Chapter 13

Mathematical Reasoning

Solutions

SECTION - A
Objective Type Questions (One option is correct)

Statement and Negation of Statement 

1. Which of the following sentences are statements
p : Hockey is the national sport of India
q : Do your homework
r : There are 400 days in a year
(1) p only (2) q only (3) p and r only (4) All p, q and r
Sol. Answer (3)

p is true and r is false, so they are statements but q is an order.

2. Which of the following option is statement?

(1) He is post graduate in Commerce
(2) Day before yesterday was Sunday
(3) Delhi is far from here

(4) The product of a positive and a negative number is negative

Sol. Answer (4)
Sentence
(1) Does not refer a particular person (2) Represents variable time
(3) Represents variable place (4) Is true sentence so it is a statement

3. Why sentence, p : 15 is a rational number is statement

(1) p is true (2) p is false

(3) p is both true and false (4) p is ambiguous

Sol. Answer (2)
A sentence is called mathematically acceptable statement if it is either true or false.

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4. Which of the following is not a statement?

(1) Brush your teeth (2) 11 is a prime number

(3) p is an irrational number, if p is prime (4) 15 is composite number

Sol. Answer (1)

(1) is an order, so it is not a statement.

5. Negation of statement “Newyork is in America and Mumbai is in India” is

(1) Newyork is in India and Mumbai is in America
(2) Newyork is not in America and Mumbai is in India
(3) Newyork is not in America and Mumbai is not in India

(4) Newyork is in America and Mumbai is not in India

Sol. Answer (3)

6. Negation of the statement “There does not exist a parallelogram whose diagonals are of equal
length” is
(1) It is not the case that there does not exist a parallelogram whose diagonals are of equal length
(2) It is false that there does not exist a parallelogram whose diagonals are of equal length
(3) There exists a parallelogram whose diagonals are of equal length

(4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

While forming the negation of a statement, phrases like, “It is not the case” or “It is false that” are also used.
So all (1), (2) and (3) represent negation of statement.

7. Negation of statement “Everyone in China knows Martial Art” can be interpreted as

(1) No person in China knows Martial Art
(2) At most one person in China does not know Martial Art
(3) At least one person in China does not know Martial Art

(4) None of these

Sol. Answer (3)

Negation of given statement is it is false that everyone in China knows Martial Art. So, it can be interpreted
as at least one person in China does not know Martial Art.

8. Which of the following is true?

(i) If p is a statement then ~p is not a statement
(ii) If p is a statement then ~p is also a statement
(iii) Negation of p : 0 is a positive number is, 0 is a negative number

(1) Only (ii) (2) Only (i) (3) (i) & (iii) (4) (ii) & (iii)

Sol. Answer (1)

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Solutions of Assignment Mathematical Reasoning 301
9. Negation of the given statement p is
P : There exists a rational number y such that y3  108.
(1) There exists an irrational number y such that y3 = 108
(2) There exists an irrational number y such that y3  108
(3) There does not exist a rational number such that y3 = 108

(4) There does not exist a rational number such that y3  108.
Sol. Answer (3)

Compound Statements
10. Which of the following option can be used as basic connectives?

(1) “far”, “near” (2) “And”, “Or” (3) It is false (4) Is

Sol. Answer (2)

11. The compound statement with “And” is true when

(1) All its component statements are true
(2) All its component statements are false
(3) At least one component statement is true

(4) None of these

Sol. Answer (1)
Compound statement with And is true when all its component statements are true.

12. The compound statement with “And” is false if

(1) All its component statements are false
(2) Any one of its component statements is false
(3) All its component statements are true

(4) Both (1) & (2)

Sol. Answer (4)
The compound statement with “And” is false when any one of its component statement is false or all its
component statements are false.

13. In which of the following statements “And” is not used as basic connective?
p : 63 is a multiple of 3, 7, 9 and 21
q : Product of 8 and 4 is even number
r : H.C.F. of 2 and 3 is one

3
s: 8 is a rational number and 8 is a perfect cube

(1) q and r (2) p and s (3) p, r and s (4) p, q and r

Sol. Answer (1)
q and r are not compound statements. Therefore word “And” is not used as basic connective.

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302 Mathematical Reasoning Solutions of Assignment

14. In which of the following statement “And” is not used as basic connective
p : L.C.M. of 5 and 3 is 15
q : 108 is a multiple of 2, 3, 6 and 36
r : Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen
s : Product of an even number and odd number is always odd

(1) p only (2) q and r only (3) p, r and s (4) p and s

Sol. Answer (3)

p, r and s are not compound statements, so they are not connected by basic connective “And”.

15. Which of the following compound statements is/are true?

p: 7 is an irrational number and 12 is a rational number

q : Cow gives us milk and ox is used for ploughing

r : 105 is multiple of 3, 5, 7 and 35.

(1) p only (2) q and r (3) p and r (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (2)

All component statements of q and r are true, so compound statement q and r is true.

16. Which of the following compound statements are false?

p : 17 is odd and prime number
q : 23 is even and prime number
r : Volume of cube is a3 and total surface area is 4a2, where a is the length of side of a cube

(1) p and q (2) q and r (3) p and r (4) None of these

Sol. Answer (2)

Component statement of q is
23 is an even number. (False)
23 is a prime number. (True)
So, q is false
Also, component statement of r is
Volume of cube is a3. (True)
Total surface area of cube is 4a2. (False)
So, r is false.
Hence, option (2) is correct

17. A compound statement with “OR” is true when

(1) At least one component statement is true (2) All the component statements are true

(3) All the component statements are false (4) Both (1) & (2)

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Sol. Answer (4)
A compound statement with connective “or” is true when one component statement is true or all the component
statements are true. So both (1) and (2) are correct.

18. A compound statement with “OR” is false when

(1) At least one component statement is false

(2) At most one component statement is false

(3) All the component statements are false

(4) Only one component statement is true other are false

Sol. Answer (3)

A compound statement with an “or” is false when all the component statements are false.

19. Which of the following compound statements is/are true?

p : All fraction numbers are rational or all rational numbers are fraction

q : Number of prime factors of 12 is 3 or number of total factors is 6

r : Square of an integer is always positive or cube of an integer may be negative or positive

(1) p only (2) q only (3) q and r (4) p, q and r

Sol. Answer (4)

One component statement of p is true, so p is true, all component statements of q and r are true, so all p,
q and r are true.

20. x : x = 5 or x = 1 is the root of equation (x – 5)2 = 0, statement p is true since

(1) Both the component statements are false

(2) Both the component statements are true

(3) One of the component statements is true

(4) None of these

Sol. Answer (3)

x = 5 is root of equation (x – 5)2 = 0, so one of the component statement is true therefore, compound
statement is true.

21. Which of the following statements is/are true?

p : 137 is an integer or rational number

q : Birds has wings or colour of sky is blue

r : One of every three consecutive integer is divisible by 3 or product of every two consecutive integer is odd

(1) p only (2) q only (3) p and q only (4) p, q and r

Sol. Answer (4)

All of the above compound statements are true.

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22. Which of the following compound statements contains inclusive OR

p : 35 is a rational or an irrational number
q : 12 is an even or rational number
r : To apply for post paid mobile connection you should have voter I-card or driving license
(1) p only (2) q and r (3) p and r (4) p and q
Sol. Answer (2)
Statement p contains exclusive OR, since a number can be irrational or rational not both. Statement q and
r contains inclusive OR since a number can be both even and rational number, similarly. If a person can have
voter I-card or driving license or both.

23. Which of the following compound statement contains ‘exclusive OR’

p : Student can take computer or physical education as their fourth subject with PCM
q : Sun rises or moon rises
r : An integer greater than 1 is prime or composite
(1) p only (2) q only (3) r only (4) All p, q and r
Sol. Answer (4)
Each statement p, q and r contains exclusive, since if one component statement of all statement is true then
other is false and vice-versa.

24. p : For every integer x, x2 is positive integer, (x  0) statement p can be interpreted as

(1) There is at least one integer exists such that its square is positive integer
(2) There is at most one integer exists such that its square is positive integer
(3) In the set of integers square of all integers are positive integer
(4) All of these
Sol. Answer (3)
“For every” means for all, so square of every integer is positive.

25. p : There exists a natural number which is prime. Statement p can be interpreted as
(1) Every natural number is prime number
(2) There is at least one natural number which is prime
(3) There is at most one natural number which is prime
(4) Every prime number is a natural numbers
Sol. Answer (2)

Direct method, Contrapositive, Converse

26. “If p then q” (where p and q are statements) says
(1) If p is true, then q must be true (2) If p is false, then q must be false
(3) Not happening of p has no effect on happening of q (4) Both (1) & (3)
Sol. Answer (4)
If “p then q” does not say anything (or places no demand) on q when p is false.

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Solutions of Assignment Mathematical Reasoning 305
27. “If p then q“ is same as (where p and q are statements)
(1) p only if q (2) p is a sufficient condition for q

(3) ~q implies ~p (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

28. p : If a number is multiple of 5 then its end digit will be 5 or 0.

Contrapositive of above statement is
(1) If a number is not multiple of 5, then its end digit will not be 5 or 0.
(2) If end digit of a number is not 5 or 0 then it will not be multiple of 5.
(3) If a number is not multiple of 5, then its end digit will be 5 or 0

(4) If end digit of a number is 5 or 0, then the number will be 5.

Sol. Answer (2)

29. Contrapositive of “if p then q” is (where p and q are statement)

(1) If ~p then ~q (2) If ~q then ~p (3) If ~q then p (4) If ~p then q

Sol. Answer (2)

Contrapositive of “If p then q” is “if ~q then ~p”.

30. p : If an octagon is regular than all its side and angles are equal.
Contrapositive of statement p is
(1) If all sides and angles of an octagon are not equal then octagon is not regular
(2) If all sides and angles of an octagon are equal then it is regular
(3) If all sides and angles of an octagon are not equal then it is regular

(4) If all sides and angles of an octagon are equal then it is not regular

Sol. Answer (1)

Contrapositive of “If p then q” is “if ~q then ~p”.

1 2
31. p : If a cylinder is right circular cylinder then its volume is r h .
3
Contrapositive of statement p is
1 2
(1) If the volume of a cylinder is r h then it is not right circular cylinder
3

1 2
(2) If the volume of a cylinder is not r h then it is not right circular cylinder
3
1 2
(3) If a cylinder is not right circular cylinder then its volume is not r h
3
1 2
(4) Volume can’t be r h
3
Sol. Answer (2)

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32. The converse of a given statement “if p, then q” is (where p and q are statements)

(1) If q, then p (2) If ~p, then q (3) If ~q, then p (4) If ~p, then ~q
Sol. Answer (1)
Converse of “if p then q” is “if q, then p”

33. p : If nth term of a sequence is linear then sequence is in A.P.

Converse of statement p is
(1) If a sequence is not in A.P. then its nth term is linear
(2) If a sequence is in A.P. then it’s nth term is not linear
(3) If a sequence is in A.P. then its nth term is linear

(4) Both (1) & (2)

Sol. Answer (3)
The converse of a statement “If p then q” is “If q, then p”. So, converse of statement is If a sequence is in
A.P. then its nth term is linear.

34. p : If a triangle is equilateral then its centroid, circumcenter and incentre lies at same point.
Converse of statement p is
(1) If centroid, circumcentre and incentre of a triangle lies at same point then it is equilateral
(2) If a triangle is not equilateral then its centroid, circumcenter and, incentre will not lie at same point
(3) If a triangle is equilateral then its centroid, circumcenter and incentre will not lie at same point

(4) If centroid, circumcenter and incentre of a triangle does not lie at same point then it is not equilateral
Sol. Answer (1)
Converse of statement “If p then q” is “If q then p”. Hence, converse of given statement is option (1).

35. r : If a finite set has n elements then its total number of subsets is 2n.
Converse of statement r is
(1) If a finite set has n elements then its number of subset is not equal to 2n.
(2) If a finite set has not n elements then its number of subset is equal to 2n.
(3) If number of subset of a finite set in not 2n than it is not finite

(4) If total number of subset of a finite set is 2n then it has n elements

Sol. Answer (4)
Converse of statement “If p then q” is “if q then p”. Hence, option (4) is correct.

36. Equivalent form of “if and only if” for the given statements p and q is
(1) p if and only if q
(2) q if and only if p
(3) p is necessary and sufficient condition for q and vice versa

(4) All of these

Sol. Answer (4)

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37. r : Two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre if and only if they are equal in length

Statement r can be interpreted as

(1) Two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre if they are equal in length

(2) Two chords of a circle are equal in length if they are equidistant from the centre

(3) Both (1) & (2)

(4) None of these

Sol. Answer (3)

For the given statement p and q equivalent forms of “if and only if” is

(i) If p, then q (ii) If q, then p

38. r : Two polygons are congruent if and only if they are equal in shape and size

Statement r can be interpreted as

(1) If two polygons are congruent then they are equal in shape and size

(2) If two polygons are equal in shape and size then they are not congruent

(3) If two polygons are equal in shape and size then they are congruent

(4) Both (1) & (3)

Sol. Answer (4)

39. Converse of given statement p is, where

p : If an event is sure event then its probability of occurrence is 1.

(1) If probability of occurrence of an event is not 1, then it is not same event

(2) If probability of occurrence of an event is 1, then it is sure event

(3) If is probability of occurrence of an event is not 1, then it is sure event

(4) If probability of occurrence of an event is 1, then it is not sure

Sol. Answer (2)

Converse of a given statement “if p then q” is if q, then p.

40. Contrapositive of given statement p is, where

p : If slope of a straight line is 45º, then it is equally inclined to both the axes.

(1) If a straight line is equally inclined to both the axes then its slope is 45º

(2) If a straight line is equally inclined to both the axes then its slope is not 45º

(3) If a straight line is not equally inclined to both the axes then its slope is not 45º

(4) If a straight line is not equally inclined to both the axes then its slope is 45º

Sol. Answer (3)

Contrapositive of statement “if p then q” is “if ~q then ~p.

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41. r : Two chords of a circle subtend equal angles at centre if and only if they are equal.
Statement r can be interpreted as
(1) Two chords of a circle subtend equal angle at the centre if they are equal
(2) Two chords of a circle are equal if they subtend equal angle at the centre
(3) Both (1) & (2)

(4) None of these

Sol. Answer (3)

Miscellaneous
42. To check the validity of a statement p by contradiction method, our initial assumption is

(1) ~p is not true (2) ~p is true (3) p is true (4) ~p is false

Sol. Answer (2)
To check whether a statement p is true, we assume initially that p is not true i.e., ~p is true.

43. To check validity of statement we can use which of the following method?
(1) Using a counter example (2) Contrapositive method

(3) Method of contradiction (4) Any one of these

Sol. Answer (4)

44. p : 39 is irrational
To check the validity of statement p, which of the following method we can use?
(1) Direct method (2) Contrapositive method

(3) Contradiction method (4) By giving a counter example

Sol. Answer (3)
Contradiction method is used to check the validity of statement p.

45. For the given statements identify the necessary condition

p : If a function is even then it will be symmetric about y-axis
(1) Function is even (2) Symmetric about y-axis

(3) Function is not even (4) Function does not exist

Sol. Answer (2)
“If p then q” statement indicates that q is necessary for p.

46. For the given statements identify the sufficient condition

p : If discriminant of a quadratic equation is not a perfect square then its roots are irrational
(1) Roots are irrational (2) Discriminant is a perfect square

(3) Discriminant is not a perfect square (4) Roots are rational

Sol. Answer (3)
“If p then q” indicates that p is sufficient for q.
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Solutions of Assignment Mathematical Reasoning 309
47. Which type of OR is used in following pair of statements?
(i) A function is onto or one-one
(ii) A function is even or odd
(1) (i) Inclusive OR (ii) Inclusive OR
(2) (i) Exclusive OR (ii) Inclusive OR
(3) (i) Exclusive OR (ii) Exclusive OR

(4) (i) Inclusive OR (ii) Exclusive OR

Sol. Answer (4)

(i) A function can be both one-one and onto. So inclusive OR.
(ii) A function which is even cannot be odd or a function which is odd cannot be even.

48. p : xy = yx, is true for every real number x and y.

q : There exists real number x and y for which xy = yx.
Above pair of statements are
(1) Negation of each other (2) Not negation of each other

(3) Converse of each other (4) Contrapositive of each other

Sol. Answer (2)

49. Which type of OR is used in following statements?

p : A physical quantity is scalar or vector
q : A number is multiple of 5 or 25
(1) (i) Inclusive OR (ii) Exclusive OR (2) (i) Exclusive OR (ii) Inclusive OR
(3) (i) Inclusive OR (ii) Inclusive OR (4) (i) Exclusive OR (ii) Exclusive OR
Sol. Answer (2)

50. Which of the following is not a logical statement?

(1) There are finitely many real numbers
(2) The product of rational number and irrational number is always irrational
(3) Every square is a rectangle
(4) She is a beautiful girl
Sol. Answer (4)

51. Which of the following is true about the statement? "A mixture of alcohol and water can be separated by
chemical methods"
(1) It is compound statement (2) Connective is and
(3) It is not compound statement (4) Connective is 'or'
Sol. Answer (3)

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52. Which of the following is a logical statement?

(1) Are you going to Kolkata?
(2) Give me a pen
(3) He will be next chiefminister
(4) Sum of two irrational numbers is always irrational
Sol. Answer (4)

53. Which of the following is not equivalent form of "if and only if" for the given statements p and q?
(1) If p then q
(2) q if and only if p
(3) p if and only if q
(4) p is necessary and sufficient condition for q and vice-versa
Sol. Answer (1)

54. p : if a natural number is odd, then its square is also odd. Which of the following doesn't convey the same
meaning as that by statement p?
(1) A natural number is odd implies that its square is odd
(2) For a natural number to be odd it is necessary that its square is odd
(3) If the square of a natural number is not even then it is odd
(4) If the square of natural number is not odd then it is odd
Sol. Answer (4)

55. p : if you are born in India, then you are a citizen of India.
q : if you are not a citizen of India, then you were not born in India.
Which of the following is true?
(1) p is contrapositive of q (2) p is converse of q
(3) ~ p is contrapositive of q (4) ~ p is converse of q
Sol. Answer (1)

56. p : if two integers a and b are such that a > b then a – b is always a positive integer
q : If two integers a and b are such that a – b is always a positive integer, then a > b
Which of the following is true regarding statements p ane q?
(1) ~ p is converse of q (2) ~ p is contrapositive of p
(3) p is converse of q (4) p is contrapositive of q
Sol. Answer (3)

57. Which of the following is not true regarding the statement "p if and only if q"?
(1) If p is true, then q is true (2) If q is true, then p is true
(3) ~ q  ~ p (4) ~ q  p
Sol. Answer (4)

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Solutions of Assignment Mathematical Reasoning 311
58. In which of the following examples an inclusive "or" is used?
(1) Two lines intersect at a point or are parallel

(2) Students can take French or Spanish as their third language

(3) To apply for a driving licence, you should have a ration card or a passport
(4) All integers are positive or negative

Sol. Answer (3)

SECTION - B
Linked Comprehension Type Questions

Comprehension-I

Let p : 2 is a prime number

1
q : cos30° =
2
r : sec2x + tan2x = 1

s: 7 is an irrational number

u : 2 is greater than 10.

1. The statements which are all true are

(1) p  q, q  r, r  s, s  u (2) p  q, q  r, r  s, s  u

(3) p  q, q  s, r  s, s  u (4) p  q, q  s, r  s, s  u
Sol. Answer (3)

2. The statements which are all false are

(1) p  q, r  s, r  u (2) p  q, q  s, s  u

(3) p  q, q  r, p  u (4) p  q, q  r, r  s
Sol. Answer (2)

3. The truth values of p  ~s and ~q  ~u are, respectively, opposite to the values of

(1) p  r, q  s (2) q  s, ~p  u (3) ~p  r, q  ~r (4) ~p  u, r  s

Sol. Answer (1)

Comprehension-II
Consider the truth table

p q p⇒ ~ (p ~q)
T T A
T F B
F T C
F F D

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1. The truth value is False for

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Sol. Answer (2)

2. Identify the correct statement

(1) The truth value of A is opposite to that of B (2) The truth value of A is opposite to that of C
(3) The truth value of A is opposite to that of D (4) The truth value of C is opposite to that of D
Sol. Answer (1)

SECTION - C
Assertion-Reason Type Questions
1. Let p be the statement “It rains”, and q be the statement “It is cold”.
STATEMENT-1 : If it rains then it is cold, if it does not rain then it is not cold.
and

STATEMENT-2 : p ⇒ q  ~ p  q

Sol. Answer (4)

2. If p, q, r be any three statements

STATEMENT-1 : p  (q  r )  ( p  q )  ( p  r ) .

and

STATEMENT-2 : p  (q  r )  ( p  q )  ( p  r ) .

Sol. Answer (1)

3. STATEMENT-1 : The converse of p  q is q  p.

and
STATEMENT-2 : The inverse of p  q is ~p  ~q.
Sol. Answer (2)

4. STATEMENT-1 : ~ (p  q) = p  ~q.
and
STATEMENT-2 : p  q = ~p q.
Sol. Answer (1)

5. STATEMENT-1 : ~ (p  q) = ~ pq.
and
STATEMENT-2 : ~ p  q = p~q.
Sol. Answer (1)

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Solutions of Assignment Mathematical Reasoning 313
6. Let p be the statement “x is divisible by 4” and q be the statement “x is divisible by 2”.
STATEMENT-1 : p  q
and
STATEMENT-2 : If x is divisible by 4, it must be divisible by 2.
Sol. Answer (4)

7. STATEMENT-1 : The inverse of (p  ~q)  r is ~p  q  ~r .

and
STATEMENT-2 : ~(p  q)  ~p  ~q.
Sol. Answer (1)

8. STATEMENT-1 : If (p  ~r)  (q  r) is false and q and r are false, then p is also false.
and
STATEMENT-2 : p ⇒ q is false, when q is false and p is true.
Sol. Answer (4)

9. STATEMENT-1 : p~q is true, when p is false and q is true.

and
STATEMENT-2 : p~q is true, when p is true and q is false, and ~qp is true, when q is false and p is
true.
Sol. Answer (2)

10. STATEMENT-1 : (p  ~q)  (~p  q) is a contradiction.

and
STATEMENT-2 : (p  ~q)  (~p  q) is a tautology.
Sol. Answer (2)

11. STATEMENT-1 : (p  q)  (~q  ~p) is a contradiction.

and
STATEMENT-2 : p  q is logically equivalent to ~q  ~p.
Sol. Answer (4)

12. STATEMENT-1 : (p  ~q)  (~p  q) is a contradiction.

and
STATEMENT-2 : The inverse of p  ~p is ~p  p.
Sol. Answer (1)

13. STATEMENT-1 : The dual statement of “x is a perfect square or x is a prime number” is “x is a perfect square
and a prime number”.
and
STATEMENT-2 : If x is a prime number, then it is not a perfect square.
Sol. Answer (2)

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314 Mathematical Reasoning Solutions of Assignment

14. STATEMENT-1 : [p  (p  q)]  [q  (q  p)] = p q.

and
STATEMENT-2 : p  (q  r) = (p  q)  (p r).
Sol. Answer (1)

15. STATEMENT-1 : ~(p  q) = ~p  q = p ~q.

and
STATEMENT-2 : (p  q)  r = p (q r).
Sol. Answer (2)

  

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