INTRODUCTION

Erdas Imagine is an image processing software package that allows users to process
both geospatial and other imagery as well as vector data. Erdas can also handle
hyperspectral imagery and LiDAR from various sensors. Erdas also offers a 3D
viewing module (VirtualGIS) and a vector module for modeling. The native
programming language is EML (Erdas Macro Language). Erdas is integrated within
other GIS and remote sensing applications and the storage format for the imagery can
be read in many other applications (*.img files). Leica Geosystems also purchased ER
Mapper to add to their mapping software. Imagine is tightly woven into the GIS fabric
more than other image processing software packages and that is the advantage of this
package.

Erdas .com
ERDAS Imagine® is a raster-based software package designed specifically to extract
information from imagery. ERDAS IMAGINE® includes a comprehensive set of
tools to create accurate base imagery for inclusion into a GIS and ESRI Geodatabase.
ERDAS IMAGINE® provides a variety of tools such as image orthorectification,
mosaicking, reprojection, classification and interpretation that allow the user to
analyze image data and present it in formats ranging from printed maps to 3D models

wikipedia
ERDAS Imagine is raster based software that is specifically designed for information
extraction from images. The functions embedded involve importing, viewing, altering
and analyzing both raster and vector data sets. This software is capable of handling an
unlimited number of bands of image data in a single file. These bands imported into
ERDAS IMAGINE are often treated as layers. Additional layers can be created and
added to existing image file. It allows users to import a wide variety of remotely
sensed imagery from satellite and aerial platforms.
 What is erdas imagine software
?(what its used)
ERDAS IMAGINE is offered within the Producer Suite of the Power PortfolioTM. The Producer
Suite empowers you to

collect, process, analyze and understand raw geospatial

data, and ultimately deliver usable information. This includes

Hexagon Geospatial’s desktop-based GIS, remote sensing,

and photogrammetry offerings.

ERDAS IMAGINE provides true value, consolidating remote

sensing, photogrammetry, LiDAR analysis, basic vector analysis, and radar processing into a
single product. We offer

many solutions in one, incorporating the following standards, enterprise capabilities, and
products:

• Image analysis, remote sensing, and GIS

• Support for optical panchromatic, multispectral and hyperspectral imagery, radar, and
LiDAR data

• User-friendly ribbon interface

• Multi-core and distributed processing

• Spatial modeling with raster, vector and

point cloud operators, as well as real-time

results preview

• High-performance terrain preparation

and mosaicking

• A variety of change detection tools

• ERDAS ER Mapper algorithm support

• Ability to convert more than 190 image formats into all

major file formats, including GeoTIFF, NITF, CADRG, JPEG, JPEG2000, ECW, and MrSID
 • Comprehensive OGC® web services, including Web Processing Service (WPS), Web
Coverage Service (WCS), Web Mapping Service (WMS), and Catalog Services for the Web
(CS-W

USES

Image data visualization, classification, modeling, analysis and interpretation.

Including:

 GIS Integration
 Geometric Correction
 Image Orthorectification
 Multispectral Classification
 Image Interpretation
 Image Analysis
 Image Mosaicking
 Digital Terrain Modeling
 Map Production
WHAT IS ERDAS IMAGINE
SOFTWARE

Erdas Imagine is an image processing software package that allows users to process

both geospatial and other imagery as well as vector data. Erdas can also handle
hyperspectral imagery and LiDAR from various sensors. Erdas also offers a 3D
viewing module (VirtualGIS) and a vector module for modeling.

WIKIPIDIA

ERDAS IMAGINE is a raster graphics editor and remote sensing application

designed by ERDAS, Inc. The latest version is 9.3. It is aimed primarily at geospatial
raster data processing and allows the user to prepare, display and enhance digital
images for use in GIS or in CAD software. It is a toolbox allowing the user to perform
numerous operations on an image and generate an answer to specific geographical
questions.By manipulating data placement in imagery it is possible to see features that
would not normally be visible. The level of brightness, or reflectance of light from the
surfaces in the image can be helpful with vegetation analysis, prospecting for minerals
etc. Other usage examples include linear feature extraction, generation of processing
chains ("spatial models" in ERDAS IMAGINE), import/export of data for a wide
variety of formats, ortho-rectification, mosaicing of imagery, stereo and automatic
feature extraction of map data from imagery.

ERDAS IMAGINE is offered within the Producer Suite of the Power PortfolioTM.
The Producer Suite empowers you to collect, process, analyze and understand raw
geospatial data, and ultimately deliver usable information. This includes Hexagon
Geospatial’s desktop-based GIS, remote sensing, and photogrammetry
offerings.ERDAS IMAGINE provides true value, consolidating remote sensing,
photogrammetry, LiDAR analysis, basic vector analysis, and radar processing into a
single product. We offer many solutions in one, incorporating the following standards,
enterprise capabilities, and products:

• Image analysis, remote sensing, and GIS

• Support for optical panchromatic, multispectral and hyperspectral imagery, radar,

and LiDAR data

• User-friendly ribbon interface

• Multi-core and distributed processing

• Spatial modeling with raster, vector and point cloud operators, as well as real-time
results preview
• High-performance terrain preparation and mosaicking

• A variety of change detection tools

• ERDAS ER Mapper algorithm support

• Ability to convert more than 190 image formats into all major file formats,
including GeoTIFF, NITF, CADRG, JPEG,

JPEG2000, ECW, and MrSID

• Comprehensive OGC® web services, including Web

Processing Service (WPS), Web Coverage Service (WCS),

Web Mapping Service (WMS), and Catalog Services for

the Web (CS-W)

TOOLS
1 The Intelligent Viewer
The viewer is sharp, it’s expandable… Not to mention, it has an
uncanny ability to read any format you throw at it. For example, it’s
compatible with a range of satellites like Landsat,
Worldview, Sentinel, SPOT and AVHRR.

This means that it’s intelligent enough to read your image and deliver
canned composites. Equally important, you can organize the spectral
bands as you choose for composites of your own.
ERDAS Imagine will pan-sharpen your image for crisper outputs given
a panchromatic band.

READ MORE: 15 Free Satellite Imagery Data Sources

2 LiDAR Tools
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is the new authoritative data
set.

LiDAR actively sends light energy to the ground. It measures reflected

light in time back to the sensor to get distance. For this reason,
LiDAR gives an accurate snapshot of the ground elevation and its
features.

ERDAS Imagine handles LiDAR in its native form (LAS). As a matter

of fact, you can drag and drop a LAS file in the viewer to see and edit
the point cloud.

It can render points clouds in 3D. In addition, you can view the
intensity, classification, elevation and various returns.

The LiDAR profile side view is slick. You also get a front view which is
also neat.
As LiDAR expands in usage, ERDAS Imagine adjusts to its growing
demand

READ MORE: Top 6 Free LiDAR Data Sources

3 Terrain Tools
Whether you have a photogrametric, LiDAR-based or inSAR digital
elevation model, ERDAS Imagine can perform most types of terrain
analysis.

The painted relief raster splits elevation into color ranges. It paints
each range based on its elevation like in the example below. We’ve
also included a side-view profile in this example.

ERDAS Imagine can generate your basic

slope, aspect, contours and viewshed types of maps. Additionally, it has
geoscientific tools to remove void areas, extract valleys and ridges
and drape images in a virtual GIS viewer.
You will need an additional license for stereo analyst. With stereo
analyst you will be able to collect and measure 3D features using
photogrammetric principles from stereo pairs of imagery.

ERDAS Imagine has a tool that slices your elevation data into a user-
defined number of bins, each containing the same amount. It also
has a tool to visualize the z-values (or reflectance spectrum) of a
rectangular area such as the surface profile below:

READ MORE: Free Global DEM Data Sources – Digital Elevation

Models

4 Spectral Tools
Every feature on Earth has its own unique composition. It reflects and
absorbs red, green, blue, near-infrared and different types of energy.
This means that each feature has its own spectral signature.

With this idea in mind, researchers are building spectral libraries

cataloging the unique characteristics and compositions of minerals,
vegetation and more. ERDAS Imagine lets you dig deeper in this
subject with a spectral profile library of its own – similar to the USGS
Spectral Characteristics Viewer.

With more spectral bands (such as with hyperspectral data), you have

greater opportunity to classify more features with greater accuracy.
Although hyperspectral data is hard to come by, ERDAS Imagine
provides wizards for hyperspectral analysis.

There are tools for supervised and unsupervised classification. Despite

its impressive image classification tools, you won’t be able to
perform object-based image analysis like you can using Trimble
ECogntion Definiens Developer.
There are no shortages of indices in remote sensing – NDVI, SAVI,
GNDVI, RVI, MSAVI, DVI… Even for different materials like vegetation,
sulfates, water, snow and ice.

As long as you have the needed bands, you can extract this data from
your multispectral image. For example, here is a quick NDVI image:

READ MORE: What is NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation

Index)?

5 Radar Tools
A whole other discipline in remote sensing is active sensors like
synthetic aperture radar. For example, Sentinel-1, Radarsat and
TerraSAR satellites can be imported in their native form.

Quickly view data by simply dragging the product.xml into your

workspace
ERDAS Imagine has the Radar Toolbox to satisfy the needs
of synthetic aperture radar users. Despite of its complexity, ERDAS
Imagine can perform interferometry for DEM extraction, texture
analysis and polarimetric classification. Overall, this software makes
it easy for the user to manipulate radar data

6 Spatial Model Editor

The Spatial Model Editor is where you string a set of tools together.
When you run them all together, you can automate your work. Similar
to ArcGIS Model Builder or a FME workbench, Spatial Model Editor
lets you streamline and customize a repeatable way of getting the
answer

For example, here is a LAS to raster conversion. In case you receive

another LAS file, you can recycle your model and produce identical
results with a different file.
The Spatial Model Editor is versatile and intuitive. Best of all, you can
pick it up and learn effortlessly.

Although part of Hexagon Geospatial GeoMedia software, the Spatial

Model Editor can manipulate and manage satellite and aerial imagery
as well.

Engineers in survey
The ERDAS IMAGINE Product Suite has a tier to suit every organisation’s needs:

 IMAGINE Essentials – a powerful, low cost image & LIDAR mapping and
visualisation tool

 IMAGINE Advantage – an extension of capabilities of IMAGINE Essentials

 IMAGINE Professional – the most sophisticated software for geographic imaging

Why ERDAS IMAGINE?

1.) Reference your imagery to the earth’s surface

2.) Measure primary information from the imagery to collect vector, point,

area and other quantitative data

3.) Analyse data to draw conclusions about the processes and activities

affecting your area

4.) Update your GIS with accurate geospatial data

5.) Present and publish your imagery, geospatial information and geospatial
 processes in 2D and 3D environments

The ERDAS IMAGINE Product Suite

IMAGINE Essentials®: A powerful, low-cost image mapping and visualization tool

that

allows different types of geographic data to be combined with imagery and quickly
organized

for projects. IMAGINE Essentials provides a robust set of tools for geocorrection,
image

analysis, visualization and map output.

IMAGINE Advantage®: A geographic imaging toolset that extends the capabilities of

IMAGINE Essentials by adding more precise mapping and image processing

functions.

IMAGINE Advantage includes a complete set of tools to analyze data from imagery
via

mosaicking, surface interpolation, advanced image interpretation and

orthorectification.

IMAGINE Professional®: The most sophisticated software for geographic imaging,

IMAGINE Professional includes complex image analysis, radar analysis and

advanced

classification tools. It also includes graphical spatial data modeling, which is a unique

capability for analyzing geographic data.

powrer points

ERDAS has a following software to do specific work in detail.

ERDAS IMAGINE

ERDAS LPS

ERDAS ER Mapper

ERDAS Apollo
Measure heights of features in monoscopic imagery

measure height information of vertical features from sensor layover effects on a single
image and even store the measurements as attributes on GIS features

Use of Total Stations and the ERDAS

Image Processing System in
Surveying Engineering
Two major pieces of equipment are required surveying engineering program. A total
station which combines all aspects of the survey field measuring system in one unit and a
data collector which enables digital storage of measurements followed by downloading
of the data into a microcomputer for processing is one area. The other area involves the
ERDAS digital mapping, image processing, geographic information system. ERDAS will
be the core unit in the remote sensing area of the curriculum. Processing and display of
remotely sensed data using this system its capabilities of modern equipment in the
rapidly evolving area of surveying engineering. The understanding of the relationship of
all forms of spatial information collection and analysis is a key goal.

Software:-

ERDAS IMAGINE.

LPS.

ERDAS ER Mapper.

ERDAS TITAN
ERDAS APOLLO

ERDAS ADE Suite

ERDAS Image Web Serve

Topographic map

A new method is developed for fast updating vector topographic maps using remote

sensing images. The proposed method updates the spatial data vector layers using new

remote sensing images and existing vector topographic maps, high-precision

registration of these data, and then the reference to raster image. In addition, the

method for updating the vector graphics using ERDAS IMAGINE Vector module,

combined with remote sensing images, is investigated. The results show that the

method has many advantages in updating topographic maps, especially small and

medium-scale maps over the traditional topographic map updating methods, such as

higher efficiency and lower cost. It also reflects the advantage of integrating RS and

GIS systems. The results prove the method is useful to the construction and the fast

updating of GIS database

5. Engineering integration

ERDAS IMAGINE integrates remote sensing, remote sensing applications, image

processing, photogrammetry, radar data processing, geographic information systems

and three-dimensional visualization

The integration of technologies such as technology into one system realizes the

integration of geo-science and engineering; the integration can be established and

realized without any format and system conversion.

A geoscience-related project. Present a complete industrial process, provide users

with faster calculation speed, higher accuracy, greater data processing capacity, and

engineering-oriented

A new generation of remote sensing image processing and photogrammetry solutions.

BODY
FLEXIBLE OFFERING
Available in three product tiers, ERDAS IMAGINE is capable

of handling any geospatial task. Simple enough for the most

novice user to get started, to those requiring robust accuracy

suited for any application or project that any organization

demands. All three tiers offer remarkably fast viewing and

processing performance, even when handling massive data

sets from any sensor in any format, dynamically.

ERDAS IMAGINE PROFESSIONAL

The most sophisticated software for geographic imaging,

the Professional level of IMAGINE, includes complex

hyperspectral image analysis, and advanced multispectral

image classification and point cloud classification tools. It also

includes graphical spatial data modeling, which is a unique

capability for analyzing spatial data.

The robust spatial modeler is a dynamic, graphical, spatial

data modeling environment that provides real time feedback

and previews. The modern interface includes extended

analysis operators (including Point Cloud) as well as support

for Python scripting. Authored models can be easily run in

batch or published to a server (ERDAS APOLLO WPS).

Versatile
For organizations with extensive collections of geospatial data, ERDAS IMAGINE supports

enterprise-enabled geospatial image processing that utilizes a centralized relational

database to store geospatial information. This provides enormous benefit to an institution;

by making data visible and accessible to end-users, existing and future investments in image

and feature geospatial information are exploitable to the greatest number of decision-
makers.

ERDAS IMAGINE leverages these capabilities by providing client-side interaction with

spatially aware databases such as ESRI ArcSDE or Oracle Spatial 10g. Capabilities also
extend to connected and disconnected topological editing of the database for efficient
feature

updates and maintenance.

The intuitive ERDAS IMAGINE interface was designed to streamline your workflow and

save you time. Powerful algorithms and data processing functions work behind the scenes

so you can concentrate on your analyses. The quick display and ability to work with multiple

datasets in geographically-linked viewers in the IMAGINE Geospatial Light Table™ (GLT)

dramatically reduce the time you would otherwise spend trying to manually relate
information

from various sources

ERDAS IMAGINE is easy-to-use, raster-based software designed specifically to
extract information from images. Perfect for beginners and experts alike, easy-to-learn
ERDAS IMAGINE enables you to process imagery like a seasoned professional,
regardless of your experience in geographic imaging. ERDAS IMAGINE is the most
powerful package for derived information (data production), supporting multiple
workflows, including:

♦ Data conversion

♦ Orthorectification

♦ Color balancing, mosaicking, and compression

♦ Land-cover mapping and terrain categorization

♦ LiDAR editing and classification

♦ Map and report generation and printing through the map

♦composer, PowerPoint®, or Word

♦ Feature capture and update

♦Spatial modeling and analysis

♦ Terrain creation, editing, and analysis

ADVANTAGE
A geographic imaging toolset that extends the capabilities

of IMAGINE Essentials by adding more precise mapping

with sensor model support and geospatial data processing

functions.
DISCOVER THE POTENTIAL

OF YOUR IMAGERY

With a wide array of tools enabling you to analyze data from

virtually any source and present in formats ranging from

printed maps to 3D models, ERDAS IMAGINE offers you one

comprehensive solution for all of your geographic imaging and

image processing needs. It simplifies and streamlines your

production workflow, saving you time, money, and resources

without sacrificing accuracy.

ERDAS IMAGINE fully enables the display, editing, and

analysis of point clouds derived from LiDAR or generated from

point correlation of stereo pairs. It also allows direct reading of

LAS-formatted points clouds, enabling 2D/3D/profile viewing,

symbolization, measurement, editing, and classification.

ERDAS IMAGINE Geospatial Data
Authoring System

ERDAS IMAGINE is a geospatial data authoring system, including tools for remote
sensing, photogrammetry and GIS processing. The tool has been promoted, among
others, in the North and Central Asia region.

The software has various characteristics:

 Assess disaster situations in the field and collect information on the damage to
assist in recovery operations.

 An extensive repository enables multiple agencies to rapidly access and

interactively work from a single source of truth.

 View data related to disaster planning, response, and recovery in multiple

contexts (e.g., desktop, web, mobile, 3D) for a fully coordinated interagency
response.

 Proactively evaluate exposure by simulating the impact of storm events on

critical facilities such as schools and hospitals before danger strikes. Plan
evacuation and recovery response. Enhance existing planning efforts by
combining late-breaking information to obtain a complete view of a changing
situation.

ERDAS IMAGINE promotes the development of a unified information source for

better information sharing and coordination. It promotes preventing inefficiencies,
errors, and risks that arise when departments work with islands of data, and
simultaneously improve data distribution by easily organizing massive volumes of
mission-critical data and quickly presenting it to first responders and relief agencies.

The software allows to enlist the masses to help define and locate issues during
disasters, such as road damage, tornado appearances, issues at shelter locations, water
leaks, and more. Field personnel can view the latest information in real-time with
mobile tablet devices and respond appropriately.
ERDAS IMAGINE provides a comprehensive image analysis suite,
combining remote sensing, photogrammetry, lidar analysis, vector
analysis, and radar processing into one product.

The Spatial Modeler within ERDAS IMAGINE provides the power to create versatile
workflows and automated processes from a suite of intuitive graphical tools. This is
an extremely effective way to process and analyse raster data

ERDAS IMAGINE is for…

…the effective extraction of actionable information from raw geospatial data. It is the
most powerful image processing package for derived information. It supports over
190 image formats and includes hundreds of functions, algorithms and analytical
routines including machine learning algorithms.
HOW TO OPEN WITH MENUE

Getting Started with Erdas Imagine

Click on Start menu           
Go to All Programs        
Than go to Leica Geosystems         
Click on ERDAS IMAGINE folder Icon
Click on ERDAS IMAGINE Icon

ERDAS IMAGINE begins running; on top of the Erdas Imagine

window you see the main menu bar.
 ERDAS IMAGINE Menu
Bar  

Clicking one of the items of the menu bar gives a pull down menu

with a number of options.The menus on the ERDAS IMAGINE menu
bar are: Session, Main, Tools, Utilities, and Help. These menus
are described in this section.

Session Menu
Click the word Session in the upper left corner of the ERDAS
IMAGINE menu bar. The Session menu opens. The following table
contains the Session menu selections and their functionalities:
Main Menu
Click the word Main in the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar.
The Main menu opens. The following table contains
the Session menu selections and their functionalities:
Tools Menu

Click the word Tools in the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar.

The Tools menu opens. The following table contains
the Tools menu selections and their functionalities:
Utilities Menu
Click Utilities on the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar.
The Utilities menu opens. The following table contains
the Utilities menu selections and their functionalities:
 WHO USE ERDAS IMAGINE ?
USERS

Remote sensing specialists, GIS specialists, regulatory or AML specialists

in physical or natural resource related disciplines.

Archeologists

 Identification of features on photography and images that cannot

be seen by standing on the ground.
 Image classification and identification of plant growth related to
buried archeological features.

AML Reclamation Specialists

 Satellite imagery and aerial photography can be used for visual

representation of a site; including areas of disturbance, changes in water
quality, vegetation cover, and topographic mapping.
 Change detection maps can be produced to determine and quantify
changes in disturbance, vegetation cover and terrain over time.

Biologists

 Imagery can be used to identify biodiversity on rangelands in

support of SMCRA regulations.
 Revegetation success in reclaimed mining areas can be identified,
quantified and monitored over time.
 Vegetation percent cover can be quantified to ensure standards are
met for bond release.
 Wetland areas can be delineated, monitored.
 Vegetation classifications can be performed to determine vegetation
species cover and compostion.
 Predict change and extent of forest cover in mountain top mining.

Engineers

 Detection and delineation of mine related subsidence.

 Detailed topographic contours can be generated using
photogrammetric techniques from high resolution stereo imagery.
 Digital terrain models can be generated for conducting volumetric
analysis of stockpiles, storage tanks and open pits.
 Highly accurate slope, aspect, spot elevation and area
measurements can be performed
 Geologists

 Satellite imagery can be used to identify anomalies in the earth’s

magnetic field, electrical fields or radiation patterns to define promising
locations.
 Visual interpretation of surface area for coloring and rock
formations.
 Identification of fracture zones.
 Geomorphology studies such as identification of specific landforms.
 Identify geologic folds and faults.
 Dynamic changes from natural events such as floods can be readily
assessed.
 Identify surface characteristics such as alteration and other signs of
mineralization to subsurface deposits of ore minerals, oil and gas, and
groundwater.
 Function as a visual base on which a geologic map is drawn either
directly or on a transparent overlay.

Hydrologists

 Satellite imagery can be used to develop water quality monitoring

systems.
 Identification of sites where ground water is discharged to the
surface.
 Thermal Imaging can be used to identify highly acidic seeps and
identify drainage point sources.
 General water pollution and water quality assessments.

Inspectors

 Imagery can be delivered rapidly to assist in the inspection process.

 Provide valuable information that can’t be inspected on the ground.
 High resolution imagery can provide information on active and
abandoned high-wall and bench areas, ungraded spoil piles, graded and
recontoured areas, revegetated areas, and natural and impounded
surface-water features
 Thermal imaging can be used to identify burning coal spoil areas
and identify and monitor coal seam fire activity.

Permit Managers

 Conduct overall surface mine inventory.

 Imagery can be used for site visualization and support daily
regulatory work by permit reviewers and managers.
 Determine required bond deposit amounts using imagery derived
contour mapping to calculate volume of coal to be remove.
 Over time, high-resolution satellite imagery will provide a
permanent record of mining activity at a given site.
 Soil Scientists

 Image band ratio techniques can be used to delineate soils types,

providing additional detail to existing soil surveys.
 Modeling topographic potential for soil erosion and deposition.

SOFTWARE DOWNLOAD
ERDAS Imagine Installation Instructions.
CONCLUSION
ERDAS Imagine is one of the first remote sensing software programs.

…And it’s still one of the best.

This robust raster-based GIS suite provides a wide array of tools for geospatial
analysis: import/export, map composition, image enhancement, image classification,
raster GIS modeling and stereo analysis

refrences
1.  Field Guide Blog (April 15, 2009). "A Brief History of ERDAS IMAGINE ". Retrieved on
May 25, 2009.

2.  ERDAS-PC Ad, PE&RS March 1986. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing (ASPRS), Bethesda, Maryland, p335.
3.  ERDAS-ARC/INFO Live Link Ad, PE&RS April 1988. American Society for
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), Bethesda, Maryland, p455.
4.  “Imagery in Urban Planning,” ArcNews Winter 1999/2000. ESRI, Redlands,
California. [1] Retrieved on May 25, 2009.
5. “ArcView Image Analysis 1.1 Now Available,” ArcNews Summer 2000. ESRI, Redlands
California. [2] Retrieved on May 25, 2009.

6.  ERDAS IMAGINE Ad, PE&RS February 1992. American Society for Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing (ASPRS), Bethesda, Maryland, p141.

7.  ERDAS IMAGINE Ad, PE&RS May 1993. American Society for Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing (ASPRS), Bethesda, Maryland, p568.

8. ERDAS Releases Radar Module” Announcement, “Products” Column, PE&RS November

1992. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), Bethesda,
Maryland, p1539.

9.  ERDAS Digital Ortho Ad, PE&RS December 1991. American Society for Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), Bethesda, Maryland, p1539.

10. “OrthoMAX”, Monitor. Summer 1993. ERDAS, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, Vol. 5 No. 2 p3