetyunli
kethecurrent
lyexisti
ngmanual system weredatacanbelostandt herear
e
chancesofmaki ngmi st
akes.
Sinceinfor
mationwil
lnowbest oredinadatabaseandwill
easi
lyber
etri
evedwhen
needed,theneedofbulkyregist
erscurr
ent
lyintheexi
sti
ngsyst
em wi
llnolongerbe
necessary.Thi
sdrast
ical
lyreducesthemoneyspentonpaperandmanyempl oyeesas
thesystem canbemanagedbyoner ecept
ioni
st.
Theexisti
ngmanualsystem i
spronetodat
aredundancy,
theproposedsyst
em
eli
minatesdatar
edundancyaseachrecor
dhasauni quei
d,dat
amodi fi
edononef
orm
ref
lect
sonal l
otherr
elat
edforms.
Manualgym syst
em usesalotofpaperwhichalsocomesatacost.Butwit
ha
Computeri
zedGym ManagementSy st
em, onerecept
ioni
sti
senoughtomanagethe
syst
em becauseall
acti
vi
ti
esarecomput er
ized.Thi
swill
onl
yrequir
eone-t
imepayment
andonetimeinst
all
ati
onofthesystem unl
ikerenewi
ngbooksall
theti
me.
Inthecurrent
lyexist
ingmanual syst
em,sear
chingf
oraspecif
icrecor
disdif
fi
cul
tas
therecouldbemanyr ecor
dsinthedocumentandsearchi
ngisdonebygoingfr
om one
recordtoanother.Buttheproposedsyst
em wil
lmakesearchi
ngofarecor
deasyand
accurateasyousi mplyprovi
deauniquekeyofwhatyouseek.
Theproposedsy
stem wi
ll
automat
ealltheoper
ati
onsofagym,unli
ket
hemanual
gym
managementsystem,memberswi
llbeablet
ocheckthei
rst
ati
sti
csandpay
ment
hi
story.Thesyst
em will
beablet
oautogenerat
eadietr
ecommendat
ionandschedul
ea
workouttimet
ablebasedontheuserat
tri
but
esent
eredi
nthesy
stem.
Thepr oposedsystem wi
llmakebil
li
ngeasyandsafeasthedet
ail
sofeachbil
lingar e
stor
edi nthedatabase.I
twil
lautomati
call
ycal
cul
atet
hechangewhenneededand
generaterecei
ptswhichcanbepr i
ntedoremai
ledtot
hemember .Thi
sisnotpr esenti
n
thecurrentl
yexi
tingsyst
em becauseonehastodocalcul
ati
onsmanuall
y,t
hereby
wasti
ngt ime.
Asar esul
tofal
ltheabove,
theComputer
izedGym ManagementSystem Aut
omat
esal
l
theoperat
ionsandacti
vi
ti
esofasyst
em makingitef
fi
cientandef
fecti
ve.

1.
6SUMMARY
Thi
schapt
eri
ntr
oducestheComputeri
zedGym ManagementandMoni
tori
ngSyst
em.I
t
al
sohi
ghli
ght
stheai
m, obj
ect
ives,
scopeandjust
if
icat
ionoft
hepr
oposedsyst
em.
Thenextchapt
erl
ooksatt
hel
i
ter
atur
ethatwasr
evi
ewed.
2.0CHAPTERTWO
2.1LI TERATUREREVI EW INTRODUCTI ON
Wi thther elat
ivel
ylowdev elopmentcostandgl obalreachofWebsi tes,ther
ehasbeen
rapidadv ancesi nWebt echnol ogies,
maki ngitattracti
vef ormoreorganizat
ionsand
compani est ouseWebsi test oadv er
ti
se, suppor tandpr omot ebusi
nessmodel st
hat
woul dot herwisenothav ebeenpossi ble.I nfor
mat ionsy stemsareoneoft hemost
relevantcomponent softhecur r
entbusi nessenv ironment .Theybri
ngaboutgr eat
oppor tuniti
esforacompany ’ssuccess; Thisisbecauset heyareabl
et ocoll
ect,pr
ocess,
distri
bute, andshareinformat i
oni nani ntegratedandt imel ymanner(Almazán,D.A.
,
Tov ar,Y.S.andMedi naQui ntero,J.M.,2017) .
Inf
ormati
onSystemsut i
l
izePCequi
pment,dat
abases,deci
sion-
makingpr
ogr
am,
str
ategi
esandinvest
igati
onmodel
s.(Tur
ban,Vol
onino,&Wood, 2013)
.

2.2WEBBASEDMANAGEMENTI NFORMATI ONSYSTEMS

Babaei,
M.andBeikzad, J.(2013)defi
nedamanagementi nformat
ionsy
stem MISasan
i
ntegrat
ed,comput
erizedandmachi neusersystem thatpr
ov i
dest
heinf
ormati
on
neededformaki
ngdeci sionsandt osupportoperat
ion.

Theuseofaut omat edManagementi nf

ormati
onsystemshasincreasesovertherecent
years.Thesesystemshav eincredi
blyenhancedthebasicdeci
sionmakingprocedure.
UStudy( 2010)
.Forinstance,byusi
ngaut omatedMIS,companiesnolongerhavetor el
y
on24- hourser
vicesfrom workers.

2.2.
1BENEFI TSOFWEBBASEDMANAGEMENTI NFORMATIONSYSTEMS
ManagementI nformati
onSystemspr ovidevastaccesst
othedataneededwhi chhel
ps
theorganizati
ont omakeeffectiv
eandt i
melydeci
sionsr
egar
dingeveryaspectsuchas
employ ments,invest
ments,pr
oduct s,etcdependi
ngontheorgani
zati
onorcompany .
(Mishra,L.
,Kendhe, R.andBhalerao,J.,
2015).

ManagementI nformat
ionSystemshav eof t
enbeenut i
li
zedinorganizationsand
companiesi nt
hemaki ngofdecisi
onsandi nst i
tuti
onal
izat
ion.
Asar esult
,havebeenseent obev er
yimpor t
anti ntheprocessofdecisionmaki ngfor
bothorganizat
ionsandtheindivi
dualsthatgreatlydependonthedeci sionfortheir
survi
valinthehighl
ycompetiti
vewor l
dofent repreneur
ship(Al
-Zhrani,2010,p.1249-
1251).

Smal
landmedi
um ent
erpr
ises(
SMEs)canpl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
nthenat
ional
economyofdev el
opingcountr
ies.Theadopt
ionofinf
ormati
onandcommuni cat
ion
technol
ogy(ICT)hasenabl
edlocal SMEstopart
ici
pat
eintheint
ernat
ional
market
(AlBar
,A.M.andHoque,R.,2017).

Awebsi t
eisagr eatbusi
nesst oolbecauseitusesInternetasanadv er
ti
singmedium,
whichi
sv ersati
l
eandt hi
siswher eitstandsapartfr
om t heconventi
onaladver
ti
sing
medium.Wi thOnli
nemar keti
ngmedi a,ausercanmakechangesasandwhenneeded
tomeetthel at
estdemandsoft hemar ket.(
Anusha, G.,
2016) .
Wit
hawebbasedsy st
em, reachi
ngcust omersissimplifi
edasonecanbemessagedor
email
eddirectl
yfrom wit
hinthesystem.I nt
ernethasnowt akenshapeofthemost
powerf
ulmedi um ofcommuni cati
on.(Anusha,G.,2016).

Asanaddi t
ion, mostMI Sprogramsar eendowedwi ththeabili
tytogiv
eongoi ng
updat esOft heev ent si
norganizati
on.Byongoi ng,researchersessent
iallyall
udeto
quickupdat esofev entsinasy st
em.Thesepr omptupdat eshelpadmi nistr
atorstot
ake
fundament al acti
onswheni sregardedpr operpart
icularl
yami dtherevel
at i
onand
admi nist
rat
ionofcr ises.Asaresult,companyoper ationsthroughtimelydecision
maki ngareimpr ov edandpr ogressisincreased.Thisi sveryi
mpor t
antbecausei n
mor den-daygener ationcompani esbewher eanyslightsliporpauseinthedeci si
on
maki ngcanl eadt ov eryhugelosses( Al
len,etal.
,2010)

I
ncontri
buti
ngtot heargumentsr
egar
dingrol
eofMI Sinimpr
ovingdecisi
onmaking,
Rhodes(2010)alsoaddsthat:
Managementinformati
onsy st
emsenablemanagerstohavequickaccessto
i
nformat
ion.Thesesystemscanalsocomparestr
ategicgoal
swi t
hpracti
caldeci
sions,
gi
vingmanagersasenseofhowt hei
rdecisi
onsfi
torgani
zati
onalstr
ategy.

MIShav emor ebenef itsandsomemor earegi

venbel ow:
1)Effectiveandef fi
cientcoor di
nati
onbetweenDepar t
ment s
2)Quickandr eli
abler ef
erencing
3)Accesst orelevantdat aanddocument s
4)Useofl essl abor
5)Impr ovementi nor ganizati
onalanddepart
ment al t
echni ques
6)Managementofday -
to-dayacti
vi
ti
es
7)Day -t
o-dayassi stanceinaDepar tmentandclosercont actwiththerestoftheworld.
8)Prov i
desav aluabletime-savi
ngbenefitt
othewor kforce
Byprovidingmor ecompl eteinformati
ontophysiciansandal lowingthem todetectand
manage heal th pr oblems ear lyint he car
e cy cle,i ntegrat
ed Heal t
hI nfor
mat i
on
Technologyisexpect edtodi rect
lyi
mpr ov
equali
t yofcar e(Pinsonneault
,A.,Addas,S.,
Qi
an,
C.,
Dakshi
namoor
thy
,V.andTambl
yn,
R.,
2017)
.

2.3EXPERTSYSTEMS( Knowledgebasedsy
stem)
Expertsy
stemshav ebeendefi
nedbyZwass,V.(
2016)ascomputerpr
ogramsthat
uti
li
ze(AI)pr
ocedurestosor
toutissuesi
naspeci
ali
zedar
eathatordi
nar
il
yrequi
res
humanexpertise.
Expertsint hefiel
dar econsult
edwhenev eranor ganizati
oni sf acedwi t
hcompl ex
i
ssues.Thesei ndivi
dualshavespecifi
cknowl edgeandexper ienceint hisfiel
d.They
recognizeopt i
ons,thechancesofsuccess, andt radebenef it
sandl osses.An
organizat
ionbr ingstogetherexper
tsfornon- st
ructuredsituations.Actuallyexpert
system attemptt omi michumanexper ts.Thismeanst hatanexper tsystem isasetof
softwarethatcanbeusedf ordeci
sionmaki ngupt ot helevelofanexper t,oreven
beyond, i
nspeci fi
cfieldtosolvepr
oblems( Soufi,S.S.,Maleki
an, F.,Ali
zadeh, F.
,Taher
i,
M.,Ashour i,A.2013).

Exper tSystemsor( Knowledgebasedinfor

mationsystem) ,r
efert
ospecialcat
egoryof
softwar einordertohelphumanspeciali
storparti
alreplacementofthem inl
imit
ed
areasofspeci ali
zati
on.MainRootofexpertsystems, r
eturnstofi
eldofstudycal
led
(Art
ificial
intel
li
gence).
Arti
ficiali
ntell
i
genceisamachi nethatcanthi
nk( Mazar,A.,andYazdi,
A.2010).

Expertsy
stem asasubsetofar
ti
fi
cial
int
ell
i
gencei
stryi
ngt
omi mi
chumanbehavi
or
andemul at
einsolvi
ngt
heprobl
emsandt hesol
uti
ons.(
Mazar
,A.,
Yazdi
,A.and
Khaksari
,S,2010)
.

2.3.
1ADVANTAGESOFANEXPERTSYSTEM
Theulti
mateproofexper
tsyst
emsisthei
rcapabil
i
tyoftur
ningknowl
edgeint
owisdom
andincri
ti
calsi
tuat
ionst
heycanbeusedastoolsfordeci
sionmaki
ng.Someother
feat
uresare:
Moreaccessi
bil
it
y:Manyexper
iment
scanbedone.Si
mpl
yanexper
tsy
stem i
samass
pr
oducti
onofexperi
ments.
Costr
educt
ion:Thecostofgai
ningexper
iencebyt
heuseri
sdecr
easedconsi
der
abl
y.
Et
ernal
it
y:t
hesesy
stemsdon’
tdi
e.
Multi
pleexper
ts:Anexper
tsy
stem canbet
her
esul
tofknowl
edgeel
i
cit
ati
onofsev
eral
exper
ts.
Morerel
iabi
li
ty:
Thesesyst
emsdon’tgett
ir
edorsi
ck,theydon’
tgoonastr
ikeandt
hey
don’
tconspi
reagai
nstt
heirmanager
s.Onthecont
rar
y,thesear
eoft
endonebyexper
ts.
Explanationcapabili
ty:Anexpertsyst
em canexplai
nthewayinwhicht
heresul
tsare
obtained.Ont hecontrary
,duetomanyr easons(f
ati
gue,unwi
l
li
ngness,
etc.
)exper
tsare
notablet oprovidesuchexplanati
onsallt
hetimes.
Qui
ckr
esponse:
Exper
tsy
stemsr
espondqui
ckl
y.
Exper
iencebase:Anexper
tsy
stem canpr
ovi
deaccesst
oamassi
veamountof
exper
ience.
(
Goodar
zi,
M.H.andRaf
e,V.
,2012)
.

2.4RELATEDWORK
Inthispresentmoder nizedwor ld,abusi nesst hatl acksawebsi teismi ssingoutona
vit
almar keti
ngtool.Wit hawebsi te,yourbusi nesswi llbeeasil
yfoundbycust omer s.
Peoplenor mall
ysear chf orthi
ngsonl inebef oret akingonsomet hing.Duet othis
dependencyt hatpeoplehav eonthei nternet,al otofsof twaredev el
oper shavetaken
theroottodev el
opwebbasedi nf
or mat i
onmanagementandsel f-
decisionmaki ng
systemsf ordif
ferentpur poses.Ex ampl esofsuchsy stemsincludeGy mMast er,a
softwaredev el
opedt omakei teasyf ormai ntainingdet ail
edrecordsofmember sand
thei
rmember shi
ps, bookcl assesandt heirt
rainer s,processandt racksal esand
communi cat
ewi t
hmember s.Anot herexampl ei s“ Compet e”
, acloud-basedcl ub
managementsol uti
ont hatser v
esmi dsizeandl ar geclubsandgy ms. 

2.4.
1REVIEW OFEXISTINGGYM/ FI
TNESSMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS
2.4.
2CLUBRIGHTSOFTWARE
Thisi
saGy m sof
twar
edesignedbyGy m ownersf
orGym owner
s.I
tsdev
elopmenti
s
basedonthesayi
ngthatwit
hgreatprocessesi
nplacey
oucanspendmoretime
growingy
ourmember shi
p,y
ourprof
it
sanddoi ngwhatyoudobest
.
FEATURES
- At
tendanceTr
acki
ng
- Bi
l
li
ng&I
nvoi
cing
- Member
shi
pManagement
- Pay
mentPr
ocessi
ng
 - Poi
ntofSal
e(POS)
- Empl
oyeeManagement
- Ev
entManagement
- I
nvent
oryManagement
- Mar
ket
ingManagement
- MemberPor
tal
- Check-
InManager
- Cont
ractManagement

WHATMAKESTHI SSOFTWAREDI FFERENTFROM THEOTHERS

Unli
keothermanagementsy st
ems, Cl
ubRightsystem pr
ovi
dessoluti
onwi t
heveryt
hing
youneedtorunyourbusinessclosetohand.Itensurest
hatyourmember ’
sjourney
star
tswellf
rom t
hebeginning,t
hentheywillbeamemberf orlongerperi
ods,payi
ngy ou
forl
ongerperi
odsther
eforegrowingyourbusinessprofi
ts(
Way neHeath,2017).
ClubRi
ghtsof
twarehasreal
lygreati
nter
facethatconnectst
hedaytodayt ool
st hatar
e
neededforgym management,suchasmar ket
ing,onl
inepay
ments,accounti
nget c.
ClubRi
ghtcanbeaccessedont hecl
oudfrom alldevi
ces(WayneHeath,2017).
REVIEW
Usersthathaverevi
ewedthi
ssy st
em liketheeaset ouseandt heabili
tytoadddif
ferent
elementsatthecli
ckoff
ingers.I
tisfeatur
ef ul
lwithri
chfunctional
it
yandhasgr eat
customersupportfr
om t
heCl ubRi
ghtteam.Theseuser salsosaythatithasanextreme
l
ikeli
hoodtorecommendi t(
Dewhur st
,S.,Daniel
l,
I.
, Fr
ancis,A.andLister
,E.
,Moss,P.L.,
2017).
Asaresultofit
seaseofuseanduserf
ri
endl
iness,
cli
entsar
eabl
etoaccessitand
bookonl
ine,thi
smakessomeusersfeeli
tgi
vesmor efr
eeti
me(Li
ster
,E.
,Browne,A.
,
2017)
.
However,despit
ethemanypr
osthatthesyst
em has,
someusershavealsorev
iewed
conofthesy st
em.Thecommentfi
eldiscompul
sorytof
il
l(Moss,
P.L,2017)
.

2.
4.3I
NSIGHTSOFTWARE
Thi
sisGy
m sof
tware/
Syst
em t
hatwasdesi
gnedbyagy
m ownerf
orf
inanci
al
managementoff i
tnesscenters.Thissystem hasfreemodul especif
icall
ydesi gnedf or
everydayfinancialmanagementoff i
tnesscenters.Well
-designeddashboar dsandkey
modul esprov i
detheabi li
tyt
otrackmont hlydues,sal
es, personaltr
ainingsales, payrol
l
andcommi ssions,etc.Thissystem al
sopr ovi
desupgradedappl i
cati
onf eaturest hat
i
ntegrateseaml esslyintothefreegym managementsy stem.Thi ssystem isnotj usta
bull
etpointlistoffeatures,i
t'
saf r
amewor kformember shiporganizati
onst hatsol ves
therealproblemsy ouf aceeverysingleday(Fagan,L.,
n. d)
.
FEATURES
- At
tendanceTr
acki
ng
- Bi
l
li
ng&I
nvoi
cing
- Check-
InManager
- Cont
ractManagement
- Empl
oyeeManagement
- Ev
entManagement
- I
nvent
oryManagement
- Mar
ket
ingManagement
- MemberPor
tal
- Member
shi
pManagement
- Pay
mentPr
ocessi
ng
- Poi
ntofSal
e(POS)

WHATMAKESTHI SSOFTWAREDI FFERENTFROM THEOTHERS

MemberManagementgi
vesyouinsi
ghtsi
ntoy
ourbusinesswit
haccountover
views,
membert
racki
ngsyst
em,ret
enti
ontasks,
and24/7check-i
nsecur
it
ysystem.
Pay
mentProcessi
ngeli
mi natesdel
i
nquentaccount
s,r
educesbusi
nessexpenses,
i
ncr
easesst
affproduct
ivi
ty,andhel
psyourcompanygetpaidef
fi
cient
ly!
TheSal
esSoluti
onsgivesgy m membersaprof
essi
onalv
isual
salespr
esentat
ion
andel
iminat
espriceobject
ions.I
thel
pswit
heli
minati
ngtr
anscri
pti
onerr
orsand
ti
mewithautomaticdat
aent ryandbi
l
li
ng.
REVI EWS
Mostuser soft hissystem fi
ndt heeaseofuseandeasyt olearnparamountbecausei t
all
owst he owner sandmanager sagr eatrangeofcontroloverthestaffandtaskscan
beassignedt ospeci fi
cempl oy ees.Thecust omerser
viceisphenomenal andthe
system isalway sbeingupdat edt ostaycur rentandmeett herequi
rement softhe
customer s.Theuser salsosai dt hatt
her epor t
saresi
mpl eandcanbedownl oadedin
formatsthatar ecompat ibl
ewi thmostsof twar epr
ograms.Manager sareablet oeasi
ly
contactaper sont oanswercer tainquesti
ons.( Mil
l
er,
D. ,
O’Bryant,
C.,Henderson,J.,
Herriot
t,D.,Garrozo,M.,2017) .
Usersl
iket
hef r
ontdoori
ntegr
ati
on,t
hemobi
l
euseandeasyi
ntegr
ati
onwi
thbusi
ness
banki
ngsystems(Shel
ton,B.
,2017)
.
Evenwi t
hthemanypr os,st
il
lthereareconswhi charegiv
enhere.Someuser sf eeli
t
takestoolongtonavi
gatetot henextpage,itfreezesupandneedst ober est
arted.
Otheruserssai
dthatitwouldbeconv enientiftheemailssentaft
eronli
nepur chase
couldbecustomizabl
e.Otherscompl ainedaboutt hepri
cebeenal i
tt
letoohighf ort
he
featur
esoffer
ed(Moffett
,V.,Thomas, J.,Ri
l
ey ,
S. ,
Grant,
A.,2017)
.

2.4.
4COMPETECLUBMANAGEMENT
Thisisacl oud-
basedclubmanagementsy st
em dev elopedbyJonasFi t
nesst hatser ves
midsizeandl ar
geclubsandgy msforWi ndows, AndroidandI OS.Thesystem suppor ts
multi
plefor msofpayment sandmult
iplecontractsforev erymemberoft hecl ub.The
productalsohelpsinincr
easingemployeeproduct i
vit
ybyof feri
nganintegratedPoi ntof
Salesolut
ionandcust omizabler
epor
tingfeatures. 
Thissy stem wasdev elopedby
(JonasFit
ness, 2016)
.
FEATURES
- At
tendanceTr
acki
ng
- Bi
l
li
ng&I
nvoi
cing
- Check-
InManager
- Cont
ractManagement
- Empl
oyeeManagement
- Ev
entManagement
 - I
nvent
oryManagement
- Mar
ket
ingManagement
- MemberPor
tal
- Member
shi
pManagement
- Pay
mentPr
ocessi
ng
- Poi
ntofSal
e(POS)

WHATMAKESTHI
SSOFTWAREDI
FFERENTFROM THEOTHERS

Thesyst
emsfrontdeskmodulehasar ol
e-basedsecur
it
yfeat
uresett
hatal
l
owseach
usert
oaccessonlyaut
hor
izedfunct
ional
it
ies.

Thesystemsbackoffi
cemodulei
scapableofmanagingvar
iouscl
ubsfrom asi
ngl
e
appl
icat
ionandisal
soint
egrat
edwit
hi t
sfrontdeskmodul
e.Theanal
yti
cssegmentcan
hel
pidenti
fytr
endst
hatimpactpr
ofi
tabi
li
ty.

Thesystem hasaself
-ser
vicepor
tal
fort
heempl
oyee,
whi
chcanbeaccessedby
employeesandtr
ainer
sonline.

REVI
EWS

Someusersthatr
ev i
ewedt hesyst
em tal
kedaboutt
heeaseofuseandthequick
cust
omersupport.I
t’seasytosell
member shi
pandeasycust
omizat
ion(Mendonza,
J.
andHoward-
Mur r
y ,
J.,McClai
n,T.,2017)
.

Anumberofusersfeel
thatther
eport
sthatar
eav ai
l
abl
edon'talwaysgi
veyouthe
i
nformat
iony
ouneed.Ot her
scomplai
nedabouttheuseofad-hoctogetr
epor
tswhich
shoul
dbepartofthest
andardli
stofr
eport
soffer
ed(Mendonza,J.andHoward-
Murry
,
J.,
2017)
.
Someuser
sfeel
thatt
hesystem hasPoorlayout
,ter
ri
blecustomerservi
ce,
the
sof
twar
eissl
ow,hi
ghfeesandli
mi t
edfuncti
onal
ity(
LeTell
ier
, L.
,2017)
.
2.4.
5GLOFOXSOFTWARE
Thisi
samanagementsystem f
orgym andstudioowner
swhowantt odriverev
enue,
saveti
meandkeepmember scomingthroughthedoor
.Clev
eraut
omat i
onsmake
member shi
pmanagement
,schedul
ing,
bookingsandpaymentsabreeze.Checkinand
repor
ti
ngarever
yeasyandqui
ck.Withbot
haMobileApp&WebPor
tal
desi
gnedt o
youruni
quebr
and,membersarecapabl
eofbooki
ngandpay
ingf
ory
ourser
vicesonli
ne
orevenfr
om t
hepalm oft
hei
rhand.

FEATURES

- At
tendanceTracki
ng
- Bi
l
ling&Invoi
cing
 - Check-
InManager
- Market
ingManagement
- MemberPor tal
- Member shi
pManagement
- PaymentProcessing
- Poi
ntofSale( POS)

WHATMAKESTHI SSOFTWAREDI FFERENTFROM THEOTHERS

Withthissyst
em,gym managersandst udi
oowner scandr
ivebookingsthr
ougha
dedicatedMemberApp,whichisacustomi zedbrandedmobil
eappsupportingbot
hiOS
andAndr oi
d.Memberssimplyneedtodownl oadtheappandwi ll
immediat
elybeablet
o
bookandpayf orcl
asses,
appointments,coursesandmember shi
psdir
ectl
yf r
om t
he
mobi l
eapp.
TheGlof
oxsoft
warealsooffer
sawebpor talt
hatintegr
atesi
ntoanexisti
ngwebsit
e
andal
lowsonli
nebookingandpaymentclassesandmember ships.Thi
swebportalcan
al
sobeconnectedwit
hy ourgymsFacebookpage, andmemberscanbookandmake
paymentsst
rai
ghtf
rom yourgym orst
udio’
sFacebookpage.

REVIEWS
Someuser soft hissystem havesaidt
hatInt
eract
ionswithcustomersarequi
ckand
eff
ici
ent.Nav i
gationiseasyandt heSoft
wareisveryint
eract
iveandcustomerfr
iendl
y.
 
It’
seasyt ouse, messagecl i
entsandtheti
metableiseasytosetup,
Greatbackupand
support
,Friendlystaff
,Easydashboardtouse,Easeofpay mentmethods(Forsy
th,J.
,
Kell
y,M.,Ricci
o, B.,
Daly,E.
,Bull
ock,J.
,2017).
Someuserswoul dl
iket
hesyst
em tobeabletopri
ntuserat
tendanceandtheygoonto
saythatt
hesy st
em i
ssomewhatslow.Changestomembershipsarecumbersomeand
requi
resalotofmanuali
nput(
Ricci
o,B.
,Dal
y,E.
,Kel
ly
,G.,Ev
ans,M.,2017)
.

2.5COMPARISONTABLE
NAM CLUBRI GHT COMPETE INSIGHT GLOFOX
E {htt
ps://
www.ca {ht
tps:/
/www.capt {ht
tps:/
/www. capt {ht
tps:/
/www.cap
OF pterr
a.com/p/
16 err
a.com/p/
13073 err
a.com/p/12755 t er
ra.
com/p/1368
SYST 0550/ Cl
ub- 1/Compete-
Club- 7/I
nsight/
} 61/Glof
ox/}
EM Right/} Management/}
PLAT Web Web,
IOS,
Andr
oid, Web,I
OS Web,
IOSAndr
oid
FOR Wi
ndows Andr
oid
M
EVEN YES YES YES
T
MAN
GEM
ENT
ATTE YES YES YES
NDA
NCE
TRAC
KING
BILLI YES YES YES YES
NG
AND
I
NVOI
CING
PAYR
OLL
CHEC YES YES YES YES
KIN
MAN
AGER
CONT YES YES YES
RACT
MAN
AGE
MEN
T
EMPL YES YES YES
OYEE
MAN
AGE
MEN
T
I
NVE YES YES YES
TORY
MAN
AGE
MEN
T
MAR YES YES YES YES
KETI
NG
MAN
AGE
MEN
T
MEM YES YES YES YES
BER
PORT
AL
POIN YES YES YES YES
TOF
SALE

2.6CHALLENGESOFWEBAPPLI CATIONS
Inter
netspeed
Thespeedoft heinter
neti
sav er
yv i
talchal
l
engeforwebsy st
emsbecausei t
determineshowf astt
hewebpages’ l
oad.Thenoti
onof“inter
netspeed”wasdevel
oped
alongsidethebi
rthofthewor
ldwidewebandt hedotcom expl
osioninthe1990s
(Ramr att
an,M.andNandishV.P.,2010).

Cr
ossBrowser
Webbasedappl
icati
onsneedtobetest
edonvar
iousbr
owserstomakesuret
he
websi
tewor
ksperfectl
yfi
neineachandev
erybr
owser(Kankar
ia,
H.,
2016)
.

Perf
ormance
Appl
icat
ion’
sPage/LoadingSpeedmat tersalot.Andser
iousl
y,wemakesureour
cust
omer ’
sappli
cat
ionloadsmuchf asterasdelayinasi
nglesecondcandi
ver
ttheuser
andwedon’ twantt
hat,
period(Kankari
a,H.,2016).
Secur
ity
Weallareawareoft
hecybert
hreatsthatcantakepl
aceatanymoment.Regul
ar
secur
it
ytest
ingisr
equi
redtocheckforanycyberthr
eat
s.Test
erst
akeduetimeto
per
for
m secur
it
ytest
sast
heycar
eful
l
ydeal
wit
htheunsecur
eddat
atr
ansf
er(
Kankar
ia,
H.,
2016)
.

2.7CHALLENGESOFANEXPERTSYSTEMS
Theyarenotabletolearnfr
om t
hemist
akes
Theycannotcreat
ivel
ycomewi t
hnewsoluti
onsfortheissues
I
t’snoteasil
yachi
evabletomimict
heexactknowledgeofanExper
tinComput
er
Programs
(Hazaveh,M.n.
d).

2.
8THEFOLLOWI NGARESOMEDEVELOPMENTCHALLENGES
BadCommunicat
ion:Lackofunderst
andi
ng/
planni
ngforcustomer
,organi
zat
ionand
ot
herst
akehol
der
’srequi
rements/
needsfort
heproj
ect(Hassan,A.
,2015).

UnclearRequi
rements:Whenrequirement
sarenotcl
ear
lyi
dent
if
ied,t
hiswil
ll
eadto
changeofrequir
ementsduri
ngmi ddleoft
heproj
ectwhi
chwil
li
ncreaseproj
ectdel
i
ver
y
ti
meandangermanycust omers(Hassan,A.,
2015).

MarketPr
essure:Anotheri
mpor t
antaspectisther
api
ddevel
opmentofsof
twar
eto
meettheever
-changi
ngmar ketdemands( Hassan,
A.,
2015)
.

PoorScheduli
ng/Unr
eal
ist
icSchedule:
ift
oomuchwor
kispl
annedt
obedonei
ntoo
l
it
tl
etime,probl
emsarei
nev i
tabl
e(Paude,
S.,
2013)
.

Incr
easi
ngCost:
Alloft
hiswil
ll
eadtoaddedlaborandproj
ectcost
.Thusmakingt
he
proj
ectl
esspr
ofi
tabl
eandtakesawayint
erestf
rom st
akehol
ders(Hassan,
A.,
2015)
.

Inadequat
eTesti
ng:noonewil
lknowwhetherornott
hesof
twar
eisanygoodunt
il
customerscompl
ainorsy
stemscrash(
Paude,S.
,2013)
.

Del
ayedPr oj
ectDel
iv
ery:Theconsequenceofwhatissaidabovewill
causeproject
mil
estonestobepushedbackandapot ent
ialpr
ogr
ammi ngwi t
hlessuseful
nessthan
whatsettl
eduponinthef
irstpl
aceconcurr
encewit
ht hecust
omer( Hassan,
A.,2015).

Babaei
,M.andBei
kzad,
J.(
2013)gi
vemor
echal
lengesbel
ow:
Designer
si nabili
tytounder standt heneedsoft he( weredefi
niti
onoft heneedsand
thei
ranalysisarenotcor rectlydef ined)
Thelackofi nf
or mat i
onoft hemanager sanduser saboutt hecoll
abor ationmet hodwit
h
thede-si
gnert eam.
Thelackofpar ticipati
onoft hemanager sanduser sinsystem design.
Thelackofunder standingoft hemanager sofsof twareandi nfor
mat ionsy stems.
Thelackofi nf
or mat i
onofmostoft heanal ystsandpr ogrammer s(desi gners)withnew
syst
em wor kenv i
ronment .
Thelackofaccept anceoft hesy stem execut ersandr esi
stanceagai nstthechange.
Thelackofaccur acyint hedat acol l
ected
Thelackofsui tableconsul tant sf ordesigningt hesy st
em andsof twar e
Thelackofpr ocedur esandmet hodologyandst agesofcreatingthesy stem
Thelackofev aluat i
onofenv ironment alaspect sinmanagementi nformat i
onsy stems

2.
9PROPOSEDSYSTEM
Otherthanonlymembershi
pmanagementandot herr
elatedfuncti
ons,t
heproposed
sy
st em shal
lal
sohav
eanexpertsyst
em (I
ntegr
atedAI)thatwilldeci
dethedi
etand
workoutschedul
eofeachcust
omerusingthedataprovidedbythespecifi
ccustomer.
Decisionmakingbasi
call
yref
erstochoosingacert
ainl
ineofacti
onf
rom among
severalal
ter
nati
ves(Mishr
a,L.
,Kendhe,R.andBhal
erao,J.
,2015)
.
Reasoningaboutacti
onunderincompl et
ei nformationandscarceresourcesiscentral
tosolv
ingdiffi
cul
tprobl
emsinartifi
ciali
ntell
igence( AI
).Theti
meisr i
pef orasynthesi
s
ofAImet hodsandtechni
quesdev el
opedi ndeci si
onscienceforaddressingresource
all
ocati
onanddecisionmakingunderuncer t
ainty(N'Guyen,
S.,Mouli
n-Fri
er,C.,
and
Droul
ez,J.,2013)
.
Webbasedsyst
emsar ewri
tt
enusingdi
ff
erentl
anguagesandtechnol
ogies.Usi
ng
Dj
angoPythonf
ramework,aful
lst
ackfr
amewor kthatcanbeint
egrat
edwi thTwil
i
o
SMSAPI,t
hesystem wi
ll
beabletosendSMS’susingthesyst
em it
sel
f.

2.
9.1THEFOLLOWI NGARETHEFEATURESFORTHECOMPUTERI
ZEDGYM
MANAGEMENTANDMONI TORI
NGSYSTEM
- AttendanceTracki
ng
- Bi
l
li
ng&I
nvoi
cing
- Cont
ractManagement
 - Empl
oyeeManagement
- Gr
oupManagement
- I
nvent
oryManagement
- Member
shi
pManagement
- Pay
mentPr
ocessi
ng
- Poi
ntofSal
e(POS)
- Messagi
ngManagement
- Cust
omerdat
arepor
ti
ng
- Not
if
icat
ionsi
nfor
m ofSMSf
orr
emi
nder
s
- AImodul
efordi
etandwor
koutschedul
i
ngbasedont
hepr
ovi
deddat
a
2.
9.2WHATMAKESTHI SSYSTEM DIFFERENTFROM OTHERSYSTEMS
Themai ndi
sti
ncti
onfeat
ureaboutthi
ssystem ist
hatit
star
geti
ngtheAv ongym.This
system wi
ll
solel
yfocusonthemanagementandoper ati
onsofZambiangy msand
fi
tnesscent
ers.Si
ncethi
ssystem i
ssolel
yfortheZambiangymsandf i
tnesscent
ers.
Thepr
oposedsyst
em wi
l
lbet
hef
ir
stGy
m ManagementSy
stem wr
it
tenusi
ngt
he
Dj
angofr
ame
Wor
k.
Whiler evi
ewi ngsomeoft hecur rentl
yexi st
ingsyst
em, Ifi
guredthatthesy stemsuse
manual selecti
onofdietandwor koutschedules.Thisi
snotconv eni
entinthesense
thatthemanual l
ychosendi etandwor koutschedul
emaynotbeaccur ate.Itwil
lbe
thereforepar amounttouseani ntegratedExpertsyst
em (AI)thatcontainsinit
self
expertdat a.ExpertSystems( ES),areintell
i
gentcomput ersoft
war ethatinthem expert
knowl edgeofspeci ali
ststhatgatherasasetofsci entif
icdata(Soufi,S.S.
,Malekian,F.
,
Ali
zadeh, F.,Taheri,
M. ,
Ashour i
,A.,2013) .

2.9.
3HOW THEPROPOSEDSYSTEM WI LLSOLVESOMEOFTHECHALLENGES
ADDRESSEDI NPREVIOUSCHAPTERS
Soli
dRequirements–Developmentshoul dcontinueinthewakeofsoci aloccasionof
cl
ear,ent
ir
e,det
ail
ed,
str
ong, achi
evabl
e,testabl
epr er
equisi
testhatareconsent edtoby
al
lplayer
s.Toensurethatchangi ngrequirementsar eunderstood,continuousclose
coordi
nat
ionwit
hcustomersisnecessary.(Paude,S.,
2013)
Reali
sticSchedules–Thesy st
em pr
oposedwil
lall
owaconsi der
abl
emeasureofti
me
forarrangi
ng,plan,t
est
ing,bugsett
li
ng,r
e-t
est
ing,changes,anddocument
ati
on;The
undert
akingoughtt obeobligat
edforconsummat i
onwi t
houtweari
ngoutofassets
(Paude,S.,
2013).

MaintainCommuni cation:Communi cat

ionwi t
htheendcl ient
swi llbethereallthrough
thedev elopmentpr ocedure.Requi r
edassessment sandwal kthroughswhensui table;
makebr oadutil
i
zationofgat heringspecial
izedi nst
ruments-gr oupwar e,wiki'
s,bug-
fol
lowingapparatusesandchangeadmi ni
str
ationdev i
ces,andsof orth.
;guaranteethat
data/documentati
on i s accessi ble and up- to dat a;advance col l
abor ati
on and
parti
cipati
on; uti
li
ze pr optotypes, vi
sit conv eyances, or pot enti
all
y ceasel ess
Communi cat
ionwithend- cl
ientsifconceiv
abletoilluminat
edesires(Paude, S.,
2013) .

Sti
ckt oI ni
ti
alRequir
ement sWher eFeasi
ble:Oncet hedevelopmentpr oceeds,no
excessiv
e changes and addit
ions wil
lbe entertai
ned,and consequences shallbe
explai
ned.ButIft
hechangesar enecessary,
theywi l
lneedt
obeadequat el
yr ef
lect
edin
rel
ated incr
ements.Dev el
opercust omerr el
ati
on shallbe maintai
ned to manage
expectat
ionsandcost(Paude,S.,2013)
.

Adequat
et est
ing:Ev erycomponentaf tercompleti
onshallbetestedandr etestedafter
fi
xesorchanges.Timewi l
lbesetasi deforspeci
fi
call
ytesti
ngandf ixi
ngofbugs.St atic
code anal
y si
s,t est-f
irst devel
opment ,unitt esti
ng and di agnosti
c capabi l
it
ies,
automat
edpost -
buildtesting,et
c,couldbeincl
udedinearlytest
ing.(Paude,S.,2013)
.

3.0CHAPTERTHREE–RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTI ON
Thispartessenti
all
ygivesat optobottom outli
neofthedifferentprogr
amming
approachesandint heprocessitwil
lassumeabasi cpartinfiguri
ngoutwhat
met hodol
ogyortechniquewi l
lbeuti
li
zedf ortheproposedsy stem.Thesecti
onwi l
l
l
ikewiseconveytothef oretheinnov
at i
onsthattheproposedsy st
em wil
lembraceand
alsotheprogrammi nglanguageandt hedatabasetechnology.
Projectmanagementmet hodol
ogyisgener al
lycharact
eri
zedasanar rangementof
strategi
es,methods,methodology
,principl
es,lay
outs,andbestpracti
cesuti
li
zedona
task.Iti
sordinar
il
yinli
ghtofapar t
iculartaskadminist
rat
ionapproach,that
characteri
zesanarrangementofstandar dsandr ul
eswhichcharacter
izethewaya
pr
ojecti
smanaged(
Špundak,
M,2014)
.
Amet hodologyi
salsodefinedasareportedgather
ingofapproaches,
procedur
esand
met hodsusedt obuil
dupasof twar
epr oduct
.(Manimaranetal,2015)
.Iti
s
fundament all
yasystem usedtostr
ucture,pl
anandcontrolt
hewayt owardbuil
dingupa
softwareproduct.
"
Programmi ngengi neeri
ngpr acticecanbecoor di
natedintoev eryoneoft heper iodsof
programmi ng advancementsy stems and model s.( Achi
mugu etal ,2010) .Thi si s
uti
li
zed t orecognize itfrom speci fi
c exami nat
ion and out l
ine systems.Si nce t he
engineeringdecidest henat ureoft hesy st
em,i tatt hatpointmakesaconsi derable
measur equal i
tyandshor tcomings.Onesy stem dev el
opmentmet hodologyi sn'tr eall
y
appropriatef oruse by al lact i
vi
ti
es.Each oft he accessi bl
e strategies is most
appropriateforparti
cularsortsofpr oj
ects,i
nv iewofdi ff
erentspeciali
zed,hi er
ar chical,
taskandgr oupcont empl at
ions.Thear rangementofapr oductpr ogressionsy stem
contains:

1)A soft
waredev el
opmentphi l
osophywi
ththeapproachormethodol
ogi
esoft he
pr
oductadvancementprocess.
2)Numerousappar at
uses,modelsandstrat
egi
es,t
oai dthepr
oductadvancement
pr
ocess.

Variousvari
abl
esareatthecoreofchoosi
ngtheproperprogr
ammi ngadv
ancement
procedur
ef oraspecif
icpr
ogrammingimprov
ementv entur
etothatendAchi
muguetal
.
(2010)gi
v esanoutl
ineofthesev
ari
ablesi
nthetabl
et hatt
akesaft
er:
3.
1SOFTWAREDEVELOMENTMETHODOLOGI
ES
Sof
twar
ePr
ocessModel
s
Thisisanabst
ractrepr
esent
ati
onofaprocessNabi
lM.
A.M.andGov
ardhan,
A.(
2010)
.
Processar
edescribedfr
om acert
ainpoi
ntofvi
ew.

Asof t
waredev el
opmentmet hodol
ogyisatheoret
icalpor
tray
altodepicttheprocedur
e
from aspecif
icpointofv i
ew.Therearequanti
ti
esofgeneralmodelsforpr ogr
ammi ng
forms,si
milarto:Wat er
fal
lmodel,Formalfr
amewor ksimprovement,
Tr ans-f
ormati
ve
advancement,andReusebasedadv ancement,andsof or
th.(
NabilMohammedAl i
MunassarandGov ardhan,A.2010).

SoftwareDev elopmentLifeCy cl
e
Softwaredev elopmentli
fecycl
e( SDLC)isatechni
quebywhi chthesoftwarecanbe
createdinanor der
lywayandwhi chwil
lexpandtheli
keli
hoodoffini
shingthesoft
ware
projectinsi
det heti
meduedat eandkeepi ngupthenatureoftheproducti
tem
accordingtot hestandar
d.(Mishra,A.f
urther
more,Dubey,D.
,2013).

3.
1.1THEWATERFALLMODEL
Thi
sisaLi
nearSequent
ial
Sof
twar
eDev
elopmentLi
feCy
cle(
SDLC)model
.Iti
ncl
udes
phasessuchas: requirement
sanal ysi
s,desi
gn,coding,
testi
ng,andimplement at
ion.
Aftercompleti
onofaphase, redoingitisnotpossi
bleandalsothedev el
opmentonl y
proceedstothenextphaseonl yafterthecurr
entstageiscompl et
elycompleted.It
s
theref
oresaidtobel essusef
ul whent her
eachangingr equi
rement(Mishra,A.and
Dubey ,
D.,2013).

Thismodel i
soneoft hemostest abli
shedmodelsandi sbr oadl
yutil
izedasapar tof
gov er
nmentprojectsorventur
esandi nmanymaj ororganizati
ons(Nabi lMohammed
AliMunassarandGov ardhan,A.2010).Asthismodel underscoresplanningint
heearly
stages,i
tguaranteesdesignfl
awsbef or
etheycreate.Inadditi
on,it
sser i
ousarchi
veand
arrangi
ngmakei tfuncti
onadmi r
ablyforpr
oject
sinwhi chqual i
tycontrolisa
noteworthy
.
System Requi
rement s:Thisset supthepar t
sforbui
ldingthesyst
em,incl
udingthe
hardwareprer
equisit
es, progr ammi nginst
rumentsortools,andot
herfundamental
components.Casesi ncorpor atechoicesonequipment ,f
orexample,
modul esheet
s
(numberofchannels, obtainingv el
ocit
y,et
c),andchoicesonoutsi
debitsof
programming,forexampl e, databasesorlibr
ari
es.
SoftwareRequirements:Thisbuil
dsupt heexpect at
ionsofthesoftwar
ef uncti
onali
ty
andchoosest hesoftwarerequir
ementst hatthesoftwareorsystem af
fects.Analy
sisof
requi
rementsincludesdeterminat
ionofinteracti
onsneededwi t
hotherdat abasesand
appli
cat
ions,userinter
facerequir
ements, perf
ormancer equi
rementsetc.
Archit
ecturalDesign:Thi
sdecidesthesoftwarestructur
eofasy stem t
omeett he
parti
cul
arrequirements.Thispl
ancharacteri
zesther eal
segment sandtheint
eract
ion
ofthosesegment s,howeveritdoesn'
tcharacter
izethestruct
ureofeverysegment.The
outsi
deinterfacesandtoolsuti
li
zedasapar toftheunder t
aki
ngcanbedi ctat
edbyt he
pl
anner.
Detail
eddesign:Looksatt
hesof
twarecomponentsthataredef
ineddur
ingthe
ar
chi t
ect
uraldesi
gnphaseandcr
eatesadetai
lforhowev er
ycomponentis
i
mpl emented.

Codi
ng:
Thi
siswher
ethedet
ail
eddesi
gni
simpl
ement
edi
ntocode.
Testi
ng:Decidesifthesoftwaremeetsthespeci
fiedr
equi
rements.Thi
sstagealso
checksforpossibl
eer ror
spresentint
hecode.
Maintenance:Thisiswher eprobl
emsareaddressedandenhancementofrequest
s
aft
erthesoftwarereleases.
Or
igi
nalWat
erf
allModel
(Unnat
iA.Pat
elandNi
kyK.Jai
n(2013)

3.1.2ITERATI VEDEVELOPMENT
Thei ssueswi tht heWat erfal
lModel madeani nterestforanothertechni quef orcreating
systemswhi chcoul dgivespeedierout comes, r
equi r
elessinadv ancedat a,andof f
er
mor enot ewor thyadapt abil
it
y.WithIterati
veDev elopment,theunder takingi sparti
tioned
i
nt oli
ttl
epart s.Thi spermi t
sthedev elopmentt eam todemonst r
ater esultspr i
oronal l
thewhi l
eandacqui reimpor t
antcrit
icism from system cl
ients.Frequently, ever
ycy cleis
reall
yaMi ni
-Wat erf
allprocesswiththecr it
ici
sm from onest agegivingindi spensabl e
datat otheout l
ineoft hefoll
owingst age.Inav ari
etyofthismodel ,thesof tware
product,whichar edeli
veredtowardt hef i
nishofeachpr ogression(orar rangementof
steps),cangoi nt ocreati
oninstantl
yasi ncrement alrel
eases.

SOURCE:htt
p:/
/ist
qbexamcer
ti
fi
cati
on.
com/
what
-i
s-i
ter
ati
ve-
model
-adv
ant
ages-
di
sadv
antages-
and-when-
to-
use-
it
/

3.1.
3INCREMENTALSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTMETHODOLOGY
Thisisast andoutamongstt hemostgeneral
l
yut i
li
zedsoftwar
edev el
opment
methodol ogi
esintherealm ofsoft
waredevel
opment .I
ncrementaldevel
opmentisa
userorientedapproachinthesensethateachincrementorrel
easeisexposedtothe
users’comment sandcont r
ibuti
ons.ThewholeIdeaistodevel
opasy stem t
hatmeets
theneedsoft heuser.Thegeneralmodelforincr
ementaldevel
opmenti sshowninthe
i
maget hatfol
lows.
 SOURCE:
ht
tp:
//i
stqbexamcer
tif
icat
ion.
com/what
-i
s-i
ncr
ement
al-
model
-adv
ant
ages-
di
sadvantages-
and-
when-to-
use-
it
/

3.1.4RAPI DAPPLI CATIONDEVELOPMENT( RAD)

Intheev entthatprer
equisit
esaresurelyknewandprojectdegreeisobli
ged,
theRapi
d
applicati
ondev el
opment( RAD)processempower sadev el
opmentgr ouptomakea
"compl et
elyusefulsyst
em"i nsi
debrieferas(
e.g.
,60to90day s).

Di
agram f
or
RAD
SOURCE:htt
p:/
/ist
qbexamcer
ti
fi
cati
on.
com/
what
-i
s-r
ad-
model
-adv
ant
ages-
di
sadv
antages-
and-when-
to-
use-
it
/

3.1.
5SPI RALMODEL
Asindicat edbyBoehm 1987andBoehm etal ,1998t hewi ndingmodel ofsof tware
developmentanddev elopmentspeakst oar i
skdr i
v enwayt odeal wi thsof t
war e
processanal ysi
sandor ganizing.Thisapproach, createdbyBar r
yBoehm, consolidat
es
component sofpar t
iculardriven,model dr
ivenpr ocesst echniques,toget herwi t
ht he
greatprogr ammingl if
ecy cle.Itdoesassuchbyspeaki ngt oiter
ativ
eadv ancement
cyclesasagr owingwi nding,wi t
hi nwar
dcy cl
essi gnifyi
ngear lysystem exami nati
on
andpr ototypi
ng,andext er
nal cyclesmeaningthegr eatprogrammi ngl if
ecy cl
e.The
outspreadmeasur ementmeanscombi nedimpr ovementcost s,andt hepr ecise
measur ementsi gnif
iesadv ancemadei nfulfi
ll
ingev eryimpr ovementwi nding.

3.
1.6AGI
LEMETHODS
Today
’smostoft
heagi
l
epr
oject
sfal
li
nanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngf
lav
ors.

Extremeprogramming(XP)
Thisisastandoutamongstt
hemostgener al
l
yut
il
izedstr
ategi
esovert
hewor l
d.XPi
s
fundamental
lyinvi
ewofthesequal
i
ties.Communi
cation,
Courage,
Simpli
cit
yand
Feedback.

Requirementsar epresentedbycust omersint hef orm ofuserstori

es,whichare
basicall
ynon-t
echnical wri
te-ups.Atthatpointtheuserst ori
esar eadditi
onall
y
separatedint
ot asks.Developmentpr ocessisi ntypeofl i
tt
lecycles,i
neachoft he
emphasi sabundl eofassignment swillbetendedt o,
designerswi l
lworkinsetsand
performingunittest
sandf r
equentcodei nt
egr ati
on.Inaper fectwor l
d,Customerswil
l
beincludedint
ent l
yforaf astfeedbacksuggest ion.Testingwillbedonei nthefor
m of
unittestsandaccept ancetests.

Scrum
Scrum isanotherpopul
ardev
elopmentmethod
Themaj oracti
vit
iesi
nthismethodare.
1.SprintPl
anning
2.SprintRevi
ew
3.Scrum Meet i
ng
‘
Productbacklog’whichi
salistoff
eatur
espri
ori
ti
zedbyt
hepr
oductownerf
rom whi
ch
theteam wi
llbepicki
ngupt heacti
vit
iesforeachi
ter
ation,
Scrum masterfaci
li
tat
es
dail
y
Spri
ntmeetingswithProductownerandt eam,whereineachi
ndividual
willbe
expl
ainingt
hest at
usofthei
rcurrenttaskandwhattheyaregoingtodonextdayA
Spri
ntisusuall
yspansfrom 2–4weeks, att
heendofeachspr i
nt,
team shoul
dhav e
workingsof
tware.

Dy nami cSy st em Devel opmentMet hod

TheDSDM t echni quei sanaugment ationofRapi dAppl i
cati
ondev el
opment.This
processwi l
l accentuat eonpr oceedswi thcustomeri nclusi
on.DSDM aremor e
reasonabl etechni quef ort hoseact ivi
tiesthatar eont i
ghtscheduleandbudgets.The
estimat i
onswi l
lbef oundedonusef ulnessinsteadoft heLinesofCode.DSDM Pr oject
l
ifecy clehas4st ages
1.St udy
2.Funct ional Model It
er ati
on
3.Desi gnandBui l
d
4.Impl ement ati
on
DSDM gi vesi ncrement al i
terati
veappr oachandf ur
thermoregivessomecor estr
ategies
calledTimeBoxi ng, Prot otyping,Testing, Workshopandsoon. ,Thepri
marygoal ofthe
DSDM st rat
egyi stokeept hepr ojectincont r
ol ofbudgetandt i
mel i
nes
(Jammal amadaka, k.andKr i
shna, V.R.,2013).

3.1.7V-SHAPEDMODEL
V-ShapedModel call
edbyBal aj
iandMur ugaiy
an[ 2]"conf i
rmati
onandappr ovalmodel"
i
sachangedv ersionoft heWat erfal
l
.Notatal ll
ikeWat er f
all
,i
sn’tt
hisonemodel
outli
neddirectl
y.Ont heof fchancethatinthewat erf
all demonstrat
et heprocedureis
rundirect
ly,atthatpoi ntinV-model theprocedureisdonebr anched.Soft
war e
developmentpr ocessi nV- ShapedModel r
eli
esuponchecki nthepaststage.InV-
ShapedModel giv estheconnect ionbetweenev erydev elopmentstageandTest ing
stage.
SOURCE:htt
p:/
/ist
qbexamcer
ti
fi
cati
on.
com/
what
-i
s-v
-shaped-
model
-adv
ant
ages-
di
sadv
antages-
and-when-
to-
use-
it
/

3.2CHOSENMETHODOLOGYFORPROPOSEDSYSTEM
WhyI ncrementalDevelopment ?
Sincetheproposedsy stem wi
llbedevel
opedini
ncrements,t
hebestmet hodologyfor
thisproj
ecti
sincrement aldev
elopmentmethodol
ogy.Thesystem wi
l
l bedevelopedin
i
ncr ementsbecauseitwi l
lhavealotofmodul
es.Devel
opingandtest
ingonei ncrement
atat i
mewi l
lmakei teasyt of
inderr
orsanddebug.

Sincet hesystem wil

lhav
ealotofmodul
es,i
tmaybepr onet
or i
sks,
thi
siswhere
i
ncr ement aldevel
opmental
socomesinbecauseri
skmanagementiseasyand
conv enientbecauseanymodul
ewithari
skisident
if
iedandf
ixeddur
ingit
sit
erat
ion.

Anotherreasonforthechoiceofthi
smet hodologyisbecauset heproposedsyst
em
mayhav echangesi nrequi
rementsaft
erithasst ar
tedandal sotheend-user
softhis
syst
em ar edi
spersed,meaningthatt
herewillbeawi derangeofrequi
rementswhich
can’
tbedef i
nedunt i
ltheendusershaveusedt hesy stem andstar
tdemandingfornew
feat
ures.

Eachoftheincrementswillr
epr esentoneoft hemodul esint
hesyst em.Forinstance,
thefi
rsti
ncrementcouldinvolv
edev el
opi
ngtheMemberRegi st
rat
ionModul e.Thent he
nextcouldbethePay mentModul eandsoonandsof ort
huntil
thepr oj
ecti
scompl et
ely
devel
oped.
Eachincrementinincr
ement aldev elopmenthasinter
leavedworkflows,wit
ht hatsaid
theproposedsystem wil
lhavet hef oll
owingwork-f
lowsineachincrement:
1.Requir
ementsGather
ing
I
nt hi
sworkf
lowall
thenecessar
yrequir
ementsregar
dingt
hemodul
eshal
lbecol
l
ect
ed
thenanal
ysi
sshal
lbeconductedandthenf
inal
lydocumented.

2.Design
Inthi
swor kf
lowall
thenecessarydesi
gnrequi
redforthemodul
eisconduct
edand
aft
erwardsthenecessarydesi
gndocumentsshall
bedone.Thesyst
emsdesi gni
sa
cardi
nalpartoft
hesystem; t
her
efore,
itmustbewelldone.

3.I
mplementati
on
Thi
sworkf
lowwi l
li
nvol
vetheact
ual
Programmingofthesy
stem.Thepr
ogr
ammingwil
l
bedonewit
ht heai
dofthedesi
gndi
agramsthatwi
ll
bedoneintheDesi
gnwor
kfl
ow.

4.Testi
ng
ThisModulewi
lli
nvolvetest
ingthemodulethati
simplementedintheI
mpl
ementat
ion
workfl
ow.Uni
ttest
ingandAccept ancet
esti
ngwillbecar
riedout
.
Eachofthemodulesinthisstat
ementwil
lneedtogot hr
oughallt
hesewor
kfl
owsand
theeach

3.3TECHNOLOGI ES
3.3.
1REVI EW OFPROGRAMMI NGLANGUAGES
PYTHON
Thisisahigh-
levelprogramminglanguagethatiswidel
yandextensi
vel
yused.It
accentuat
escoder eadabil
it
ywithit
soutli
netheory,andit
ssyntaxempowers
progr
ammi ngsof t
war eengi
neerstoexpressthoughtsi
nlessli
nesofcodethanthey
wouldwhenut il
i
zinglanguagesli
keC( MasoudNosr ati
,2011)
.

Pyt honsuppor t
sanumberofpr ogrammingidealmodels,incl
udi
ngimperati
v e,object-
orientedandpr ocedur
alsty
lesorfuncti
onalpr
ogrammi ng.Iti
ncl
udesady nami csort
fr
amewor kandmanagesmemor yautomati
call
y.I
talsohasahugeandf arr eaching
standardl i
brary
.
Amongt hemanymoder nhigh-
levelpr
ogramminglanguages,Pyt
honasabr oadlyusef ul
gener alpurposeprogr
ammi nglanguagegotaclearseatamongt hedev
eloper '
schoi ce
(MasoudNosr ati,
2011).

WHYPYTHON?
Accor
dingt
oZhang,
Z.(
2012)her
ear
eaf
ewr
easons:
 - It
’sahigh-
lev
elprogr
ammi ng
- Concisesynt
axandeasyt olear
n
- Largeandgrowingdevel
opercommuni
ty
- Portabl
eonalmostallpl
atforms

3.3.
2DJANGOWEBFRAMEWORK
Accordi
ngt odicti
onary.
cambridge.or
g,afr
amewor ki
sasupporti
ngstructurearound
whichsomet hi
ngcanbebui l
t.
Thisisahigh-l
evelpythonwebf rameworkadher
ingtotheDRYprinci
ple:Don’tr
epeat
yoursel
f.(
Zhang, Z.2012).
Djangoistoagr eatdegreewellknownandcompl et
elyhi
ghl
ight
edserver-si
deweb
fr
amewor k,wri
tteninPy t
hon.

BriefHistoryofDjango
Djangowasf i
rststart
edasani nternal proj
ectattheLawr enceJour nal-
wor l
dnewspaper
i
n2003andwascr eatedtomeett hef astdeadlinesofjournalism websi tes.
•In2005, Djangowasf i
nal
lyr el
easedt ot hepubl i
cbythedev elopers.
•Thepr ojectwasnamedaf terthej azzGui tar
istDjangoRei nhar dt
.
•Nowanopensour cewebf ramewor kf orbui
ldingmaintainableandr eusableweb
applicat
ions.

DatabaseSupport
TheDjangowebf r
amewor
ksuppor
tst
hreedat
abases
- Post greSQL
- My SQL
- SQLi te

WhyDj ango?
•Pyt
honpr ogrammi nglanguage
•Open-sourceproject
•Lar
geandgr owingcommuni ty
•Well
-document ed
•Lar
gecol l
ectionsofapps
•Gooddebuggi ngf eedbacks

Char
acter
ist
icsofDj
ango(Zhang,Z.2012).
-Dj
angoprovidesav
eryuser
-f
ri
endlyi
nterf
acef
ordeal
i
ngwi
thdat
abases.
-Thetempl at esy stem enabl
esthedevel
oper
stofocusontheappbuil
dingi
nst
eadof
onthedet ailsofHTML.
-Thebui l
t-i
ndev elopmentserverandadmini
nter
facehel
psthedev
eloperst
otestt
he
appl
icati
onseasi ly.
-Generatingnon- HTMLcont ent
-Caching
-Middle-ware
-I
nternationalization
-Securit
y
-SessionFr amewor k

Gener
ati
ngnon-HTMLcontent(
Bui
lt-
int
ool
sforpr
oduci
ngnonHTMLcont
ent
):
- RSS/ At
om sy
ndi
cati
onfeeds
- Site-
maps

Caching
Djangocomeswitharobustcachesystem t
hatl
etsyousavedy
nami
cpagessot
hat
theydonotneededt
obecal cul
atedeachti
mear equesti
smade.

Middle-ware
- Ami ddle-warecomponentisapy thonclassthatconformstoacer t
ainAPI.
- Thegr eaterpar
tofthesessionandclientdevicesaremadeconceivablebya
coupl eofl i
tt
lebi
tsofcenterproduct.
I
nternationalization
- Ami nimal numberof“tr
anslat
ionstri
ngs”areneededi nthepyt
honcodesf or
translation.
- I tall
owst hewebapplicati
onstobet r
anslatedforuserswitht
heirownlanguage
preferences.

Securit
y
Djangoisint
endedtoconsequent
lyshi
eldy
ouf
rom al
argenumberoft
hebasi
csecur
it
y
botchesthatwebdesi
gnersmake.

Sessi
onFramewor k
Thesessi
onstructur
egivesy ouachancetost
oreandrecov
erdiscr
eti
onar
yinf
ormati
on
forev
erysi
te‐
visi
torpremise.Itst
oresi
nfor
mati
onontheserversi
deandabstr
act
sthe
sendi
ngandget t
ingofcookies.
ADDITIONALTOOLSTOMAKEDJANGOMOREPOWERFUL
•GeoDjango:acust omi zedGI Swebf ramewor k
•DjangoDebugTool bar:debuggi ngt ool
•DjangoEasyMaps:mapdi splayingt ool
•DjangoHay stack:modul arsear chtool
•Django-r
evisi
on:Thi sisanaugment ationt ot
heDjangofr
amewor kthatgi
ves
comprehensivev ersioncont rolfacil
iti
es.
•South:Thistool providesasi mpl e,stabl eanddat
abase-i
ndependentmigrat
ionl
ayer
toyourDjangoappl ications.
•Fabulous:Thistool isusedt odepl oyDj angoappstoAmazonEC2wi t
hONEcommand.

3.
3. 3REVI
EW OFDATABASETECHNOLOGI ES
Belowarebri
efnotesont
hethreeDat
abaseManagementSyst
emsthatt
heDj
ango
fr
amewor ksuppor
tsandonehasbeensel
ectedf
orthepr
oposedsy
stem:

3.3.3.1Post greSQL
Post greSQLi st hepr opell
ed,open-source[object]
-relat
ional databaseadmi nistr
ati
on
framewor kwhi chhast hefundament alobj
ectiveofbei ngst andards-
compl i
antand
extensible.Post greSQL, orPost gr
es,tr
iestoembr acet heANSI /I
SOSQLst andards
togetherwi tht hecor recti
ons.
Cont rastedwi thdi f
ferentRDBMSs, Postgr
eSQLv ariesitselfwi t
hitshelpforhighly
requiredandf undament alobject-
ori
entedorpot entiall
yr el
at i
onaldatabaseusef ul
ness,
forexampl e,t
het otalhelpfordependabletransact i
ons, i.
e.At omicit
y,Consistency,
Isol
at i
on, Durabi l
i
ty( ACID).

3.3.3.2SQLi t
e
SQLi teisanast onishi
nglibrarythatget simplantedinsi
det heappl icati
onthatmakes
uti
li
zat ionofi t.Asanindependent ,documentbaseddat abase, SQLi t
eof f
ersan
astoundi ngsetoft ool
st odeal withawi derangeofinformationwi t
hsignifi
cantl
yless
l
imitat i
onandst r
aight
forwar dnesscont rastedwithfaci
li
tated,pr ocessbased( ser
v er)
rel
at i
onal dat
abases.
Atthepoi ntwhenanappl i
cat i
onutili
zesSQLi te,
theincorporati
onwor kswi thusefuland
coor dinatecal l
smadet oar ecordhol dingtheinformati
on( i.
e.SQLi tedatabase)rather
thancommuni cati
ngthroughani nterfaceofsorts(i.
e.ports,attachment s).Thi
smakes
SQLi tet oagr eatdegreequi ckandef f
ect i
ve,andfurt
hermor eintenseonaccountoft he
l
ibrary'sf undament ali
nnov ation.
3.3.3.3My SQLDat abase
My SQLdat abaseisoneoft hemostcommonl yusedDatabasesyst
emsar oundthe
globe.Itsupportsmanydi ff
erentpl
atf
orms.My SQLisopensourceRelat
ionalDatabase
ManagementSy st
em.Wi ththi
sbeent hecase,t
ouseMy SQL,yousimplydownloadit
forfreefrom theoffi
cialwebsit
eforwhateverspeci
fi
cplatf
ormyouwant .Si
nceMy SQL
i
sopensour ce,itusesanopensour celi
censeandcanbeusedasabackendf or
diff
erenttypesofappl i
cati
onsrangi
ngf r
om desktop,mobil
eandweb.

3.
3.4DBMSFORTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEM
Si
ncet heDjangoframeworksuppor
tsthreety
pesofDatabaseManagementSy st
ems
whichare:Postgr
eSQL, SQLi
teandMySQL.My SQLwil
lbeusedast heback-
endf
orthe
pr
oposedsy stem becauseofmanyreasons.I
tsopensource,support
smanyplat
for
ms,
i
t’
seasyt osetup,it’
seasytomanage,etc.
Atablebelowcompar esthethr
eeDatabaseManagementSy stems:
Tabl
ecompar i
ngMy SQL,PostgreSQLandSQLi
te–Source:
ht
tps:
//db-
engi
nes.
com/ en/
system/MySQL%3BPost
greSQL%3BSQLi
te

3.3.
5API s
3.3.
5.1SMS- BasedEventNot ificati
onSy stem
Theshor tmessageser vi
ce(SMS)t echnol ogyisoneoft hemoststableandmostwi del
y
usedmobi l
ecommuni cati
onmet hodsaf terphonecal l
s.
ShortMessageSer vice(SMS)i samechani sm ofdel i
veryofshortmessagesov erthe
mobilenet wor ks.(VeenaK.Kat ankaret .al.,2010).
Inpri
nciple,textmessagecanbeusedei therasaone- waycommuni cati
ontopr ovide
theuserinfor mat i
onsuchasr emi nder,alert,etc,
orasat wo-
waycommuni cat i
ont hat
enablestheusert osendandr eceivei nformat i
on( suchasquestionandanswer ).Event
noti
fi
cation( throughSMS)i sawel l
-knownwayofnot i
fyi
ngusersaboutanev ent
scheduledt ot akeeffectwithi
napar t
icularperiodinani nst
it
uti
on.(Ol
udare,O,2013) .

Ithasbeenfoundusef ult
oemployt hetextmessagi
nginmanyr out i
ne-l
i
keacademi c
envir
onmentapplicat
ions.Typi
calexampl esoft
heseappli
cati
onar easaree.g.dif
ferent
kindsofreminder
sandi nstr
uct
ions,reporti
ngofl
aborator
ytestresult
sorhome
assessmentforstudents,r
emotecont r
oll
ingandmonitori
ngetc.(Oludare,
O, 2013).

I
nt hesamemanner ,usi
ngSMSnot i
ficati
oninthegym system wil
lbeveryuseful
.i
.e.
Notif
icat
ionstoremindclient
sofwor koutschedules,expi
ri
ngpay ments,et
c.Byusing
thi
skindofcommuni cat
ion,i
tispossi bl
etosaveresourcesbye.g.avoi
ding
unnecessaryvisi
tsandphonecal l
s;themobi l
ephonemessagi ngininsti
tut
ionshas
beenasubj ectofacti
veresearchwor kforaboutadecade( Ol
udare,O,2013).
3.3.
5.2TWI LIOSMSAPI
Twil
ioisapower fulHTTPAPIt hatal
lowsyoubuildpower
ful
voiceandSMSapps.The
goalofthi
sl i
brar
yistohelpmakebui ldi
ngtel
ephonyappl
i
cati
onsassimpl
eashumanl y
possibl
ewitht wi
li
o.Twil
ioal
socomesRESTf uli
nterf
acet
hatisusedt
oint
egr
atecloud-
basedserversidechatfunct
ionali
ti
esinappli
cat
ions.

3.
3.6DEVELOPMENTPLATFORM
Theproposedsystem wi
ll
bedevel
opedusi
ngJetBr
ainsPychar
mIntegr
ated
Devel
opmentEnv i
ronment(I
DE)
.Thi
sisanIDEbyJetBrai
nsdevel
opedforpyt
hon
progr
ammer s.

3.3.7TECHNOLOGIESTOBEUSEDI
NPROJECT
COMPONENT TECHNOLOGYTOBEUSED
Database My SQL
System Impl
ement
ati
on Python(DjangoWebFr
amewor
k)
SMSAPI Twili
o
Testing Django.
test.
cli
ent
DesignandModell
i
ng Edraw

3.4PROJECTRI SKMANAGEMENT
Int hecurrenteraofsoftwareengineering,alotofDiff
erentsoft
wareproj
ects
dev elopmentmet hodologiesar
einexi stence,butchoosingthemethodol
ogythatmost
closelyfit
saspeci fi
csoftwareprojectat t
ri
butestomanyf actor
s.Onenecessar
yand
vitali
ssuei stheextent
sofhowmuchr iskytheproj
ectis.Theotheri
ssuei
sthedegree
thatev er
ysof twaredevelopmentmet hodol ogysupport
sr i
skmanagement(L.
Manj unathRao, 2016).

3.4.
1RISK
Riski
sunavoi
dabl
eandpresenti
neachhumanci r
cumstance.I
tisavai
l
ableindayby
dayli
ves,
openandpr
ivat
eareaassoci
ati
ons.Dependi
ngont hecont
ext(i
nsurance,
st
akeholder
,techni
cal
causes)
,ther
ear
emanyaccept
eddef
ini
ti
onsofr
iski
nuse(
Henz-
Pet
er,B.2010).
Ariskisaddi
ti
onall
yportr
ayedas:“
riskref
erstot
heuncertaintyt
hatsurr
oundsfutur
e
eventsandoutcomes.Iti
stheexpr
essionofthel
ikeli
hoodandi mpactofaneventwith
thepotent
ial
toinfl
uencetheachi
evementofanor gani
zat
ion'sobj
ecti
ves.
”(Henz-
Peter,
B.2010).

3.4.
2RISKMANAGEMENT
Softwar
edev elopmentisaprofoundlycompl exriskyact
ivi
ty.Asmanyor ganizat
ions
keepinvest
inginsubstanti
alresources;ri
skmanagementbecomescr uci
al.Adefini
ti
on
ofRiskManagementi sgivenby( Nidhi
, S.
,2014).Werehe’ssaying,“Ri
skManagement
i
sasy stematicprocessforanalyzi
ng,identi
fyi
ngandcont r
olli
ngrisksinpr
ojectsor
organi
zati
ons.”
Nidhi
,S.,Neha, M.andMahak, J.(2014)Hav edefinedRiskmanagementasthe
i
dentifi
cati
on,evaluati
onandpr i
orit
izati
onofriskscheckedbycomposedand
conservat
iveutil
izati
onofresourcest oli
mit,
moni tor
,andcont
rolt
heli
keli
hoodand
addit
ional
lyeffectofunfor
tunateev entskeepi
nginmi ndtheendgoalt
oampl i
fyt
he
acknowledgmentofoppor tunit
ies.
Theref
ore,ri
skmanagementcanbesai dt
obeaser i
esofstepswhosefunct
ionisto
i
dentif
y,address,andel
i
mi nat
esoft
warer
iskbef
oretheybecomeeit
hersuccessful
soft
wareoper ati
onorbri
ngaboutcost
lyr
ework.
Riskmanagementi sadi
sci
pli
ne,
whichint
egr
atesknowl
edgefr
om avari
etyofdi
ff
erent
businessfi
eldsandwher
ewidevari
eti
esofmethodol
ogi
estr
eatspeci
fi
cprobl
ems
(Alhawari
,2012).

3.4.
3SAFETYMANAGEMENT
Asidef rom sol i
dt echnologies,theoperat
ional managementofamechani cal
plantwit
h
highriskpot ential i
slikewiseapr ofoundl
yv it
al f
actort
oguaranteesafeoperati
on.
Attr
ibut abletot hel i
berali
zationofthebusinesssect or
sandcomi ngaboutcostweight
tothei ndustries,thesi gnif
icanceofoperationalmanagementi sdevel
opingsincecost
fundsi nt heterrit
or i
esofst affandassociati
onbr ingaboutdecr
easingthenumberof
personnel t
oget herwi thchangesi nthehi
erar chi
calstr
uctur
eandmor et i
ghtl
yworking
procedur es(Henz- Peter,B.2010).
3.4.
4RISKIDENTIFI
CATIONAPPROACHES
Proj
ectmanager
susemanydiff
erentwaystotr
yandi
dent
if
yri
sks.Fourmet
hodshav
e
beengiv
ebelowaccordi
ngto(
Nidhi
,S.,
2014).
- Ad-
hocAppr oach:Thi
sisamethodthatprov
idesavaluat
ionofri
skswhenthe
i
nit
ial
signsareseenonthepr
oject
,alsothei
rmiti
gat
ionwithunoff
ici
alway
.
- Inf
ormalApproach:Thi sisamet hodwhichi ncl
udesadiscussionwi t
hboth
peopl
ethataredirectlyorindi
rect
lyinvol
vedwi t
htheproj
ect,relatingtothe
sever
alr
iskissuest hatappear(orwill
possiblyappear
)andther ecordingand
documentat
ionoft her i
sksforfutur
euse.
- Per
iodicAppr
oach:Thisisamet hodwer
erepeti
ti
veprocedur
esar
eusedt
o
i
denti
fyandspeci
fy(quanti
tat
ivel
yandqual
i
tati
vel
y)ri
sks.
- Formalapproach:Methodfouri
stheFormalApproachusedt
oi dent
if
yvar
ious
ri
sks.Accor
dingtothi
sapproach,adet
ail
edandin-dept
hassessmentofeach
ri
skbyindependenti
ndivi
dualsi
sperf
ormed.

3.
3.5RISKMANAGEMENTSTEPSANDTOOLS
Theri
skmanagementst
epsar
e:
1.Est
abl
i
sht
hegoal
sandt
hecont
ext(
i.
e.t
her
iskenv
ironment
),
2.I
dent
if
yther
isks,
3.Anal
yzet
her
isksi
dent
if
ied,
4.Ri
sksassessi
ngorev
aluat
ion,
5.Ri
skt
reat
ingormanagi
ng,
6.Moni
torandr
evi
ewt
her
isksandt
her
iskenv
ironmentr
egul
arl
y,and
7.Const
ant
lycommuni
cat
e,consul
tst
akehol
der
sandr
epor
t.

Establi
shgoalsandcont ext(Henz-Pet
er,B.2010).
Thegoal oft
hisstageofr i
skmanagementi st
oenabletheunderst
andi
ngofthe
envir
onmentinwhi chther especti
veorganizat
ionoperat
esthatmeanstothor
oughly
understandt
heext er
nal envir
onmentandt heinter
nalcul
tur
eoftheorgani
zati
on.The
analysi
sisundert
akent hrough:
−est
abl
i
shi
ngt
hest
rat
egi
c,or
gani
zat
ional
andr
iskmanagementcont
extoft
he
or
gani
zat
ion,
and
−i
dent
if
yingt
heconst
rai
ntsandoppor
tuni
ti
esoft
heoper
ati
ngenv
ironment
.

Fi
g1:Henz-
Pet
er,
B.2010

Ident
if
ytheRisk(Henz-
Peter,
B.2010)
.
Usingthei
nformati
ongainedfr
om t
hecont
ext
,par
ti
cul
arl
yascat
egor
izedbyt
heSWOT
and
PESTframewor
ks,
thenextst
epi
stoi
dent
if
yther
iskst
hatar
eli
kel
ytoaf
fectt
he
achi
evementof
thegoal
soft
heor
gani
zat
ion,
act
ivi
tyori
nit
iat
ive.I
tshoul
dbeunder
li
nedt
hatar
iskcan
bean
oppor
tuni
tyorst
rengt
hthathasnotbeenr
eal
i
zed.
Analyzet her isksidentif
ied( Henz-Peter,B.2010).
Undert hisstage, youconsi derthesour ceoftheriskandt hepossi bleconsequences
andt hepr obabi l
it
yt oestimatethenat uralorunprot
ectedr iskwi t
houtcontrol
ssetup.It
alsoinv ol
vesi dentifyi
ngofcont rols,
anest imati
onoft heireffecti
venessandt he
resul
t antlevel ofri
skwi t
hcont rolsinplace(theprotected, r
esidualorcontr
oll
edr i
sk)
.
Someaccept ableriskanal y
sistechniquesar eQuali
tati
v e,semi -
quanti
tat
iveand
quant it
ati
v etechniques, buttheydependont heri
sk, t
hepur poseoft heanalysisandthe
i
nf or
mat i
onanddat aav ail
able.
Undert hisstage, youconsi derthesour ceoftheriskandt hepossi bleconsequences
andt hepr obabili
tyt oestimatethenat uralorunprot
ectedr iskwi t
houtcontrol
ssetup.It
alsoinv ol
vesi denti
f yi
ngofcont rols,
anest imati
onoft heireffecti
venessandt he
resul
t antlevelofriskwi t
hcont rolsinplace(theprotected, r
esidualorcontr
oll
edr i
sk)
.
Someaccept ableriskanal y
sistechniquesar eQuali
tati
v e,semi -
quanti
tat
iveand
quant it
ati
v etechniques, buttheydependont heri
sk, t
hepur poseoft heanalysisandthe
i
nf or
mat i
onanddat aav ail
able(Henz-Pet er
,B.2010).

Risksassessi
ngoreval
uat
ion
Oncetheriskshav
ebeenanal
yzedt
heycanbecompar
edagai
nstt
hepr
evi
ousl
y
documented
andapprov
edt
oler
abl
eri
skcr
it
eri
a.Whenusi
ngr
iskmat
ri
cest
hist
oler
abl
eri
ski
s
gener
all
y
documentedwi t
htheri
skmatr
ix.I
ftheprotect
edr
iskt
urnsoutt
obegreatert
hant
he
tol
erabler
isk,
thenthepar
ti
cul
arri
skrequir
esmorecontr
olmeasur
esi
nt he
eff
ectiv
enessoftheexi
sti
ngcontr
ols.

Risktr
eati
ngormanagi
ng
Anunacceptabl
eri
skr
equi
rest
reat
ment
.Theobj
ect
iveoft
hisst
ageoft
her
isk
assessment
processi
stodev
elopcostef
fect
iveopt
ionsf
ort
reat
ingt
her
isks.Tr
eat
mentopt
ions
(Fi
g.2),
whi
charenotnecessar
il
ymut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
veorappr
opr
iat
einal
lci
rcumst
ances,
are
dr
ivenby
out
comest
hati
ncl
ude:
−Av
oidi
ngt
her
isk,
−Reduci
ng(
mit
igat
ing)t
her
isk,
−Tr
ansf
err
ing(
shar
ing)t
her
isk,
and
−Ret
aini
ng(
accept
ing)t
her
isk.
Av
oidi
ngt
her
isk-notunder
taki
ngt
heact
ivi
tyt
hati
sli
kel
ytot
ri
ggert
her
isk.
Reduci
ngt
her
isk-cont
rol
l
ingt
hel
i
kel
i
hoodoft
her
iskoccur
ri
ng,
orcont
rol
l
ingt
he
i
mpact
oft
heconsequencesi
fther
iskoccur
s.

Fi
g2:Henz-
Pet
er,
B.2010

Monit
orandreviewtheri
sksandtheri
skenvi
ronmentregul
arl
y.
Under
standi
ngthatt
heideaofri
skisdynami
cisimper
ativeandneedsoccasi
onal
and
for
malrevi
ew.
Thecurr
encyofrecogni
zedr
isksshoul
dbeconsi
stent
lyobser
ved.Newr
isksandt
hei
r
eff
ectontheor
ganizati
onmaytobeconsi
dered.
Thi
sprogressi
onr
equi
rest
hepor
tray
alofhowt
her
esul
tsoft
het
reat
mentwi
l
lbe
measured.
Poi
ntsofref
erenceorbenchmarksforpr
ogr
essandcaut
ioni
ngsi
gnsf
or
di
sappoi
ntmentshouldberecogni
zed.
Thereviewti
mef ramei scontrol
l
edbyt hewor ki
ngcondi
ti
onoroperat
ingenvironment
(i
ncl
udinglegisl
ati
on),yetasagener alcontr
ol acomplet
erevi
ewatregulari
nterval
sis
anacknowledgedi ndustr
ystandard.Thisisont hepremi
sethatal
lpl
antchangesar e
l
iabl
eforapr operchangeprocessi ncl
udingriskassessment
.

Communi cati
onandrepor
ti
ng
Clearcommunicat
ioni
sessent
ial
fort
her
iskmanagementpr
ocess,
i.
e.cl
ear
communi cat
ion
oftheobj
ecti
ves,t
heri
skmanagementpr
ocessandi
tsel
ement
s,aswel
last
hef
indi
ngs
andrequi
redacti
onsasaresul
toft
heout
put.
Ri
skmanagementi
sani
ntegr
alel
ementofor
gani
zat
ion´
smanagement
.Howev
er,
for
i
ts
successf
uladopt
ioni
tisi
mpor
tantt
hati
nit
sini
ti
alst
ages,
ther
epor
ti
ngonr
isk
managementis
vi
sibl
ethrought
hef
ramewor
k.Ther
equi
rement
sont
her
epor
ti
nghav
etobef
ixedi
na
quali
fi
ed
anddocument
edpr
ocedur
e,e.g.
,i
namanagementhandbook.Thecont
entofsucha
handbooki
s
showni
ntheFi
gur
ebel
ow.

Fi
g3:Henz-
Pet
er,
B.2010

3.4.
6PROPOSEDSYSTEM RI SKS
Soft
war esyst
emsar eboundt ori
sks,soli
keanyothersof
twar
eproject
,it’
snecessar
y
tooutl
inethepossi
bleri
sksoft heproposedsyst
em.Belowarethepossiblei
denti
fi
ed
ri
sksthatmayaffecttheproposedsy st
em:

1.LossofDataandCode
Forthemostpart,
acomput ersystem i
sboundtofail
ure,
ther
eforethi
sisar
iskseei
ng
becauset
heproposedsystem willbedevel
opedusingacomput erwhi
chashasbeen
stat
edmayfailandresul
tindataloss.

2.Ambigui
tyi
nRequir
ement
Whenthesoft
waredeveloperdoesn’
tprovi
departi
cul
aratt
enti
ontot
heRequi
rement
s
capt
ureandanal
ysi
s,Risksari
sethatrequi
resspeci
alat
tent
ion.
3.Fail
ur etoaddressallcri
ti
calnon-f
uncti
onalRequirements
Thepr oposedsy stem r
equi
resthatal
lthecri
ti
calnon-funct
ional
requir
ementsar
e
eff
ectivelyexecuted.However,
iti
spossibl
ethattheremaybeashor tf
all
inoneareaor
another.

4.Fai
lur
etocompl
etedevel
opmentoft
hesy
stem wi
thi
nthest
ipul
atedt
ime.

Theproposedsyst
em isonewithaquit
eanumberofmodulest
her
eforei
fpr
oper
pl
anningandtimeisnotobserv
editi
sverypossi
blef
ort
hesyst
em nott
obecomplet
ed
wit
hinthestat
edboundsoftime.

3.
4.7RISKSREGI STER
Ref Risk Ri
skEv
aluat
ion(
1,2,
3) Ri
sk Ri
sk Ri
skResponse
Ident
if
icati
on Resul
t Owner

Probabi
l
ityI
mpact Score
(a) (
b) (a*
b)
1 LossofDat a 2 3 6 Hi
gh Pr
oject Per formregular
andCodedue Manager backupsont he
to data.Useof
unexpected Versioncontr
ol
fai
lurei
nt he topreventl
oss
system. ofcode.

2 Ambiguit
yin 2 2 4 Medium Pr
oject Ext ensively
requi
rement
s Manager anal yzethe
gener all
y
accept edand
conci se
requi r
ement s
thor oughly
3 Fail
ureto 1 3 3 Low Pr
oject Anal yzet he
address Manager sy stem
cri
ti
calnon- thor oughlyand
functi
onal i
dent i
fythenon
requi
rements. -functional
requi r
ement s.
Rev iewhow
 othersi mi lar
systemshav e
i
mpl ement ed
nonf unct i
onal
requirement s
4 Fai
lureto 1 3 3 Medi
um Pr
oject Dev el opawor k
complete Manager schedul et hat
devel
opment willbef ollowed
ofthesystem duri
ngt he
wit
hinthe devel opment
sti
pul
ated processand
ti
me. avoid
procr astinati
on.
5 Unreal
isti
c 2 3 6 Hi
gh Pr
oject Modi f ythe
scheduleand Manager schedul eand
budget budget .
Business- case
mustbe
analy zedand
softwar e
rel
easedi n
i
ncrement s.

3.
5SOFTWAREMETRI CS
Softwaremet ri
csar ethequant i
tati
vemeasur esofhowmuchsof t
wareprocessesare
gi
v entrai
tthatinfl
uencesi tsquali
ty(Ming-ChangLee,
2014).
Rawat ,
M. S(2012)say s,“Soft
war emet r
icsprovi
deaquanti
tati
vebasi
sforplanni
ngand
predict
ingsoftwaredev elopmentpr ocesses.
”Hegoesont osaythatsof
twaremet r
ics
provi
demeasur ementf orthesof t
war edevel
opment,i
ncl
udingsoft
warerequir
ement
document s,designs,programsandt est
s.

Softwaremetri
cmanagestheesti
mati
onofsoftwar
eitem andsoftwar
eitem
developmentprocessandi
tdi
rect
sandassessessoft
waredevelopment.(Mi
ng-
Chang
Lee,2014)

Usi
ngappr
opr
iat
eper
for
mancemet
ri
csi
svi
tal
tocor
rect
lymanageasof
twar
epr
oject
,
asother wiseitwouldbedi
ffi
cultforapr oj
ectmanagert oensur ethatprojectis
progr
essi ngaccordingtot
heplan.Met ri
csar ealsohelpful
todet erminecurrentstatus
ofaproj ectandev al
uat
eit
sheal t
h.Earlyidenti
fi
cationofri
skr el
atedwi t
hv ari
ous
proj
ectt asksgivesachancetoconcent rateendeavorsont hemostcr it
icaltaskerrands.
Measur ement stoassessvent
urest at
usar eextensivel
yorderedintonecessi t
ies,
dangers, sour
cecode, t
est
s,deformiti
esandar chives.

3.5.
1CHARACTERI STICSOFSOFTWAREMETRI CS( K.
P.Sr i
nivasan2015)
Therear esev eralfundament alcharacteri
sticsthatar eassociatedwithsof t
war e
metricsinsof twareengi neeri
ngandt heyaregi veni nFi
gurebel ow.
Theat tr
ibutesofsof t
war emet r
icsi
nsof t
war eengi neeri
ngar ebasic,
straightfor
ward;
measur able,account able,economical andpr eci
se.Theymustbet imely,r
obust ,
i
ndependent ,
r el
iable,vali
dandconsi stent,andeasi lycol
lected.Theunambi guous
programmi ngmeasur ementi si
mper ativeinprogr am developmentpr ocessandi tem.
Thest andardizedsof twaremeasur ement ,
sof t
war emeasur esandsof t
war emet r
icsi
n
softwareengi neeringhav ediversechal l
enges.

Fi
g:K.
P.Sr
ini
vasan2015
3.5.2REQUIREMENTSMETRI CS
Requirementsarethemai nthrustbehindthedev elopmentofasoftwareproject.Each
phasei nsoft
waredev el
opmentsuchas: analysi
s,designandtest
ingetc.
,arest rongl
y
dependentont herequir
ement s.Softwarerequir
ementengineeri
ngisapr ocesst o
measur ethedegreetowhichasof twaresystem meetsthereasonforwhichi twas
arrangedbyrecognizi
ngneedsoft heconsiderablenumberofpartner
soft hesy stem.
(I
qbal,S.andKhan, N.
M. A,2012).
Vari
ousmet r
icsareutil
i
zedbyt herequir
ementdesigners,fr
ameworkorsyst
em
analysts,
programmi ngengineers,
groupleads,sof
twaremanagersanddiff
erent
expertstoeffect
ivel
yov er
see,executeandfini
shthesoftwarepr
oject
.Asthesoft
ware
businessmov estowardsamor emat ur
estate,t
herequirementf
oruti
li
zi
ngmor evi
abl
e
i
nst r
ument s,methodsandbenchmar ksforoverseeingsoft
wareprojectshasturnedout
tobecr uci
altolimitthenegati
vehazardf act
orsandenhancedadher encet oquali
ty
affi
rmation(Iqbal
,S.andKhan, N.M.A,2012).
Requirementsmet ricsareval
uablei
ndi sti
nguishingri
sksofaprojectbyrecognizi
ng
blundersinprerequisi
tesdocument.Thesemet r
icsapprovethecomposed
requir
ement sagainstrealr
equir
ement sandassesswhet hert
herequirementsare
fi
nishedornot .
Theuseofpoormet ri
csbypr ojectmanager sappr aiseperfor
manceofsoftware
projectsl
edt oproject
sencount eri
ngmaj orissuesforal ongti
me.Therearemany
reasonsf orproj
ectfail
ures,costandt i
met ableover r
unor di
nari
lyf
oll
owedbackto
requirementengineeri
ngi ssues.Bestpracticesofr equir
ementmanagementpl ayavi
tal
roleinloweringthesystem dev elopmentcost s,i
mpr ovi
ngcust omersat
isf
act
ionand
i
ncr easeprojectsuccessr at
e(Iqbal,S.andKhan, N. M.A,2012).
Themai nobj
ectiveoftheSof t
war eprojectmet ri
csistomeasur eandev aluatethe
performancechar act
eristicsofasof twaresy stem.Softwareprojectmet r
icscanal sobe
empl oyedtopickoutpr oductdef ectsandassesssof t
war equali
ty.Simil
arly,
when
requirementmet r
icsarei ncorporatedintother equi
rementgatheringandel i
citat
ion
process, t
heygiveassistancei ntheanal ysi
soft hequali
tyofrequirementsandal so
i
dent i
fythereasonsforsof t
war ereengineeri
ngormal functi
on.Requi r
ementmet ri
csas
wellplayahandi ndefiningt heoutputmeasur esofthesof t
warepr ocess.(I
qbal,S.and
Khan, N.M.A,2012).

3.5.
2.1TheEf fectofMet ricsonRequi rementEngi neeri
ngPr ocess
Thepr oj
ectmoni t
ori
ngt echniquesusi ngasetofmet r
icshelptherequi
rement
engineer
st oquantit
ativel
ymeasur et heeffecti
venessandf it
nessofanyrequi
rement
coll
ectedduri
ngt heelicit
ationprocessofr equi
rementengi neeri
ng.Fi
gure2il
l
ustr
ates
howmet ricscanimpr ovet hequali
tyoft hegatheredrequir
ement s.
3.5.2.
2PROPOSEDSYSTEM
Wi t
hrespectt
otheproposedsy stem,Requi
rement sStabi
li
tyI
ndexwil
lbeutil
i
zedfor
theRequirementsMetr
icsthatwillbecal
cul
ated.Ast henamesuggests,t
hismetr
ici
s
sit
uatedtowardsdeci
dingexactlyhowstabl
et herequir
ementsofthesyst
em are.

TheRequir
ementStabi
li
tyI
ndex(RSI)i
stheonethati
susedtoquant
if
yt headj
ust
ment
s
i
nt hebusi
nessr
equir
ementaddedorerasedcontr
ast
edwiththef
ir
strequir
ement
s
chosetowardst
hebeginofthepr
oject
.

3.
5.2.3Requi
rementSt abi
li
tyI
ndexCal cul
ati
ons:
Requir
ementStabil
i
tyIndex=(Totalnumberofor i
ginalbusinessrequi
rement
s+
Numberofrequir
ement schangedti
lldate+Numberofr equirementsadded+Number
ofrequi
rementsdel
eted)/(tot
alnumberofor i
ginalrequi
rement s)

Numberof Numberof Numberof Numberof Requi

rements
Ori
ginal Requir
ement
s Requi
rement
s Requir
ement
s st
abil
i
tyIndex
Busi
ness changed added del
eted
Requir
ement
s Til
ldate.

13 2 3 2 1.54
Requir
ementSt abil
it
yIndex:ht
tp:
//www.t
esti
ngpanda.
com/2015/
05/
requir
ement
-
stabi
li
ty-
index-r
si.
html
Requir
ementSt abi
li
tyIndex=(10+2+3+2) /
100=1.54
From t
hecal cul
ati
onstheRequir
ementsStabi
li
tyI
ndexi
s1.54

3.5.3DESI GNMETRI CS
Ast andoutamongstt hemostkeyandessent ialactivi
tiesi
nt heSyst
em Dev el
opment
LifeCy cl
e( SDLC)stageisSof t
waredesignt hatguar anteesthenatureofprogramming.
Thedemandofqual it
ysof t
wareisincr
easi ngev erydayduet osocialdependencesof
theclientsont hesoftware.Forexample,ar chitecture,i
nterf
aceandi nt
egrati
onetc.
Thesear et hemai nsoft
war edefect
s(Qur eshi, M.R.J.,2012).
DesignSt ructureQuali
tyIndexisthedesignmet ri
cthatwi l
lbeconsideredforthe
proposedsy stem.Thecalculat
ionshavebeendoneusi nganonli
necalculat
orascanbe
seeni nthedi agramsbelow:

3.
5.3.1DSQI( DesignStructur
eQual it
yIndex)
Thiscanbedef i
nedasanar chi
tecturaldesi
gn 
met r
ic usedduri
ngtheeval
uati
onof
a 
comput erprogram's 
designstructureandtheeff
iciencyofit
smodules.TheUni
ted
States 
AirFor
ceSy stemsCommandi sresponsi
blefort hedev
elopmentofthi
smetr
ic.
Theafteref
fectofDSQIf i
gur
ing’
sisanumberbetween0and1.Themoreit
’scl
oseto1,
thehigherthequalit
y.Itisbestuti
l
izedonacorrel
ati
onbasi
s,i
.e.
,wi
thpasteff
ect
ive
proj
ects.Thefigur
ebelowshowst heful
lpr
ocessofDSQI:

<ht
tp:
//l
ogi
cal
progr
am.
blogspot
.i
n/p/
dsqi
-cal
cul
ator
.ht
ml>

s1 Pr
ogr
am Ar
chi
tect
urest
otal
numberofmodul
esdef
ined. 10

s2 Thenumberofmodul eswhosecorrectf
uncti
ondependson 3
thesourceofdat
ainputort
hatproducedatatobeused
elsewhere.

s3 Countofmodul
eswhosecor
rectf
unct
iondependsonpr
ior 4
pr
ocessing.

s4 Thenumberofdatabaseitems(i
ncl
udesdat
aobj
ect
sandal
l 70
at
tri
but
esthatdef
ineobjects)
.

s5 Thet
otal
numberofuni
quedat
abasei
tems. 50

s6 Thenumberofdat
abasesegment
s(di
ff
erentr
ecor
dsor 10
i
ndiv
idual
obj
ects)
.

s7 Thenumberofmoduleswi
thasi
ngl
eent
ryandexit(
except
ion 3
processi
ngi
snotconsi
der
edt
obeamulti
pleexi
t)
.
Sour
ce:
<ht
tp:
//l
ogi
cal
progr
am.
blogspot
.i
n/p/
dsqi
-cal
cul
ator
.ht
ml>

D1 Program Structur
e 1
D2 Modul eIndependence 0.
7
D3 Modul esnotdependentonpr i
orprocessi
ng 0.
6
D4 Databasesi ze 0.
9
D5 Databasecompar tmental
i
zation 0.
3
D6 Modul eentrance/exi
tcharacteri
sti
c 0.
7
Sour
ce:
<ht
tp:/
/ l
ogicalpr
ogram. bl
ogspot.
in/p/dsqi
-cal
cul
ator
.ht
ml>

Thef
ormul
aforDSQIi
sshowni
nthedi
agr
am t
hatf
oll
ows:

Sour
ce:
<ht
tp:
//l
ogi
cal
progr
am.
blogspot
.i
n/p/
dsqi
-cal
cul
ator
.ht
ml>

TheFi
nal
Answerf
orDSQIi
s0.
77

3.
5.4CODINGMETRI CS
Themostestabl
ishedmet r
icforsof
twar
eproject
sisthatof"l
inesofcode"(
LOC) .Thi
s
metr
icwasfir
stpresentedaround1960andwasut i
li
zedforeconomic,pr
ofi
tabi
l
ity,and
qual
it
yst
udies.Thefinanci
almatter
sofprogr
ammi ngappli
cationsweremeasured
uti
l
izing"doll
arsperLOC.
"Pr
oducti
vi
tywasmeasur edasfaras"
li
nesofcodeperti
me
uni
t."Quali
tywasmeasuredasfaras"abandonsperKLOC"where"K"wasthei
magefor
1000l i
nesofcode.TheLOCmetri
cwassensi bl
ypowerfulf
orev
eryoneofthethr
ee
purposes"(Capers,
2012)
.

Costisconsideredasoneoft hecor evariabl

esinproduction,ret
ail
,andaccount s.
Demandandneedoft hesoftwar eapplicati
onisincreasi
ngdaybyday .Software
companieshasbeenut i
li
zingdi f
ferentsoftwaremodel sfortheCostEst i
mat i
on.Ther
e
i
squi t
eanumberofcostest i
mat ionmodel ssuchas“ AnalysisEff
ortmet hod,COCOMO,
COSYSMO, Functi
onPointAnal ysisandmanyot hersmodel s”.Thecostestimati
onof
anysoftwareapplicat
ionisconsi deredasoneoft hechall
engesandt imeconsumi ng
(Shada,M.J.andBahadar b,F.,2017).

TheFunct
ionPoi
nthasbeencal
cul
atedusi
nganonl
i
necal
cul
ator

Sour
ce:<htt
p:/
/gr
oups.
engi
n.umd.
umi
ch.
edu/
CIS/
cour
se.
des/
cis525/
js/
f00/
har
vey
/FP_
Cal
c.ht
ml >
Sour
ce:<htt
p:/
/gr
oups.
engi
n.umd.
umi
ch.
edu/
CIS/
cour
se.
des/
cis525/
js/
f00/
har
vey
/FP_
Cal
c.ht
ml >

Thedi
agr
am bel
owgi
vest
hef
unct
ionpoi
ntcal
cul
ated

Sour
ce:<http:
//gr
oups.
engi
n.umd.
umi
ch.
edu/
CIS/
cour
se.
des/
cis525/
js/
f00/
har
vey
/FP_
Cal
c.ht
ml >
TheFunctionPoint=222.6

Tocal
culatet
henumberofLOCwecanuset hef
oll
owi
ngsi
te.
<ht
tp:
//csse.
usc.
edu/
tool
s/cocomoi
i
.php>

Aft
ermodif
icat
ionoft
hevar
iousitemscal
cul
atei
scl
i
cked.Fur
therr
esul
tsofCl
i
cki
ng
cal
cul
atear
eshowi nt
hescreenshott
hatf
oll
ows:

<htt
p://csse.usc.edu/t
ools/
cocomoii.
php>
From thefigureabov eiti
snotedthatthepr
ojectr
equi
res86.
9personMonthsSchedul
e
ther
eforet heprojectcostgi
venthatasingl
eprogrammerwil
lgetatot
alofK4,
000Will
beasf oll
ows:
Cost=Ef fort*Cost-per
son
n-
Mont h
Cost=86.9*
3000
Cost=K347,600

3.5.
5TESTMETRI CS
Thesemetricscanhel pinenhancingyourassoci
ation’
saut omatedtest
ingprocedur
e
andfoll
owingitsstatus.Testi
ngisaprocessbywhi chapr ogram i
sexecutedforthe
purposeoferrorchecking.Soft
war et
esti
ngisanytaskf orassessi
ngachar act
eri
sti
cor
abil
it
yofapr ogram orframeworkandconf i
rmingthatitmeetsitsrequi
redoutcomes
(Anit
ha,A.
,2013) .

Softwaremet r
icsar
er el
evanttotheent i
redevelopmentl
ifecy cl
efrom incept
ion,when
costmustbeassessedt oobservingtherel
iabi
lit
yofthefinishedresul
tinthefiel
d,and
thatit
em changesaftersomet i
mewi t
himpr ovement.Avitalexpl
anationbehind
buil
dinguptestmetri
csi stoselectthekeysoftwaretest
ingpr ocessthatcanbe
dispassi
onatel
ymeasur ed(Anit
ha, A.,
2013).

Softwaremet ricscanbeappliedt otheentir

eSoftwareDevel
opmentLifeCycle(SDLC)
fr
om init
iati
on, whencostmustbeest imatedtomonitor
ingtherel
iabi
l
ityoftheend
productinthef iel
d.
Animpor tantreasonforestablishi
ngtestmet r
icsist
opickoutthekeysoftwaretest
ing
processest hatcanbeobjectivelymeasured.(Anit
ha,A.
,2013).
(
Ani
tha,
A.,
2013)
.

4.
0Chapt
erFour–Sy
stem Anal
ysi
sandDesi
gn

4.
1Int
roduct
ion
System anal
ysisandDesign(
SAD)isver
yvit
al i
nsoft
waredevel
opmentandi
tisf
ort
hisr
eason
thateverypr
ojectshoul
dgothrought
hedif
ferentpr
ocesses.

SADisageneral
ter
mt odescri
bemethodol
ogiesf
ordevel
opi
nghi
ghquali
tyI
nfor
mat
ion
Syst
em whi
chcombinesIT,peopl
eandDatatosuppor
tbusi
nessr
equi
rement
.TheSy
stem
Anal
ysi
sDesigntoany
thi
ng.

4.
2Sy
stem Anal
ysi
s
Syst
em Analy
sisi
sthepr
ocessofgat
heri
nganddecipher
ingori
nter
pret
ingf
act
s,poi
nti
ngout
thei
ssues,
andbreaki
ngdownofasystem i
ntoi
tsf
ragments.

Thestudyofasyst
em ori
tscomponent
sinor
dert
odi
scov
eri
tsobj
ect
ivesi
sther
easonf
or
car
ryi
ngoutsyst
em anal
ysi
s.
4.
2.1Requi
rement
sEngi
neer
ing
Requi rementEngi neer
ing(RE)meansact i
vitiesconcer nedindiscoveri
ng,analyzing, veri
fyi
ng,
document ingandmai ntai
ningahar dandf astofnecessi t
iesforadev i
ce,Shah, T.( 2016).REi s
takeni ntoconsi derati
ontobev italandcompl expr ocesswithint
hesof t
warei ntensi ve
structuresdev el
opment .I
t’
sv i
talbecauset heni ceoft hesystemsisst r
appingst rickenbyt he
satisfactoryoft henecessiti
es.It’
sf arcompl i
cat edbecauset hediv
ersesetofpr oductneeds
from t hevar i
oussetofst akeholdersmustbet akenintoconsiderat
ion.Manyer ror scan
originate/propagat efr
om requirement ssegment ,becauseofpoor l
ywr i
tt
en, ambi guous, unclear
orignor edr equirements.Fail
uretospeci f
yt her equirementssuccessful
lycancauseessent ial
delay s,feeov err
uns.

4.
2.1.
1Funct
ionalRequi
rement
s
NonFuncti
onalr
equi
rement
sare“ser
vicesthatt
hesy st
em shoul
dpr
ovi
de,howt hesyst
em
shoul
drespondt
ogiveni
nputs,
andhowt hesystem shoul
dbehavei
ncer
tainsi
tuati
ons”.

Thepr oposedsystem wi
llbegov
ernedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ncr
ement
sandt
hei
rcor
respondi
ng
funct
ionalrequi
rements.

4.
2.1.
1.1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion
-Syst
em wi
ll
keeprecor
dsofal
lki
ndsofr
egi
ster
eduser
s,bot
hgy
m st
affandgy
m member
s
thr
ought
hisapp.

-Sy
stem wi
l
laut
hent
icat
euser
susi
ngt
hei
runi
queuser
nameandpasswor
d

-Useraccount
scanbeact
ivat
edanddeact
ivat
edt
hrought
hisapp

-User
sar
eabl
etor
egi
steronl
i
ne

-Usersareremindedwhenthei
rsubscr
ipti
oni
sal
mostexpi
red,
ift
heydon’
trenewt
he
subscri
pti
on,t
heiraccount
saredeact
ivat
ed

4.
2.1.
1.2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion
-Gy
m admi
nar
eabl
etoent
ert
hegy
m ser
vicest
hatt
hegy
m pr
ovi
desusi
ngt
hisapp

-Al
lPay
ment
sbot
hof
fl
ine(
thr
oughGy
m Admi
n)andOnl
i
ne(
viaPay
Pal
)ar
ehandl
edbyt
hisapp

-Thi
sappi
sal
sousedt
ocheckexpi
redaccount
sanddeact
ivat
est
hem aut
omat
ical
l
y
4.
2.1.
1.3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion
-Thegy
m st
affi
sabl
etocr
eat
e,v
iew,
updat
eanddel
eteexer
cisesf
rom t
headmi
npanel

-Thegy
m st
affi
sabl
etocr
eat
e,v
iew,
updat
eanddel
eteequi
pment
’sf
rom t
headmi
npanel

-Thegy
m st
affi
sabl
etoi
nser
t,v
iew,
updat
eanddel
etemuscl
esf
rom t
headmi
npanel

-User
sar
ebedi
spl
ayedwi
thexer
cisesl
i
standdescr
ipt
ionofeachexer
ciset
ohel
pthem

4.
2.1.
1.4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion
-Thi
sappwi
l
lhandl
ewei
ghtt
racki
ng

-Gy
m member
swi
l
lbeabl
etosav
ethei
rwei
ght
s

-Thi
sappwi
l
lal
sodi
spl
ayt
hel
oggedi
nmember
swei
ghti
nat
abl
eandagr
aphi
cal
view

4.
2.1.
1.5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion
-Theadmi nisabl
etosendmessagest
othegy
m member
sandgy
m member
scanr
epl
y
respect
ivel
y

4.
2.1.
1.6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion
-Gym admi
ncansaveAdminEmail
st hr
oughthi
sappl
icat
ion.Thesear
eemail
sthatar
eusedf
or
var
iousact
ivi
ti
es,
suchasbeennot
if
iedthatt
her
e’sanewlyregi
ster
eduser

4.
2.1.
1.7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Ev
ent
sAppl
icat
ion
-User
sar
eabl
etomakeappoi
ntment
swi
thouthav
ingt
ocr
eat
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m

4.
2.1.
1.8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion
-Adminsareabl
etoaddandupdatet
hedatabasewi
thnewf
oodsandt
her
evar
iousnut
ri
ti
onal
val
ues,suchaspr
otei
ns,
fat
s,car
bohydr
ates,
etc.

-Gy
m member
sar
eabl
etocr
eat
eandmanageNut
ri
ti
onpl
ans

-Gy
m member
scancal
cul
atet
hei
rBMI(
BodyMassI
ndex)andBMR(
Basal
Met
abol
i
cRat
e)

4.
2.1.
1.9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion
-Admi
nscanaddt
heday
swhent
hegy
misopen

-Admi
nscancr
eateworkoutgr
oupssuchasy
oga,
assi
gnat
rai
nerandt
heycanal
soadd
memberst
ovar
iousgr
oups
-Member
scancr
eat
eandmanaget
hei
rownwor
koutr
out
ines

4.
2.2.
1Non-
funct
ionalRequi
rement
s

Non-funct
ional
requir
ement sarenecessar ytot hesuccessofsoftwareappl
icati
onsyst
ems.If
theyarenownotexcel l
entaddressed,undesirablepenalti
estakevici
nit
ysuchasunhappyusers,
devel
opers,andcli
ents,andti
medeskandf eev aryoverr
unst opr
operthesoftwaret
hatusedto
bedev el
opedwithoutthenon-f
unctionalrequirementsinmi nd.

Thesetypesofr
equir
ementscanalsobedefi
nedasconst
rai
ntsontheserv
icesorfunct
ions
off
eredbythesyst
em, Sommerv
il
le(2011)
.Someexamplesi
ncludeti
mingconstr
aint
s,etc.

4.
3Sy
stem Desi
gn

Sy st
em desi
gnbasical
l
y“depi
ctstheoveral
l productar
chitectur
e,t
hesubsy stemsthatcompose
theproduct,
andthemannerinwhichsubsy stemsar eal
locatedtoprocessors,theal
locat
ionof
classestosubsy
stems,andthedesignoftheuseri nt
erf
ace” .Pr
essman( 2010).

Thi
sst
agepract
icall
yturnsthedocument
ati
onthatisgener
atedf
rom t
heSy
stem anal
ysi
s,such
ast
heuserr
equirements,i
ntodiagr
ammaticr
epresent
ati
ons.

Thepr
oposedsy
stem wi
l
lmakeuseofObj
ect
-or
ient
eddesi
gn.

4.
3.1Dat
afl
owDi
agr
ams
Dataf
lowdiagr
amsar esyst
em f
ashi
onsthatshowapur poseful
v i
ewpointt
heplaceeach
tr
ansfor
mationrepresent
sasingl
efunct
ionorprocess.Thesediagramsareusedtoshowthe
fl
owofrecordsthroughasequenceofprocessi
ngsteps,Sommer vi
lle(
2011).

Thedat
afl
owf
ort
hesy
stem ar
eshownbel
ow:

4.
3.1.
1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion
-Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUser

-Onl
i
ne
Regi
str
ati
on
4.
3.1.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.1.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.1.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.1.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.1.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.1.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Ev
ent
sAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.1.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.1.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.2Ent
it
yRel
ati
onshi
pDi
agr
am
Accor
dingt
oEi
d(2012)
,Ent
it
yDi
agr
am (
ER)ar
eusedf
orconcept
ual
model
l
ingdat
abase.

Theentit
yrelat
ionship(ER)model li
ngmet hodrepresents,
inagraphi
calfor
mat ,
thefil
esdesir
es
oftheorgani
zation’scommer cialenter
priseoper ati
ons.Whilet
hedrawingnotat
ionsfurni
shed
bymeansofChen' sapproachi nt
enti
ont ost r
ucture/modelthetr
oubledomainstati
sti
cs
requi
rements,t
het ransi
ti
onst epfrom textualproblem domaindescr
ipti
onint
oanERDmodel
theuseofthenotationsisusuallycarri
edoutparticular
lybasedont heusageofheuri
sti
cs
whichareneit
herdef i
nednorst r
uctured.Inaddit
iontot heundertaki
ngbecountedrecordsof
thetr
oubledomain,thetransit
ionstepr equir
estroublefixi
ngskil
lsthatcompri
searangeof
cogni
tiv
eprocesses.Theseconsi stoft r
ialanderror,
v i
suali
zati
onofsmal l
pri
ntandabstracti
on,
andsomef oremostpol i
ciesofknow- howsuchasf i
guringoutther i
ghtcl
assofrel
ati
onships,
resol
vi
ngM- M( manyt omany )relat
ionshipsandef f
ectivel
yidenti
fyi
ngopti
onal
lyavai
lableand
mandatorysemantics.
4.
3.3Dat
abaseDesi
gn
Accordi
ngtoSommer v
ill
e(2011),dat
abasedesigni
s“thesystem knowledgestructuresandthe
waythesearetobedeli
neatedinanexceedi
nglydat
abase”.Theinformati
onst r
ucturesembody
theassor
tedtabl
eswhichwillbeemployedi
ntheinfoaddi
tional
lytothecorrespondingTable
enti
ti
es.

Thedat
abasedesi
gnbel
owwi
l
lbeusedf
ort
hissy
stem:
4.
3.4UseCaseDi
agr
ams
4.
3.4.
1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.4.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.4.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.4.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.4.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.4.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.4.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Ev
ent
sAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.4.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.4.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.5UseCaseScenar
ios
4.
3.5.
1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion
UseCaseName Regi
ster
Act
ors User
,Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Userr
egi
ster
sforanaccount
Pr
e-condi
ti
on
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
 1)Userr
egi
ster
saccount 2)Returnsaccountr
egi
ster
ed
successful
l
y
3)Sendsemai lt
oadmi
nfor
newlyregi
ster
edmember
4)Adminacti
vat
esuseraccount
uponsubscr
ibi
ngtoaservi
ce

UseCaseName Logi
n
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Userat
tempt
stol
ogi
n
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Userat
tempt
stol
ogi
n 2)Thesystem checksi
fuser
hasaccountandhasa
subscr
ipt
ion
3)Thesystem authent
icatesthe
userandredi
rectshimt ohis
dashboar
d
4)Userl
oggedi
ntodashboar
d

4.
3.5.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion
UseCaseName MakeOnl
i
nePay
ment
Act
ors User
,Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Usermakespay
mentonl
i
neusi
ngPay
Pal
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Usermakesonl
i
nepay
ment 2)System act
ivat
est
heuser
s
account
3)Sendsemai
ltot
heusert
o
 not
if
yact
ivat
ionofaccount
4)Syst
em redi
rect
stheusert
o
thel
oginpage

UseCaseName Subscr
ibeUsert
oSer
vice
Act
ors Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Adminsubscr
ibesUsert
oaser
viceuponr
ecei
vi
ngpay
mentf
rom
thev
eryuser
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Adminsubscr
ibesusert
oa 2)System act
ivat
est
heuser
s
ser
vice account
3)Sendsemai l
totheusert
o
not
ifyact
ivat
ionofaccount

4.
3.5.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion
UseCaseName AddExer
cise
Act
ors Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Admi
naddsanexer
ciset
othedat
abase
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Admi
nmusthav
esuperuserr
ight
s
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Adminaddsexer
ciset
o 2)Syst
em retur
nsexer
cise
dat
abase addedsuccessful
l
y

UseCaseName AddEqui
pment
Act
ors Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Admi
naddsanequi
pmentt
othedat
abase
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Admi
nmusthav
esuperuserr
ight
s
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Adminaddsequi
pmentt
o 2)Syst
em retur
nsequi
pment
dat
abase addedsuccessful
l
y

UseCaseName AddMuscl
e
Act
ors Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Admi
naddsanmuscl
etot
hedat
abase
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Admi
nmusthav
esuperuserr
ight
s
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Adminaddsmuscl
eto 2)System r
etur
nsmuscl
eadded
dat
abase successf
ull
y

4.
3.5.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion
UseCaseName AddNewWei
ghtRecor
d
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Useraddsanewwei
ghtr
ecor
d
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Useraddsanewwei
ght 2)Syst
em redir
ect
stheusert
o
recor
d thewei
ghtv i
ewandthenewly
addedrecor
dcanbeseen

UseCaseName Vi
ewWei
ghtRecor
d
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Usercl
i
cksonwei
ghtt
abt
ovi
ewwei
ghtr
ecor
ds
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Usercl
i
cksonwei
ghtt
ab 2)Sy
stem openst
hewei
ghtt
ab

4.
3.5.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–MessageAppl
icat
ion
UseCaseName SendMessage
Act
ors Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Admi
nsendsmessaget
ouser
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Admi
nsendsmessaget
o 2)System r
etur
nsmessagesent
user andsav est
hemessagein
databaseandsendsanemai
lto
thatuser

UseCaseName Repl
yToMessage
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Userr
epl
i
est
omessagesentbyadmi
n
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Userr
epl
i
est
omessagesent 2)Syst
em r
etur
nsmessagesent
byadmin andsavest
hemessagei n
dat
abaseandalsosendsan
emailt
othespeci
fi
cadmin

UseCaseName Vi
ewRecei
vedMessages
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Usercl
i
ckst
hemessagest
ab
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Usercl
i
ckst
hemessagest
ab 2)Syst
em r
etur
nsr
ecei
ved
messages

UseCaseName Vi
ewRecei
ved&SentMessages
Act
ors Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Admi
ncl
i
cksonmessageappl
i
cat
ionf
rom t
headmi
npage
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Admi
nmusthav
esuperuserr
ight
s
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Admincli
cksonmessage 2)System r
etur
nssentand
appl
icat
ion recei
vedmessages

4.
3.5.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion
UseCaseName AddAdmi
nEmai
l
Act
ors Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Admi
naddsadmi
nemai
li
ntodat
abase
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Admi
nmusthav
esuperuserr
ight
s
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Admi
naddsanadmi
nsemai
l2)Sy st
em r
eturnsadmi
nemai
l
sav
edandredir
ectstot
he
adminemai
lstable

4.
3.5.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Appoi
ntmentAppl
icat
ion
UseCaseName MakeAppoi
ntment
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Usermakesanappoi
ntmentwi
tht
hegy
mfr
om t
hewebsi
te
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Userdoesnotneedanaccount
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Usermakesanappoi
ntment 2)System r
etur
nsappoi
ntment
creat
edsuccessful
l
yandsends
emailtoadmins

UseCaseName Vi
ewAppoi
ntment
s
Act
ors Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Admi
ncl
i
cksonAppoi
ntment
sappl
i
cat
ion
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Admi
nmusthav
esuperuserr
ight
s
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Admi
naddsanadmi
nsemai
l2)Sy st
em r
eturnsadmi
nemai
l
sav
edandredir
ectstot
he
adminemai
lstable

4.
3.5.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion
UseCaseName AddFoodsDat
abase
Act
ors Admi
n
Descr
ipt
ion Admi
naddsf
oodst
odat
abase
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Admi
nmusthav
esuperuserr
ight
s
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Adminaddsf
oodst
o 2)System ret
urnsfoodadded
dat
abase successful
lyandredir
ect
stothe
foodstable

UseCaseName Cal
cul
ateBMI&BMR
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Userpr
ovi
desr
equi
reddet
ail
stocal
cul
atehi
s/herBMI&BMR
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m andmustbe
aut
hent
icat
ed
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Usersubmi
tsr
equi
reddet
ail
s 2)Sy
stem r
etur
nsBMIandBMI

UseCaseName Cr
eat
eNut
ri
ti
onPl
an
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Usercreat
esanutr
it
ionplanbysel
ect
ingfoodsf
rom t
hel
i
st
pr
ovidedandgi
vingitanameordescri
pti
on
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m andmustbe
aut
hent
icat
ed
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Usercr
eat
esanut
ri
ti
onpl
an 2)System savest henut
ri
tion
pl
an&r edi
rect
st heusertothe
nut
ri
tionplanslist

UseCaseName Vi
ewFoods
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Usercl
i
ckst
heNut
ri
ti
ondr
opdownandsel
ect
sfoods
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m andmustbe
aut
hent
icat
ed
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Usercl
ickst
heNutr
it
ion 2)Sy
stem r
etur
nsal
i
stoff
oods
dropdownandsel
ect
sfoods
4.
3.5.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion
UseCaseName Cr
eat
eWor
koutRout
ine
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Usercreat
esaworkoutr
outinebysel
ecti
ngexer
cisesanddays
fr
om theli
stspr
ovi
dedandpr ov
idi
ngthenumberofsets&also
gi
vingitanameordescr
ipt
ion
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m andmustbe
aut
hent
icat
ed
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Usercr
eat
esawor
kout 2)System savestheworkout
rout
ine rout
ine&redirect
stheuserto
theworkoutrouti
neli
st

UseCaseName Vi
ewWor
koutRout
ine
Act
ors User
Descr
ipt
ion Usercl
i
ckst
heWor
kout
sdr
opdownandsel
ect
sWor
koutPl
an
Pr
e-condi
ti
on Usermusthav
eanaccountwi
tht
hegy
m andmustbe
aut
hent
icat
ed
Post
-condi
ti
on
Act
ions Act
or Sy
stem
1)Usercl
ickst
heWorkout
s 2)Syst
em r
etur
nsal
i
stof
dropdownandsel
ect
sWor kout WorkoutPl
ans
Plan

4.
3.6SequenceDi
agr
ams
ASequenceDi agram canbedefinedas“adiagram usedtoshowthedynamiccommunicat
ions
betweenobjectsduri
ngexecuti
onofat ask.Itshowsthetemporalor
derinwhi
chmessagesare
sentbetweentheobjectstoaccomplishthattask.Onemightuseasequencedi
agr
am t
oshow
theint
eract
ionsinoneusecaseori nonescenar ioofasoft
waresyst
em.”

Thepr
oposedsy
stem hast
hef
oll
owi
ngsequencedi
agr
ams:
4.
3.6.
1Fi
rstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.6.
1.1Regi
str
ati
on

4.
3.6.
1.2Logi
n
4.
3.6.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.6.
2.1MakeOnl
inePay
ment

4.
3.6.
2.2Subscr
ibeUsert
oSer
vice
4.
3.6.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.6.
3.1AddExer
cise

4.
3.6.
3.2AddEqui
pment

4.
3.6.
3.3AddMuscl
e
4.
3.6.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.6.
4.1AddNewWei
ghtRecor
d

4.
3.6.
4.2Vi
ewWei
ghtRecor
d

4.
3.6.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–MessageAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.6.
5.1SendMessage
4.
3.6.
5.4Vi
ewRecei
ved&SentMessages

4.
3.6.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.6.
6.1AddAdmi
nEmai
l

4.
3.6.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Appoi
ntmentAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.6.
7.1MakeAppoi
ntment
4.
3.6.
7.2Vi
ewAppoi
ntment

4.
3.6.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.6.
8.1Addf
oodst
odat
abase

4.
3.6.
8.2Vi
ewFoods

4.
3.6.
8.3Cal
cul
ateBMI&BMR
4.
3.6.
8.4Cr
eat
eNut
ri
ti
onPl
an

4.
3.6.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.6.
9.1Cr
eat
eWor
koutRout
ine

4.
3.6.
9.2Vi
ewWor
koutRout
ine
4.
3.7Cl
assDi
agr
ams
Themainel
ementsofcl
assdi
agr
amsareboxest
hatgi
veademonst
rat
ionofhowt
hev
ari
ous
cl
assesi
nasyst
em rel
atet
oeachot
her
.

Sommer
vil
l
e(2011)f
urt
herdescr
ibest
heusageofcl
assdi
agr
amsbei
ng“
whendev
elopi
ngan

Obj
ect
-or
ient
edsy
stem model
toshowt
hecl
assesi
nasy
stem andt
heassoci
ati
onsbet
ween
t
hese

Cl
asses.Loosel
y,anobj
ectcl
asscanbet
houghtofasagener
aldef
ini
ti
onofoneki
ndof
sy
stem

Obj
ect
.Anassoci
ationi
sal
i
nkbet
weencl
assest
hati
ndi
cat
est
hatt
her
eisar
elat
ionshi
p
bet
weent
heseclasses.

Thecl
assest
hatt
hepr
oposedsy
stem wi
l
lusear
easf
oll
ows:

4.
3.7.
1FirstI
ncr
ement–Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUser
Appli
cat
ion
4.
3.7.
2SecondI
ncr
ement–Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.7.
3Thi
rdI
ncr
ement–Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.7.
4Four
thI
ncr
ement–Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.7.
5Fi
ft
hIncr
ement–Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.7.
6Si
xthI
ncr
ement–Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.7.
7Sev
ent
hIncr
ement–Appoi
ntmentAppl
icat
ion
4.
3.7.
8Ei
ght
hIncr
ement–Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.7.
9Ni
nthI
ncr
ement–Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion

4.
3.8Depl
oymentDi
agr
am
Accordi
ngtoSommer vi
ll
e(2011)descri
besDepl
oymentdi agramsasbei ngdiagr
amsthatshow
how“ t
hesoft
warecomponent sar
ephy si
cal
l
ydeployedonpr ocessors;
thatis,t
hedepl
oyment
diagr
am showsthehardwareandsoftwarei
nthesystem andt hemiddl
ewareusedtoconnect
thedif
fer
entcomponentsinthesyst
em.
5.
0Chapt
erFi
ve–Desi
gnedPr
otot
ype
5.
1Int
roduct
ion
I
nthef
iel
dofcodedev
elopment
,themet
hodoft
est
ingcannotbeov
eremphat
ic.Ev
ery

singl
eelementshastobeanestheti
zethemagnifi
eranalyzingitst
err
ibl
ycaref
ulbi
tssointurn
thesoftwarepackaget
hat
'sdevelopedoncethi
sin-depthtesti
ngsecti
onisonethat
'softhe
highestqual
it
yanduptothebestcodenor malconceivabl
e.Wi t
hthehighert
handeclar
edthi
s
chaptercanbri
ngbackthefor
et heassort
edTesti
ngphasest hatt
hecodeunderwent.

5.
2Uni
tTest
ing
Sommervil
le(2011)describesUni
tTesti
ngas“themethodoftesti
ngprogram Component
s,l
ike
waysorobjectcategor
ies.Indi
vi
dualf
uncti
onsorwayssquaremeasur etheonl
ytypeof
el
ement.Yourtestsoughtt obecal
lst
othoserouti
neswit
htotall
ydif
ferenti
nputpar
ameter
s.”

Theobj
ect
iveoft
hissect
ionoft
est
ingi
stoi
nsur
ethateachuni
tisf
unct
ioni
ng:

I
nput Code/
Met
hod Expected Act put Pass/
ualOut Fai
l
Output
Provi
de Cust
omUser
Admi
n() Username Username Pass
Users added added
detai
l
s successful
l
y successful
l
y
PickUser Subscr
ipt
ionAdmi
n() Use Use Pass
subscri
bed, subscri
bed,
account account
 acti
vate& acti
vate&
emailsent emailsent
Pi
ck Messagi
ngAdmi
n() Message Message Pass
User
name saved saved
successful
ly successful
ly
Requestur
l Ev
ent
sAdmi
n() Opens Calendarof Pass
Calendarof appointments
appointments &table
&table
Enter Exer
ciseCat
Admi
n() Exerci
se Exerci
se Pass
Exercises Category Category
Categor y added added
details successful
ly successful
l
y
Enter Exer
ciseAdmi
n() Exerci
se Exerci
se Pass
Exercises added added
detail
s successful
ly successful
l
y
Enter Equi
pment
Admi
n() Equipment Equipment Pass
Equipment added added
details successful
ly successful
l
y
Enter Muscl
eAdmi
n() Muscleadded Muscleadded Pass
Muscl e successful
ly successful
l
y
details
Enterfood FoodsAdmi
n() Foodadded Foodadded Pass
detail
s successf
ull
y successf
ull
y
Enter user
_logi
n() Dir
ectto Dir
ectto Pass
Username, dashboard dashboard
passwor d
Selected onli
ne_ser
vice_
subscr
ipt
ion Payment Payment Pass
Service () Successf
ul Successf
ul
Provide send_message() Messagesent Messagesent Pass
Message successf
ull
y successfull
y
andemal
address
EnterAge, Cal
cul
ateBMI
andBMR(
) Produce Produce Pass
height, calculated calculated
weight Bmi andbmr Bmi andbmr
Requestur l Vi
ewWei
ght
() Return Return Pass
weight View weight View
Chosen add_
nut
ri
ti
on_
plan(
) Redirectsto Redirectsto Pass
foodsand Nutr
it
ionl
i
st Nutr
it
ionl
i
st
descri
pti
on vi
ew vi
ew
given
Requesturl exer
cise_
cat
egor
y_l
i
st(
) Display Display Pass
exercise exercise
categories categories
vi
ew vi
ew
Requestur
l muscl
e_l
i
st_
view(
) Display Display Pass
muscl esview muscl esview
Requestur
l exer
cise_
li
st(
) Display Display Pass
exercises exercises
vi
ew vi
ew
Requestur
l equi
pment
_li
st_
view(
) Display Display Pass
equipment ’
s equipment ’
s
vi
ew vi
ew
Select
ed add_wor
kout(
) Redirectsto Redirectsto Pass
exerci
se, Wor kout Wor kout
numberof Rout i
nesli
st Rout i
nesli
st
setsand vi
ew vi
ew
name
Requesturl workout
s_l
i
st_vi
ew(
) Retur
nsali
st Retur
nsali
st Pass
ofuser ofuser
workout
sif workout
sif
any any

5.
2.1TestPl
anni
ng
5.
2.1.
1TestCases
TheTestCasesf
ort
hesy
stem ar
easf
oll
ows:

1.I
fadmi
nisabl
etor
egi
steruser
sint
othesy
stem.

2.I
fadmi
nisabl
etosubscr
ibeuser
stoser
vices.

3.I
fadmi
nisabl
etosendmessagest
ouser
s

4.I
fadmi
nisabl
etov
iewanddel
eteappoi
ntment
s

5.I
fadmi
nisabl
etoent
erexer
cisesdet
ail
s.

6.I
fadmi
nisabl
etoent
erequi
pment
’sdet
ail
s.
7.I
fadmi
nisabl
etoent
ermuscl
edet
ail
s.

8.I
fadmi
nisabl
etoaddf
oods.

9.I
fal
luser
sar
eabl
etogetaut
hent
icat
edusi
ngt
hepr
ovi
dedcr
edent
ial
s.

10.I
fal
luser
sar
eabl
etosubscr
ibet
oaser
vicev
iaonl
i
nepay
ment
s

11.I
fal
luser
sar
eabl
etor
ecei
ver
emi
nder
s.

12.I
fal
luser
sar
eabl
etor
epl
ytoadmi
nsmessages

13.I
fal
luser
sar
eabl
etosav
eandv
iewt
hei
rwei
ght

14.I
fal
luser
sar
eabl
etocal
cul
atehi
s/herBMIandBMR

15.I
fal
luserar
eabl
etocr
eat
e,v
iew,
updat
eanddel
etenut
ri
ti
onpl
ans.

16.I
fal
luser
sar
eabl
etocr
eat
e,v
iew,
updat
eanddel
etewor
koutr
out
ines

5.
2.2Py
testandFact
oryBoyTest
ing
PytestandFact
oryBoywer
eusedt
oper
for
mtest
sont
hesy
stem.Ther
esul
tsoft
het
est
sar
e
shownbelow:

Af
terusi
ngpy
testandf
act
oryboy
,al
luni
ttest
spassedwi
thoutanyf
ail
ures

5.
3Int
egr
ati
onTest
ing
I
nt egrat
iontest
ingisal
evelofsoftwaret
esti
ngwhereindivi
dualf
ragmentsar
ebl
endedand
testedasagr oup.Thepurposeofthi
sstageofchecki
ngouti st
oexposefaul
tsi
nthe
i
nter act
ionbetweenbui
lt
-i
nunits.Testdr
iver
sandteststubsareusedtohel
pinI
ntegr
ati
on
Test i
ng.
ht
tp:
//sof
twar
etest
ingf
undament
als.
com/
int
egr
ati
on-
test
ing/

Thi
ssystem compri
sesofalotofcomponent
sofwhi
cheachoft
hem wast
est
edi
ndi
vi
dual
l
y
andal
lthetestswer
esuccessful
.

5.
4UserAccept
anceTest
ing
Useri
nter
f aceist
hemeans,provi
dedbythemanufactur
erofani
tem t
hatal
lowsyout
ointer
act
wit
htheitem.Ony ourv
ehicl
e,thi
swouldbethekey,
thepedal
sunderyourf
eet,
thest
eer
ing
wheelandcol umncont
rol
s,andthedashboar
dcontr
ols.

Onasof twarepackagel
i
keMi crosof
tOutl
ook,t
hiswouldbethekeyboar
d,mouse,
microphone,
speakers,andscr
eensony ourmonit
or.Anyi
temsthatweuseoncomput er
shavesomesor tof
userint
erface,
alt
houghtheycanbev er
ybasi
c.Theseint
erf
acesaccepti
nput,
andprov
ide
feedback.

Ther
ear
efourcat
egor
iesofuseraccept
ancet
est
ing:

1.Funct
ional
i
tyt
est
ing:Thi
sanal
ysest
hef
unct
ional
i
tiest
hatar
eout
li
nedi
ntheconsumer
necessi
ti
esandt
henseest
otakeal
ookati
fthegadgethascor
rect
lyappl
i
edt
hese
requi
rement
s.

2.Env
ironment
alt
est
ing:
Thi
sref
erst
otest
sthatanal
ysest
hei
mpactt
hesy
stem hasont
he
env
ironment
.Sobasi
cal
l
ythi
stestwi
l
lrel
atet
opowerconsumpt
ion,
heatdi
ssi
pat
ion,
andnoi
se

Andot
herenv
ironment
alf
act
ors.

3.Per
for
manceTest
ing:
Thi
stestchecksi
fthesy
stem meet
stheper
for
mancer
equi
rement
s
thataresetouti
ntherequi
rement
sdocumentati
on.Thi
ngssuchasresponset
imesandot
her
perfor
mancemet ri
csareputi
ntoconsi
der
ati
on.Thesyst
em wasputunderscr
uti
nyandi
twas
observedthati
tperf
ormedtoagooddegree.

4.I
nter
facet
est
ing:
Thi
sref
erst
otestt
hatshowhowt
hesy
stem wi
l
lwor
ksy
stem wi
thwhi
ch
t
hesy
stem mayr
equi
ret
oshar
eresour
ceswi
thori
nter
face.
5.
5USERI
NTERFACETESTI
NG
Userint
erfaceisthemeans,f
urnishedwiththeai
doftheproducerofani
tem t
hatapprov
esyou
toint
eractwiththeit
em.Ony ourvehi
cle,
thi
swouldbet hekey,
thepedal
sbeneathyourf
eet
,the
steer
ingwheel andcolumncontrol
s,andthedashboar
dcontrol
s.

Onasof t
war ebundleli
keMicr
osoftOutl
ook,thi
swouldbethekeyboar
d,mouse,microphone,
speaker
s,anddisplaysonyourmonitor
.Anyobject
sthatweuseoncomput ersyst
emshav e
somesortofper sonint
erf
ace,al
thoughtheycanbeverybasi
c.Thesei
nter
facesacceptinput,
andsupplyfeedback.

Comment
ingoni
nter
facet
est
ingPr
essman(
2010)st
ates“
exer
cisesi
nter
act
ionmechani
sms
and

Vali
datesaesthet
icaspect
softheuserint
erf
ace.Theover
allst
rat
egyforinter
facetest
ingisto
(1)uncovererr
orsrel
atedt
ospecifi
cint
erf
acemechanisms(e.g.
,err
orsintheproperexecuti
on
ofamenul inkorthewaydataareenter
edinaform)and(2)uncovererr
orsinthewayt he
i
nterfacei
mplement st
hesemanticsofnavi
gati
on,WebAppfuncti
onali
ty,
orcontent.
”

Admi
nSi
de
UserSi
de
5.
6Pr
obl
emsEncount
ered
Thissystem i
sdevel
opedt
ohel
pmanageandmonit
orgy
ms,
howev
er,
itwasachal
l
enget
o
i
ntegratetheonl
i
nepaymentmodul
evi
a(Pay
Pal
).

5.
7Summar
y
Theimportanceofconducti
ngawel l
elaboratetesti
ngpartofsoft
warecan'
tbeover
emphasized.Testi
ngistypi
cal
lynegl
ectedbymostpr ogr
ammer sornotgi
venenoughattent
ion
howeveritoughttobetakenseri
ousl
y.Thet eststhatwereconduct
edontheSystem di
scovered
thatt
hesy st
em isfunct
ioni
ngtoacceptabl
est andardsandinli
newitht
hedecl
arednecessit
ies
andobjecti
ves.

6.
0Chapt
ersi
x–CRI
TICALEVALUATI
ON

6.
1Whyi
swasunder
taken
Thischapt
ergiv
esaluci
dperspicuouspi
ctur
eofanumberoflessonslear
ntwhil
edevel
oping
thesyst
em.Ital
sot
alksaboutthechall
engesthatwer
efaceddur
ingthedevel
opmentprocess.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
etheobj
ect
ivest
hatt
hatsy
stem wasai
medatachi
evi
ng:

Her
ear
etheobj
ect
ivest
hatt
hesy
stem ai
medataccompl
ishi
ng:

1.Aut
hent
icat
ion,
Aut
hor
izat
ionUserAppl
icat
ion
Usersshoul
dbeabletogetr
egi
ster
ed,havethei
raccount
sact
ivat
edandt
heyshoul
dbeabl
eto
l
oginint
othei
rdashboar
d.Tosendreminder
stousers.

2.Bi
ll
ingAppl
icat
ion
Thi
sappl
icat
ionwasdev
elopedf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Tohandleal
li
ssuesr
elat
edtobi
l
li
ngi
nt hegy
m.I
ssuessuchashol
dingpay
mentr
ecor
ds,
faci
l
itat
euser
stomakepayment
sonl
ine.

3.Exer
ciseAppl
icat
ion
Thi
sappl
icat
ionwasdev
elopedf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Toenabl
eadmi
nst
oaddexer
cisest
othendat
abase

Toenabl
eadmi
nst
oaddequi
pment
’s

Toenabl
eadmi
nst
oaddmuscl
es

Toenabl
euser
stov
iewl
i
stsofexer
cises,
equi
pment
’sandmuscl
es.
4.Wei
ghtAppl
icat
ion
Thi
sappl
icat
ionwasdev
elopedf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Tofaci
li
tateuserweightt
rackingbyall
owi
nguser
stoaddnewweightr
ecor
dst
hent
hesy
stem
di
splay
st hemostrecenteightrecor
dsandal
soagraphi
cal
view.

5.Messagi
ngAppl
icat
ion
Thi
sappl
icat
ionwasdev
elopedf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Tofaci
l
itat
esendingandrecei
vi
ngofmessagesbet
weent
headminandt heuser
s.Theadmi
n
wi
ll
beabl etosendmessagestouser
sandtheuser
scanr
epl
yrespect
ively
.

6.Admi
nist
rat
ionAppl
icat
ion
Thi
sappl
icat
ionwasdev
elopedf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Tof
aci
l
itat
est
ori
ngofadmi
nemai
l
s

7.Ev
ent
sAppl
icat
ion
Thi
sappl
icat
ionwasdev
elopedf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Toenabl
ebot
hregi
ster
edandunr
egi
ster
eduser
stomakeappoi
ntment
swi
tht
hegy
m.

Toenabl
etheadmi
ntov
iewt
heappoi
ntment
s.

8.Nut
ri
ti
onAppl
icat
ion
Thi
sappl
icat
ionwasdev
elopedf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Toenabl
etheadmi
ntoaddf
oodst
othedat
abase

Toenabl
euser
stov
iewt
hel
i
stoff
oodswi
theachf
oodsnut
ri
ti
onal
val
ue

Toenabl
euser
stocr
eat
eandmanagenut
ri
ti
onpl
ans

Topr
ovi
deBMIandBMRcal
cul
ati
onst
ouser
s

9.Wor
koutAppl
icat
ion
Thi
sappl
icat
ionwasdev
elopedf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Tof
aci
l
itat
euser
sinmaki
ngwor
koutr
out
ines
6.
3Anal
ysi
sTool
s
Thi
ssecti
ongiv
estheobject
ivesofeachappl
i
cat
ionandanal
ysesi
ftheobj
ect
ivest
hatwer
eset
dur
ingt
heproposaloft
hesystem havebeenmet
.

6.
4FactFi
ndi
ngTechni
ques
Thissecti
ongi vesadescr i
pti
ononthef actf
indi
ngtechniquesthatwer
eusedt ogat her
requi
rementsf orthesy stem.Themai npurposeofFactfindingi
stogatheraccuratedatat
hati
s
useddur i
ngthedev el
opmentofasy st
em thatist
ryingtohandleaspecif
iedproblem.Ther
eare
manyf actfi
ndingt echniques,suchas:i
nterv
iews,backgroundreadi
ng,anduseof
questi
onnaires,observationanddocumentsampl ing.

Bel
owar
ethet
echni
quest
hatwer
eusedf
ort
hissy
stem:

1.I
nter
views
Thedevel
opertooktimetoaskgym staf
fquest
ionspert
aini
ngthemanagementofthegym.I
n
ret
urn,
thegym staf
fprov
idedthatdat
athatwasrequi
red.Thisgav
ethedevel
operaluci
dvi
ew
ofhowthegymi smanaged.

2.Backgr
oundReadi
ng
Thedev
elopertookt
imetoreadonsi
milarsyst
emsthatal
readyexi
st.Fr
om t
her
e,t
hedev
eloper
wasabl
etof i
ndoutwhi
chfeatur
esweremi ssi
ngi
ntherev
iewedsystems.

6.
5Desi
gnPr
ocess
Wheny ouplanondev elopinganysof t
waresystem,thefirstst
epshouldbegat her
ingof
requi
rement s.Requi
rement scanbedef i
nedasdescripti
onsofhowt hesoftwaretobe
developedshoul dworkoroper ate.Designdi
agramsoft hesoftwarearedesignedfrom the
gatheredrequirements.Exampl esofDesigndiagramsare, Ent
it
yRelat
ionDiagrams, Usecase
diagr
ams, sequencedi agrams,etc.Withthedesigndiagramsinplace,you’
l
lhav ealucid
understandi
ngoft herequirement s.

Bel
owar
ethet
ool
sthatwer
eusedt
oconv
ertt
heRequi
rement
sint
odesi
gndi
agr
ams:

1.py
graphv
iz
2.Edr
aw

3.py
li
nt

6.
5Concl
usi
on
Manualmanagementofagymissomewhattedious.I
thasalotofdisadvantagessuchasloss
ofdat
a,wasti
ngmoneyonpaper,
wastingmoneyonal otofemployees,etc.Wit
hthatsai
d,Iwil
l
concl
udethatt
hissy
stem wi
l
lpr
ovideaneff
ecti
veandeffi
cientmanagementoft hegym.

7.
0Concl
usi
on

7.
1Int
roduct
ion
Thischaptergi
vesasuccinctov
erv
iewoftheenti
reproj
ect,
notforget
tingt
hechal
lenges
encounter
edduringdev
elopment,l
essonsl
earntandofcoursef
uturerecommendati
ons.

7.
2Chal
l
enges
1.Themainchall
engef acedduri
ngt
hedev el
opmentofthisproj
ectisusi
ngDj angoframework
todevel
optheproject
.Ast hefr
ameworkisnew,t
heinternethaslesstut
ori
alsordat aper
tai
ning
cert
ainf
uncti
onali
tyofthef r
amewor
k.Ihadtodoeverythingmyself,
allt
helogic,because
somethi
ngshavenev erbeendonebefor
e.

2.Anot
herchal
lengewast heintegr
ationofthepaymentmodule.PayPalonl
ysendI nstant
PaymentNoti
fi
cationstopubli
cI Paddresses,
wit
hmewor ki
ngonal ocal
host
,itseemed
i
mpossibl
etointegrat
ePay Palunti
ltheuseofasoftwarecal
ledNgrokthatpr
ov i
desr andom
publ
icdomainnames.

7.
3LessonLear
nt
7.
4Futur
eRecommendat
ions
Thecurrentver
sionoft hegy
m managementandmoni t
ori
ngsystem canprov
ideal
lbasi
cgy
m
managementf acil
i
ties.However
,thenextupdat
eoft
hesystem wil
lhavethefol
l
owing
funct
ional
it
ies.

UseofMobi
leMoneyPay
ment
Thecurr
entsyst
em onl
ysupport
sPayPalinter
msofonlinepay
ment
,butt
henextv
ersi
onwil
l
i
ncorpor
ateMobil
eMoneyPay ment
ssuchasAi rt
elMoneyandMTNmoneytomakeitmore
conv
enientf
oruser
stosubscri
betoser
vices.
I
ntegr
ateRFI
DTechnol
ogy
Thi
stechnologywil
lbeusedbygy m memberstoaccesst hegym atanyti
mewi thacardcal
led
anRFIDIdenti
fi
cati
oncard.Eachgym memberwill
bei ssuedanRFIDcarduponf ir
stpayment.
Thi
scar dwil
lbeusedbyt hegym membert
oaccesst hegy m atanyti
me,becausethegym wil
l
beequippedwithanautomaticdoort
hatwi
llscantheRFIDcar dsandopenifthescannedcard
hassubscri
pti
on.

Mobi
leAppl
icat
ion
Thisappl
icati
onwi
llmakei
teasyf
ormanagi
ngt
hegy
m managementsy
stem f
rom any
wher
e
andri
ghtatthepal
m oft
headmin.

7.
5Summar
y
Thepurposeoft hi
ssystem i
stohelpint
hemanagingandmonitori
ngofgymsandfi
tnesscl
ubs.
Ther
ebyincreasingthr
oughputbecauseofi
tsaut
omatingofal
ltheact
ivi
ti
esoft
hegymt hr
ough
i
tsvari
ousapplicati
ons.

Thepr obl
em stat
ementbroughttoat tenti
onthatthecurr
entmanual syst
em hasal otof
problems,suchas,I
ncr
ement alSoftwar edevelopmentmethodologyhasbeenuseddur ingt
he
i
mpl ementati
onoftheproposedsy stem, andithasbeenwrit
tenusingthelanguagePy t
hon
underaf r
amewor kDj
angowebf r
amewor kandi t’
susi
ngPostgreSQLforitsdatabase.
CONCLUSI
ON
Whenwespeakofacompet entt oolformoder nbusinesspr actit
ioners,amanagement
i
nformat ionsy stem i
sv eryef fi
cient;i
tsr ol
eindeci si
on-maki ngcannotbeov er
emphasi zedbecauseef fect i
vemaki ngofdeci sionsisul timatelyaf uncti
onofti
me,
rel
ev ance,accuracy ,
compl etenessandeconomi cali
nf ormat i
on,whi chMISproduces.
Ther apidgr owthofwebt echnol ogyhasbr oughtaboutt hedev el
opmentofi nf
ormation
systemsasapl atfor
mf ormanydi ff
erenttypesofsy stems.Thi simpl i
esmajorchanges
i
nt heappr oaches, organizationpr i
nciples,methodologi es,t
ools, etc.
Thei mpor tanceofexper tsy stems, duet otheincreasingneedoft hecommuni t
ytotake
quickdeci sionsandsol utionsi ncompl excaseswher emul t
iplehumanesci ences
neededi schar acteri
zed.

Riskmanagementisveryi
mport
antinanysoftwaredevel
opmenttoenhance
performanceandprev
entot
heri
ssuesfrom ar
isi
ng,suchuschangesi
ncostof
developi
ngthesyst
em.Etc.

Theuseofsof twaremet r
icsi
sv eryvi
talt
omeasur eperf
ormanceofsoft
wareproject
s.
Ther esul
tsobtai
nedthroughthesemet ri
csactasperfor
manceindi
cator
sfordif
ferent
arti
factsandacti
vit
iesofthesoftwareprocessesandthi
sinf
ormati
onisgrouped
togethertomeasurehealthoftheproject
s.Met r
icsar
ether
efor
everyi
mpor t
antin
softwaredevel
opment .

As much as t here a many Sof tware dev

elopmentmet hodol
ogies,they al
lhave
advantagesanddisadvantages.Thechoiceoft hemet hodologytobeusedi sbasedon
thetypeofsof twaret obedev el
oped.Fori nstance,incr
ement almethodol
ogywas
sel
ectedforthi
sprojectbecauseoft her
equir
ement soft hesystem.
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Appendi
x
Schedul
eandwor
kPl
anf
orThePr
ojectPr
oposal
Schedul
eandwor
kPl
anf
orTheAct
ualPr
oject