σ ult = P ult \ Ao

where , Pult = Ultimate load (the highest load) as given by the load – elongation graph. When
the material achieved its ultimate tensile strength, the test specimen develops a localized
decreases in cross sectional area (commonly called as necking) the engineering stress will
decreases with increasing strain until fracture occur.

4. Fracture strength

The engineering fracture strength,( f) is obtained from the load at fracture point, Pf which is
not necessarily the highest load reached during the test.

σf = P f \ Ao

5. Per cent of elongation

It is the amount of elongation or deformation that a tensile specimen undergoes during tensile
specimen undergoes during tensile test which represents the degree of ductility of a material.
In general the higher the per cent elongation, then it shows that the tested material has a
higher level of ductility.

Per cent of elongation, %∆L = 100 (Lf –Lo) / Lo

Lo = Initial gauge length of the specimen

Lf= Final gauge length of the specimen.

6. Percentage reduction in cross-sectional area.

The ductility of a material can be expressed in the term of:

Per cent reduction in area %∆RA = 100(Ao-Af)/Ao

Percentage of elongation and percentage of reduction in area are also two material properties
that are normally used to describe the “formability properties’. Generally , the ability of a
material to undergo deformation when subjected to an applied load maybe defined through
these value.
PROCEDURE
The test drive was set up as followed:

1. The hand wheel on the master cylinder was untwisted as far as it go and the load
frame was moved to its lower position.
2. If this has not yet done, the gripping heads are inserted in the upper cross-member and
the cross-head.
a) The gripping head was screwed down with the short bolt at the bottom and with
the pressure pad.
b) Gripping head with long bolt at the top.
3. The tensile specimen was inserted as required.
a) The specimen was screwed into the lower gripping head by hand as far as the end
stopped.
b) The sample was screwed into the upper gripping head as far as the end stopped, by
rotating the gripping head itself.
c) The nut was tighten on the upper gripping head by hand until the gripping head is
seated without slack in the upper cross- member.
4. The dial gauge is adjusted as required.
a) The dial gauge was pushed upwards on the supported bar until the tracer pin is
touches the driver.
b) The dial gauge was pushed further up and pre-stress to 8mm.
c) Lightly pre-stress the sample using the hand wheel until the pointer on the force
display moves. This compensates slack
d) The rotating scale is set on the dial gauge to zero.
e) The maximum pointer was set on the force displayed to zero.
f) The force-measuring system was set to zero by simultaneously pressing (1) and
(2) on the force displayed.
5. Performed experiment ;
The sample is slowly and constantly loads by the rotating hand wheel.
a) Application of the force should be extended over a period of 5-10 minutes.
b) It is essential to avoid sudden or jerky load application of force.
c) The dial gauge is observed. The force is reed from the display every 0.1 mm
and makes a note of it with the corresponding extension .From 1mm extension
the reading interval can be extended to 0.2mm.
d) The sample is monitored and when constrictions begun take note. From now
on, the sample will no longer increase, but instead, will tend to decrease.
e) Do not be startled, particularly with the steel rupture of the sample will occurs
with a loud bang.
f) The sample is removed from the gripping heads.
g) The hand wheel is twisted back on the motor cylinder as far as it will go and
move the load frame down