Shallow Foundation

References:
 Coduto, D.P. (1994): Foundation design:
principles and practices
 Hardiyatmo, H.C. (2002): Teknik Fondasi I
 Day, R.W. (2006): Foundation engineering
handbook
 Tomlinson, M.J. (2001): Foundation design and
construction
 Topics (from SAP):
Konstruksi dinding penahan tanah dan bentuk a. Pengertian, fungsi, maksud, tujuan konstruksi
bangunan yang menggunakannya b. Aplikasi di lapangan dan perkembangan
konstruksi penahan tanah
Analisis tekanan tanah (diam, aktif, pasif) a. Teori Rankine dan Coulomb
b. Analisis beban
Pengaruh beban, muka air dan lapisan tanah a. Pengaruh beban, muka air dan lapisan tanah
berbeda terhadap tekanan dan analisis dengan berbeda terhadap tekanan tanah
metode Cullman b. Analisis metode Cullman
Konstruksi dinding penahan tanah I a. Tinjauan analisis beban
b. Stabilitas terhadap gaya eksternal
c. Stabilitas terhadap gaya Internal
d. Merancang konstruksi perkuatan tanah
Konstruksi dinding penahan tanah II a. Tinjauan analisis beban
b. Stabilitas terhadap eksternal
c. Stabilitas terhadap gaya Internal
d. Merancang konstruksi perkuatan tanah
Perkuatan pada tanah konstruksi pada dinding a. Pengertian, maksud, tujuan perkuatan tanah
penahan tanah dengan kondisi tanah kurang b. Bahan perkuatan tanah
baik c. Macam/tipe konstruksi perkuatan tanah
d. Analisis beban
Topik Spesial : perkembangan konstruksi a. Topik Spesial (berkaitan perkembangan teknik
fondasi dangkal sesuai perkembangan iptek fondasi dangkal dan dinding penahan tanah)
b. Analisis beban
 Surcharge Loads

 If occurs within a horizontal distance of about H from

the wall  additional lateral pressures on the wall
 For design  compute the magnitude and distribution
of these additional pressures using elastic theory and
superimpose them onto the conventional lateral earth
pressure
 Consider the equipment that places and compacts the
backfill
 Groundwater Effects

If groundwater table rises to a level above the

base of the wall:
 Effective stress in the soil below the
groundwater table will decrease 
decrease the active, passive and at-rest
pressure
 Horizontal hydrostatic pressures will
develop against the wall and must be
superimposed onto the lateral earth
pressures
 The effective stress between the bottom of
the footing and the soil becomes smaller 
less sliding friction.
Example:
This cantilever wall has moved sufficiently to create the active condition.
Compute the lateral pressure distribution acting on the wall with
groundwater table at location a and b.
Soil properties: c = 0, ϕ = 30º,  = 20.4 kN/m3 and sat = 22.0 kN/m3.
Example:
This cantilever wall has moved sufficiently to create the active condition.
Compute the lateral pressure distribution acting on the wall with
groundwater table at location a and b.
Soil properties: c = 0, ϕ = 30º,  = 20.4 kN/m3 and sat = 22.0 kN/m3.

Solution: use Rankine’s method K a  tan 2 45   / 2  0.333

Groundwater table at a :  h   v K a cos   zKa cos   6.79 z

z = depth below the top of the wall

Groundwater table at b :
 h @ z  2.5 m   v K a cos 
 z  u K a cos 
 20.42.5  22.0z  2.5  u 0.333 cos 0
 7.33z  0.33u  1.33
u  9.80z  2.5  0  Total horizontal pressure =  h  u
Two ways to avoid profound impact of groundwater on retaining walls:
 Design the wall for the highest probable groundwater table 
expensive structure
 Install drain to prevent the groundwater from rising above a certain
level
 weep holes drilled in the face of the wall
 perforated pipe drain installed behind the wall  most common
method
 Practical Application

 Use extra caution in cohesive soils

 Select appropriate strength parameters
 Use an appropriate method of analysis
 Lateral Capacity of Spread Footings
 If no shear load, at-rest pressure acts on
both sides of the footing
 Shear load  lateral displacement :
 produce active condition on one side
and the passive on the other
 Source of lateral resistance: sliding friction
force, Vf along the bottom of footing

V f  Pf tan  f  f  tan 1 
Vf = ultimate shear resistance along bottom of footing
Pf = normal force between footing and soil = P + W f
P = applied normal load acting on footing
W f = weight of footing
ϕf = footing-soil interface friction angle
 = coefficient of friction between footing and soil
 Design values of ϕf for cast-in-place concrete footing

Alternatively, use ϕf  0.7 ϕ  ϕ is friction angle of the soil beneath the footing
 Lateral Capacity of Spread Footings
 The allowable shear load on a spread
footing (Vaf) is:
V f  Pp  Pa
Vaf 
F

Vaf = allowable shear load on spread footing

Vf = sliding friction along base of footing
Pp = passive resistance along side of footing
Pa = active resistance along side of footing
F = factor of safety = 2 to 3
 Cantilever Retaining Walls
 Most common type of retaining structure = concrete or
masonry cantilever retaining wall  wall height less than 5 m
 Major requirements for design: stability and structural integrity
 Design Earth Pressures
 Stability and structural integrity of a wall depends on the
forces acting between the wall and the soil

 Actual in-service earth pressures

 often quite different from
classical earth pressure theories:
for the wall retain clayey soil
 Design Earth Pressures for gravity earth
retaining structures (Duncan, 1990)

 For walls with clayey soils in the backfill or below the footing:
use semiempirical methods such as by Terzaghi & Peck
 For walls with sandy or gravelly soils both in the backfill and
below the footing:
- Use classical earth pressure theories.
- Consider vertical component of active pressure (Va)
- Use Coulomb’s method to compute active earth pressures
- Set ϕw = 0.8 ϕ  (ϕ = friction angle of backfill soil)
 Coulomb’s Theory for Cohessionless Soils
 Resultant of the normal and
shear forces acting on the wall
is inclined at an angle ϕw from a
perpendicular of the wall.
 ϕw is the coefficient of friction
between the wall and the soil
  .H 2 K a . cos w
Pa b 
2

 .H 2 K a . sin w
Va b 
2
cos 2    
Ka 
sin w   sin     
2

cos  cosw   1 
2

 cos  w    cos     

 .H 2 K p . cos w
Pp b 
2

 .H 2 K p . sin w
Vp b 
2
cos 2    
Kp 
sin w   sin     
2

cos  cosw   1 
2

 cos  w    cos     
 Design Earth Pressures for gravity earth
retaining structures (Duncan, 1990)

 For walls with sandy or gravelly backfills and foundations

founded on rock:
(a) For walls with level backfills:
H 2 K h H 2 K v
P b V b
2 2
P/b = normal force acting between soil and wall per unit length of wall
V/b = shear force acting between soil and wall per unit length of wall
b = unit length of wall (usually 1 m)
 = unit weight of soil behind wall
H = height of wall
Kh = horizontal earth pressure coefficient
= 0.45  compacted backfill
= 0.55  uncompacted backfill
Kv = vertical earth pressure coefficient = 0.1
 Design Earth Pressures for gravity earth
retaining structures (Duncan, 1990)

 For walls with sandy or gravelly backfills and foundations

founded on rock:
(a) For walls with inclined backfills:

Kv  0.11  0.5 tan  

2

K h  0.451  0.5 tan  

2
 Compacted backfill

K h  0.551  0.5 tan  

2
 Uncompacted backfill
 Design Earth Pressures for gravity earth
retaining structures (Duncan, 1990)

 For all walls:

- For design, place the resultant of earth pressure at a point
40% of the wall height above the bottom

Theoretical Recommended for design

 Design Earth Pressures
 The passive resistance (Pp/b) acting on the front of the footing
is much smaller than the force acting behind the wall. Use
Rankine method to compute it.
 Engineers often use a design value less than the theoretical
passive resistance, because:
 Horizontal displacement required to mobilized the full passive
resistance  may be larger than tolerable movement
 Soil below the wall is often disturbed  may not be as strong
as anticipated

 Consider shear force Vf along the bottom of the footing

V f / b  Pf / btan  f
 Next Topic: STABILITY
A cantilever retaining wall must be
stable in all the following ways:
a. Must not slide horizontally
b. Must not overturn
c. Normal force acting on the base of
the footing must be within the middle
third of the footing
d. Must not experience a bearing
capacity failure
e. Must not undergo a deep-seated
shear failure