Lecture 8

Heat Exchangers
Fall (2012)

Dr. Maher Abou Al-Sood

 Chapter 3
Forced Convection Correlations for Single-Phase Side
Heat Exchangers

Layout of the Lecture

3.4 Turbulent Forced Convection
3.4.1 Turbulent Flow in Circular Ducts with Constant Properties
3.4.2 Example 3.2
3.5 Turbulent Flow in Smooth Straight Noncircular Ducts
3.5.1 Example 3.3
3.6 The Effect of Variable Physical Properties in Turbulent Forced
Convection
3.6.1 Turbulent Liquid Flow in Ducts
3.6.2 Turbulent Gas Flow in Ducts
3.6.3 Example 3.4 2
3.4 TURBULENT FORCED CONVECTION
 The objective of this section is to:
 Highlight some of the existing correlations to be used in the design of
heat exchanger equipment
 Emphasize the conditions or limitations imposed on the applicability of
these correlations

3.4.1 Turbulent Flow in Circular Ducts with Constant

Properties

 Petukhov and Popov proposed a theoretical equation adjusted to best

fit of experimental data for fully developed turbulent flow with
constant properties in circular tube with constant heat flux boundary
conditions
 f 2Re b Pr b
Nu b 
1  13 .6 f   11 .7  1.8 Pr b1 / 3  f 21 / 2 Pr b2 / 3  1
f  3.64 log Re b  3.28 
2
3
3.4 TURBULENT FORCED CONVECTION
and

3.4.1 Turbulent Flow in Circular Ducts with Constant

Properties (Cont’d)

 A simpler correlation has also been given by Petukhov and Kirillow as

 f 2Re b Pr b
Nu b 
1.07  12 .7 f 2  Pr b2 / 3  1
1/ 2

for 0.5  Pr b  2000 10 4  Re b  5 10 6

 Sleicher and Rouse correlated analytical and experimental results as

Nu b  5  0.15 Re mb Pr bn

where 0.24
m  0.88 
4  Pr b

 0.5 exp  0.6 Pr b 

1
n
3
4
3.4 TURBULENT FORCED CONVECTION
3.4.1 Turbulent Flow in Circular Ducts with Constant
Properties (Cont’d)

 Gnielinski recommended the following correlation

 f 2Re b  1000 Pr b
Nu b 
1  12 .7 f 2  Pr b2 / 3  1
1/ 2

for 2300  Re b  10 4

where
f  1.58 ln Re b  3.28 
2

5
6
3.4 TURBULENT FORCED CONVECTION
3.4.2 Example 3.2
A two-tube pass baffled single-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used
as oil cooler. Cooling water enters the tubes at 25oC at a total flow rate of
8.154 kg/s and leaves at 32oC. The inlet and outlet temperature of the
engine oil are 65oC and 55oC, respectively. The heat exchanger has 12.25
in. ID shell and tubes have 0.652 in. ID and 0.75 in. OD. A total of 160
tubes are laid out on 15/16 in. equilateral triangular pitch, Rfo=1.7610-4
m2.K/W, AoRw=1.08410-5 m2.K/W, ho=686 W/m2.K, Ao/Ai=1.1467 and
Rfi=0.0008 m2.K/W. find:
1. The heat transfer coefficient inside the tube
2. The total surface area and length of the heat exchanger using
the LMTD method

7
3.5 TURBULENT FLOW IN SMOOTH STRAIGHT
NONCIRCULAR DUCTS
 The heat transfer and friction coefficients for turbulent flow in
noncircular ducts are compiled in Bahatti and Shah.
 A common practice is to employ the hydraulic diameter in the circular
duct correlations to predict Nu and f for turbulent flow in noncircular
ducts.
 Many attempts have been reported in the literature to arrive at a
universal characteristic dimension for internal turbulent flows that
would correlate the constant-property friction factors and Nusselt
numbers for all noncircular ducts.
 It must be emphasized that any improvement made by these
attempts is only a few percent, and therefore the circular duct
correlations may be adequate for many engineering applications.

8
3.5 TURBULENT FLOW IN SMOOTH STRAIGHT
NONCIRCULAR DUCTS
 The correlations given in Table 3.3 do not account for entrance effect
occurring in short ducts.
 Gnieliski recommends the entrance correlation factor derived by
Hausen to obtain Nusselt number for short ducts from the following
correlation:

  d 2 / 3 
Nu b  Nu  1    
  L 

where Nu represents the fully developed Nusselt numbers

calculated from the correlations given in Table 3.3.
 It should be noted that the entrance length depends on the Reynolds
and Prandtl numbers and the thermal boundary condition.
 Thus previous equation should be used cautiously.
9
3.5 TURBULENT FLOW IN SMOOTH STRAIGHT
NONCIRCULAR DUCTS
3.5.1 Example 3.3
Water flowing at 5000 kg/hr will be heated from 20oC to 35 oC by hot
water at 140oC. A 15oC hot water temperature drop is allowed. A number
of 15-ft (4.5-m) hairpins of 3 in (ID=3.068 in., OD=3.5 in.) by 2 in.
(ID=2.067 in., OD=2.357 in.) double-pipe heat exchanger with annuli and
pipes, each connected in series, will be used. Hot water flows through the
inner tube and outside of the annulus is insulated against heat loss.
Calculate:
1. Heat transfer coefficient in the inner tube
2. Heat transfer coefficient inside the annulus.

10
Two hairpins connected in series
3.5 TURBULENT FLOW IN SMOOTH
STRAIGHT NONCIRCULAR DUCTS

Example 3.4
Water flowing at 5000 kg/hr will be heated from 20oC to 35 oC by hot
water at 140oC. A 15oC hot water temperature drop is allowed. A number
of 15-ft (4.5-m) hairpins of 3 in (ID=3.068 in., OD=3.5 in.) by 2 in. (ID=2.067
in., OD=2.357 in.) double-pipe heat exchanger with annuli and pipes, each
connected in series, will be used. Hot water flows through the inner tube
and outside of the annulus is insulated against heat loss. Calculate:

a.Heat transfer coefficient in the inner tube

b.Heat transfer coefficient inside the annulus.

12
3.6 THE EFFECT OF VARIABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
IN TURBULENT FORCED CONVECTION
 When there is a large difference between the duct wall and the fluid
bulk temperatures, heating and cooling influence the heat transfer
and the fluid friction in turbulent duct flow in addition to the
variation of fluid properties with temperature as for laminar flow.
3.6.1 Turbulent Liquid Flow in Ducts
 Petukhov reviewed the status of heat transfer and wall friction in fully
developed turbulent pipe flow with both constant and variable
physical properties.
 He found that the data are well correlated by
w
0.11
Nu  b 
 1 n  0.11 for heating liquids   
Nucp  w 
b
0.25
w Nu  b 
  
 1 n  0.25 for cooling liquids Nucp  w 13
b
3.6 THE EFFECT OF VARIABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
IN TURBULENT FORCED CONVECTION
3.6.1 Turbulent Liquid Flow in Ducts (Cont’d)
 Petukhov collected data from various investigators for the variable
viscosity influence on friction in water for both heating and cooling
and suggested the following correlations for the friction factor:

w f 1 b 
1 
 7   for heating liquids
b fcp 6 w 
0.24
w f  b 
1    for cooling liquids
b fcp  w 

14
3.6 THE EFFECT OF VARIABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
IN TURBULENT FORCED CONVECTION
3.6.2 Turbulent Gas Flow in Ducts (Cont’d)
 The heat transfer and friction coefficients for turbulent fully
developed gas flow in a circular duct were obtained theoretically by
Petukhov and Popov by assuming physical properties , cp, k, and  as
given functions of temperature.
 The following values for n are obtained
Tw
 1 n  -0.36 for heating liquids
Tb

Tw   Tw  
 1 n  - 0.3log    0.36  for cooling liquids
Tb   Tb  

 For fully developed temperature and velocity profile (i.e. L/d<60

15
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3.6 THE EFFECT OF VARIABLE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES IN TURBULENT FORCED
CONVECTION
3.6.3 Example 3.4
Air at a mean temperature of 40oC flows through a heated pipe section
with a velocity of 6 m/s. The length and diameter of the pipe are 300
cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The average pipe wall temperature is
300oC. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient.

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