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(GR) CHECK - Answers To End of Chapter Textbook Questions PDF
(GR) CHECK - Answers To End of Chapter Textbook Questions PDF
randomly back and forth through the holes. Because d When it is placed in pure water, an animal cell
there are more of them in the water than in the sugar absorbs water by osmosis. This is because there is a
solution, their net movement will be into the tubing. higher water potential outside the cell than inside it.
So the corrected sentence could be: The extra water makes the cell swell, until it bursts.
If Visking tubing containing a sugar solution is put e Plant cells are held in shape by their full vacuoles,
into a beaker of water, water will move from the which push outwards against the strong cell wall,
water into the sugar solution, by osmosis. producing a very firm structure. A plant cell like this
b It is true that plant cells do not burst in pure water, is said to be turgid. Turgid cells pressing against each
but this is because the cell wall is strong enough other make plant tissues strong and firm. When the
to prevent this happening. The cell wall is fully cells are not full of water, they are no longer turgid, and
permeable, and cannot stop water molecules going their contents do not press outwards on the cell wall.
through it. So the corrected sentence could be: The cells, and the tissues in the leaves that they make
up, become soft and floppy. This is why the plant wilts.
Plant cells do not burst in pure water because,
although water enters the cell by osmosis, the strong 4 a the movement of molecules / ions, down a
wall prevents the cell from bursting. concentration gradient / from a high concentration
to a low concentration;
c It is true that water will move out of a plant cell
as a result of their random movement; [2]
by osmosis, if the cell is placed in a concentrated
sugar solution. However, the cell wall is not partially b i 70
permeable – it is fully permeable. So the corrected
sentence could be: When a plant cell is placed in a 60
concentrated sugar solution, water moves out of
5 6 78
2 a and b root hairs liquid b so plants can make more amino acids / proteins;
root cortex cells liquid to make more cells for growth; [2]
xylem liquid
leaf mesophyll cells liquid Chapter B7 Transport in animals
air spaces in leaf gas 1 a vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary
artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left
stomata gas
ventricle, aorta
3 a a section cut across something b vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery
b, c and d 2 a Arteries take blood away from the heart; veins take
blood towards the heart. Arteries have thick, elastic
walls; veins have thinner walls. Arteries have a narrow
lumen; veins have a wider lumen. Arteries do not
have valves; veins have valves.
b Oxygenated blood contains a lot of oxygen
(combined with haemoglobin inside the red blood
cells) and is bright red. Deoxygenated blood contains
less oxygen, and is a duller purplish-red.
c An atrium is one of the upper chambers of the
heart, which receives blood and which has thin
walls. A ventricle is one of the lower chambers of
the heart, which has thick walls that pump blood
out of the heart.
d A red blood cell is a small cell with no nucleus,
indented, and containing a large amount of
haemoglobin. Its function is to transport oxygen.
There are several types of white blood cells, but most
are larger than red blood cells and they all have a
nucleus. They do not contain haemoglobin. Their
function is to fight pathogens.
4 a 20; [1]
3 a plasma
b as wind speed increases, water uptake increases;
any use of manipulated figures (e.g. doubling of wind b white cells
speed from 2 to 4 metres per second results in 1.7 c red cells
times the rate of water uptake); [2] d platelets and plasma
c light intensity; temperature; humidity; [max 2] e plasma
5 a i more root hairs; 4 • Arteries: thick walls to withstand high-pressure
shorter root hairs; [2] blood; elastic walls to withstand pulsing blood;
ii both show same increase in number of root hairs narrow lumen so blood moves through fast
(per unit area); • Veins: valves to keep low-pressure blood moving in
decrease in length of root hairs is (much) greater one direction; wide lumen to provide least resistance
for plant B;[2] to blood flow
iii less surface area; • Capillaries: very narrow, so red blood cells have
so less uptake of mineral ions / water; to squeeze through and are brought close to cells
that require oxygen; very thin walls with gaps, so
so less photosynthesis;
substances can easily move between blood and
less glucose / starch / carbohydrate synthesised; tissue fluid
so less fuel for respiration / less energy available; • Xylem vessels: dead and hollow so nothing in the way
less nitrate reduces protein synthesis; [max 3] of water movement; narrow, so a tall column of water
6 a i to make sure all the carbon dioxide had been most of the graph paper provided; each bar drawn
removed;[1] neatly and precisely; [4]
ii clear; [1] b the more cigarettes smoked per day, the greater the
b i to see if any carbon dioxide had been chance of dying between the ages of 40 and 60 years old;
produced;[1] the younger a person is when they start smoking, the
ii cloudy; [1] greater the chance of dying between the ages of 40
and 60 years old;
c have another apparatus in which flask 4 has no
insects;[1] the number of cigarettes smoked per day seems
to increase the chance of dying between 40 and 60
d i red / orange; [1] more than the age at which smoking started; [3]
ii carbon dioxide present;
dissolves / reacts with water; Chapter B9 Coordination and homeostasis
1 a a reflex action
to produce an acidic solution; [3]
b The stimulus from the sharp object is detected by
e respiration ; [1]
a receptor in the foot. This sends an electrical
7 a 12; [1] impulse along a sensory neurone to the brain or
b 21; [1] spinal cord. The impulse is passed along a relay
c 0.5 dm ;[1]
3 neurone and then to a motor neurone. This
transmits the impulse to an effector, the muscles in
d 1.1 dm3;[1]
your leg, and makes them contract.
e more rapid breathing brings fresh air into the lungs
more often; deeper breathing brings a larger volume 2 a motor and relay
of fresh air into the lungs; more oxygen can diffuse b sensory
into the blood more quickly; supplying more oxygen c sensory
to the muscles; so they can respire faster; releasing d motor, relay
more energy from glucose; [max 4]
e relay
f brain senses the pH of blood; pH decreases during
exercise; because more carbon dioxide is dissolved 3 a motor neurone
in the blood plasma; brain responds by sending more b receptor
frequent impulses to the breathing muscles; so they c cornea
contract harder and more frequently; [max 4] d retina
8 a 12.5 breaths per minute at start, 25 breaths per e contraction
minute during exercise; so increase is 12.5 breaths
f circular
per minute; [2]
b from just before 11 minutes to just before 16 minutes; 4 a Keeping the body temperature constant is just one
5 minutes; [2] part of homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a
constant internal environment. Homeostasis also
c during exercise not enough oxygen was supplied involves the regulation of blood glucose concentration,
to muscles; so they respired anaerobically (as well as well as the water content of the body.
as aerobically); producing lactic acid; which was
broken down by combining with oxygen (when b The hairs do stand on end when the body is too cold,
exercise finished); reference to paying back the but in humans we do not have enough hair for this to
oxygen debt ; [max 4] help to keep us warm. In other hairier mammals, the
raised hairs trap a layer of insulating air next to the skin.
d would follow a pattern similar to that of breathing rate;
heart pumps oxygenated blood to the muscles; more c Air of any kind cannot get into the body through the
oxygen required by muscles as they exercise; so that skin. The fat layer prevents heat leaving the body by
they can respire faster; more carbon dioxide needs to be conduction, as it is an insulator.
removed from the muscles; continuing need for more d The sweat glands do secrete sweat onto the surface
oxygen after exercise to pay off oxygen debt; [max 4] of the skin when we are too hot, but this liquid is
not cold. It cools the body because the water in
9 a axes correctly labelled; x-axis scale uses the ranges
the sweat evaporates, and this process takes heat
from the table; good scale on both axes that uses
energy from the skin.
e The blood capillaries do not move at all. The for photosynthesis; [2]
arterioles that supply the blood capillaries near the iii builds up on the lower side;
surface of the skin get wider (dilate) when you are too
hot. This allows more blood to flow through these causes cells in stem to elongate more;
capillaries, allowing heat to radiate from the blood causes cells in root to elongate less; [3]
into the air.
f Insulin is a hormone, not an enzyme. Enzymes Chapter B10 Reproduction in plants
catalyse reactions, but insulin is not a catalyst. 1 a gamete
Insulin causes enzymes in liver cells to convert
b zygote
glucose to glycogen.
c asexual
5 a A 37.4 °C;
d pollination
B 37.5 °C. [2]
e seed
b homeostasis; humans are endothermic; body
f fertilisation
produces more heat to maintain body temperature;
shivering; vasoconstriction; [max 4] g sexual
c air is more insulating than water; heat lost more 2
easily from the body in water than in air; by Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
conduction; [max 2] only one parent involved one or two parents involved
d person A was moving but person B remained all offspring genetically involves gametes
still; idea that ‘new’ cold water was constantly identical involves fertilisation
coming into contact with A’s skin; water around zygote formed
B’s body warms up (as heat is lost from his body to
genetic variation among
the water); heat transfers from hot object to cold offspring
object; so more heat lost from A’s body than B’s
body; [max 3]
3 a i age of seeds; [1]
6 a for respiration; by combining it with oxygen to
ii water; oxygen; warm temperature; [3]
provide energy; (not ‘produce’ energy) for named
function (e.g. movement, active transport); [max 3] (if light also given, max 2 marks)
b pancreas; [1] b i young plants will get light for photosynthesis; [1]
c i starch digested to glucose; by enzymes / amylase ii D;[1]
and maltase; absorbed into the blood from, the 4 a i a sex cell;
small intestine / ileum; [3]
joining together of nuclei of male and female
ii insulin secreted; causes liver to take up glucose gametes;[2]
from the blood; liver converts glucose to
ii A – sepal;
glycogen; (also) glucose used by body cells in
respiration; [max 3] B – produces pollen; [2]
d negative feedback is a process that brings iii wall of ovary; [1]
concentration back to normal when it gets too high b B and C;
or too low; when blood glucose concentration rises
they have water;
too high, insulin is secreted and reduces it to normal;
when blood glucose concentration drops too low, they have a suitable temperature;
glucagon is secreted and raises it to normal; [3] they do not need light; [max 3]
7 a ability to detect changes in the environment; c i tropism;
and respond to them; [2] negative gravitropism; [2]
b i gravitropism; [1] ii better photosynthesis;
ii better access to water; because leaves can get more light;
firm anchorage in the soil; [2] flowers held up higher;
leaves have more light; where insects can access them; [max 3]
B amnion;
Chapter B12 Inheritance
C cervix; [3]
1 a a large letter for the smooth fur allele and a matching
ii the (beating of the) fetus’s heart; [1] small letter for the rough fur allele, using letters that
iii support / protect, the fetus; [1] look different from each other, e.g. A and a (not S and s)
iv mother to fetus: any two of oxygen / glucose b AA, Aa and aa
/ amino acids / water / other named soluble c AA smooth fur, Aa smooth fur, aa rough fur
nutrient;[2]
2 a a large letter for the red colour allele and a matching c parents’ phenotypes indented indented
small letter for the white colour allele, using letters
parents’ genotypes Ee Ee
that look different from each other, e.g. R for the red
colour allele and r for the white colour allele gametes E and e E and e
b R is dominant, because this is the allele that has
an effect in a heterozygous plant. spring genotypes and phenotypes
c RR, red; Rr, red; rr, white E e
3 a A gene is a length of DNA that codes for a particular EE Ee
protein; an allele is one of two or more forms of a gene. E
indented indented
b A dominant allele shows its effect in a heterozygous
Ee ee
organism; a recessive allele only has an effect when e
indented smooth
no dominant allele is present.
c A homozygous organism has two identical alleles
of a gene, e.g. AA; a heterozygous organism has two parents’ genotypes correct; all gametes correct
different alleles of a gene, e.g. Aa. and shown inside circles; genotypes of offspring
d The genotype shows the alleles of a gene that an correct; phenotypes of offspring correctly associated
organism possesses; the phenotype describes the with genotypes; 99 : 302 is approx. 3 : 1 and genetic
characteristics of the organism. diagram shows 3 indented : 1 smooth; [5]
e Mitosis is a type of nuclear division in which 5 a i white is dominant and himalayan is recessive – no
genetically identical daughter cells are produced; mark
meiosis is a type of nuclear division that produces
upper case and lower case version of the same
daughter cells with only half the full number of
letter chosen;
chromosomes, and that are genetically different from
one another. Mitosis is used in growth, repair and upper case for white and lower case for
asexual reproduction; meiosis is used to produce himalayan;[2]
gametes. ii parents’s genotypes shown as Aa and Aa (or
f A haploid cell has one full set of chromosomes; a whatever letters have been chosen in part a);
diploid cell has two full sets. gametes from both parents shown as A and a
4 a symbols should be the same letter, large and small, with circles around them;
and easily distinguishable, e.g. offspring genotypes shown as AA, Aa, Aa and aa;
EE for indented edges; AA and Aa offspring identified as white, and aa as
ee for smooth edges; [2] himalayan;
b parents’ phenotypes indented smooth ratio stated as 3 : 1 white to himalayan and
matched to three quarters white and one quarter
parents’ genotypes EE ee himalayan;[5]
gametes E e b i respiration;
oxidation of glucose / equation; [2]
spring genotypes all Ee
ii air trapped between hairs;
and phenotypes indented
insulation;
parents’ genotypes correct; reduces heat loss; [max 2]
gametes correct and placed inside circles; iii extremities / ears/ paws / nose, colder than other
parts of the body;
offspring genotype and phenotype correct;
enzyme active only in these parts so black
entire genetic diagram laid out correctly with
pigment only produced there; [2]
all headings;[4]
Chapter B13 Variation and natural selection b i the largest number of birds trapped has wing
1 species, discontinuous, genes, continuous, mutation, lengths of 66 or 67 mm; suggesting that most birds
had these wing lengths; comparative data quoted
adapted
for birds with these wing lengths and others; birds
2 a In continuous variation, an individual can with these wing lengths had greater mean ages
fit anywhere within a range of a particular when trapped; suggesting that they lived longer
characteristic, with no sharp dividing lines. In than others; comparative age data quoted for
discontinuous variation, there are a small number of birds with these wing lengths and others; [max 4]
distinct categories into which any individual fits.
ii repeat measurements for a larger number of
b Natural selection is the increased chances of birds; repeat in countries other than Sweden;
individual organisms with particular variations check wing lengths of birds that are breeding;
surviving and reproducing in their environment, follow individual marked birds throughout their
because of selection pressures that act on them. lives to measure wing length and length of life;
Artificial selection is the choice, by humans, of measure the wing length of dead birds; [max 3]
individuals with particular variations to be allowed to
c birds with this wing length survive for longer; more
breed together.
likely to reproduce than birds with smaller wings;
3 a Sexual reproduction allows mixing of alleles from wing length determined by genes / alleles which are
different parents. There is genetic variation in the passed on to offspring; [max 4]
population. Different combinations of alleles may
give different features that make some individuals Chapter B14 Organisms and their environment
better able to survive and reproduce in the 1 a A producer is an organism that makes its own
changing environment than their parents. Asexual organic food materials from inorganic ones; plants
reproduction, however, produces offspring with are producers, as they make organic nutrients by
exactly the same combinations of alleles as their photosynthesis. A consumer is an organism that
parent; there is no genetic variation. depends on organic nutrients made by producers;
(In both sexual and asexual reproduction, mutation animals and fungi are consumers.
may occur, which could form new alleles that might b A primary consumer obtains its energy by feeding
give an advantage to an organism and be selected on plants; it is a herbivore. A secondary consumer
for. This is no more likely in sexual than in asexual obtains its energy by feeding on primary consumers;
reproduction.) it is a carnivore.
b Mutation may produce new alleles that were not present c A food chain shows how energy is transferred from
before. Although mutations usually produce new one organism to another, showing only one species
characteristics that are less good than the normal ones, at each trophic level. A food web shows many
just occasionally a new feature that gives an organism interlinking food chains, with more than one species
a survival advantage may occur. If so, then this will be shown at each trophic level.
selected for (its owners will be more likely to survive and
2 a to make carbohydrates, fats and proteins
reproduce) and passed on to the next generation.
b by photosynthesis; carbon dioxide from the air is
4 a correct answer given (you will need to get someone
used to make carbohydrates
to check!); [1]
c They are given out from the plant as carbon dioxide.
b i shape of ear lobes shows discontinuous variation;
so it is caused by genes [2] d They break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins and
other carbon-containing materials in dead organisms
ii approximately 3 : 1; free : attached; [2] or waste products from them; they then respire,
iii allele for free ear lobes likely to be dominant; giving out carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
and allele for attached ear lobes likely to be 3 a i sunlight; [1]
recessive;[2]
ii chemical energy; [1]
5 a i There are no distinct categories; individuals
can have any wing length within the range from b i respiration; [1]
63 mm or less to 70 mm or more; [2] ii movement / muscle contraction; active transport;
ii for example: body mass / body length / beak generating heat to keep the body warm;
transmission of nerve impulses; building large
length;[1]
molecules from small ones; [max 3]
c i the food web should show an arrow going from c i increasing quantities of untreated sewage running
the wildebeest to ticks, another arrow going from into the river; build-up of nutrients in the water;
the ticks to the oxpeckers; and an arrow going so larger bacteria populations used up more
from the wildebeest to the oxpeckers; [1] oxygen; [max 2]
ii energy is lost between trophic levels; 90% of ii sewage treated before entering the river; fewer
energy lost / only 10% of energy passed on; lost, nutrients for bacteria; so fewer bacteria / less use
in respiration / as heat; so fewer organisms can of oxygen by bacteria; [max 2]
be supported at each trophic level; [max 3] d they would die / leave the river; [1]
4 a photosynthesis by aquatic plants; dissolving from e cause unpleasant smells; introduce pathogens
the air; [2] to the water that could cause disease in humans;
b bacteria feed on the sewage; so their populations e.g. cholera bacterium; e.g. polio virus; other example
increase; bacteria respire; aerobically; use up oxygen of water-borne disease-causing organism; [max 2]
from the water; [max 4]
d R[1]
e 2.2 [1] ii high melting point, soluble in water, conducts
when dissolved or molten, brittle (any two of
Chapter C3 Elements and compounds these possible answers) [2]
1 a helium / aluminium / chlorine [3] 5 a i X conducts electricity, Z does not; or X reacts
b i B and C[1] with water, Z does not [1]
ii C[1] ii Y reacts with X, Z does not [1]
iii D[1] b i the elements are too reactive [1]
2 a Period 2 [1] ii An electron is transferred (donated) from a
sodium atom to a chlorine atom [1]; the sodium
b i O becomes a positive ion and the chlorine a
ii F negative (chloride) ion [1] [2]
iii Li
iv C Chapter C4 Chemical reactions
v Be 1 a There is a colour change which shows that there
might be a reaction, and new substance(s) are
vi N [6] formed / a gas is given off.
c atoms, protons [2] b The most reliable evidence for a chemical reaction
3 a hydrogen [1] is that a gas is given off which can be identified as
b i P is in Group I / Q is in Group VIII (or 0) / R is in carbon dioxide.
Group VII [1] c copper carbonate → copper oxide + carbon dioxide
the Group number is given by the number of zinc carbonate → zinc oxide + carbon dioxide
outer electrons in the atom [1] [2] d Zinc oxide is a white solid which turns yellow when
ii Q is the least reactive as it is a noble gas [1] heated. When cooled, the solid turns white again.
iii P is a good conductor of electricity as it is a e No, it is a physical change.
metal[1]
100.1
gas volume produced depends on amount of
magnesium used (1) [2]
100.0
Chapter C8 Patterns and properties of metals
0
1 a Alloys are metals whose composition is designed
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 to suit the properties required by a particular use
Time / seconds
or situation. Properties which have been significant
c i gets faster [1] in the development of alloys have included:
ii gets faster [1] • tensile strength
d combustion, small, large [3] • hardness
Calcium oxide (lime) reacts with silica to form slag. • the synthetic and natural polymers that provide us
(two equations plus three other points of description) [5] with food, clothing and structural materials that
5 a i oxygen = top left [1] support our living and the technologies we
depend on
ii slag = right [1]
• the novel structures that provide the scope for
iii molten steel = bottom left [1]
developing nanotechnology.
b i They are gases. [1]
2 a i hydrogen and carbon contain just one type
ii They react together to form calcium phosphate, of atom; compounds contain different atoms
which is a solid, and form slag, which floats on bonded together
the steel. [3]
elements are listed on the Periodic Table;
c i D [1] compounds are not [2]
ii surgical instruments, chemical plant, cutlery ii draw a central C with four hydrogens attached
(any of these) [1] by single bonds [2]
6 a decomposition [1] iii natural gas [1]
b so that the ions are free to move [1] b i Z[1]
c to lower the operating temperature by lowering the ii X, Z
melting point of the electrolyte [1]
unsaturated molecules contain double bonds [2]
d B [1]
iii pass the gas through bromine water [1]; an
e anode = oxygen or carbon dioxide [1]; cathode =
unsaturated hydrocarbon will decolorise the
aluminium [1] [2]
bromine water [1], a saturated hydrocarbon will
f because they burn away [1] in the oxygen [1] [2] not [1] [3]
g Al + 3e → Al
3+ –
[1] 3 a a family of organic compounds with similar chemical
h pans, cans, power cables, aircraft bodies, etc. [1] properties due to the presence of the same
7 a i reduction [1] functional group [1]
ii carbon monoxide [1] b A = alkene; B = alkane; C = alcohol [3]
iii coke (carbon) and hot air [1] c test: bromine water; A: decolorises; B: no effect [3]
b copper is less reactive than iron / bonding in copper d heat it with steam [1] and a catalyst [1] [2]
oxide is weaker (1); less energy needed to break e fermentation [1]
bonds (1) [2] 4 a ethane (1); C2H6 (1) [2]
c limestone is added to the blast furnace (1); limestone b i a homologous series [1]
decomposes in the furnace to give calcium oxide /
ii methane (1); CH4 (1) [2]
lime (1); silicon dioxide reacts with calcium oxide to
produce slag / calcium silicate (1) [3] iii
d it (is a covalent substance) does not conduct f correct plotting [2]; two straight lines [1] [3]
electricity[1]
1.20
e the molecules are not all the same length / it is a
mixture of molecules (of different lengths) [1] 1.00
Physics mass
c density = volume [1]
102
= 25
Chapter P1 Making measurements [1]
= 4.08 g/cm3[1]
1 a volume = l × b × h[1]
d
= 8.4 × 8.0 × 5.5 [1] Sample m / g V2 V1 V / cm3 Density /
= 369.6 cm3[1] [1] / cm [1] / cm [1]
3 3
g/cm3 [1]
[1] [1]
mass B 144 80 44 36 [1] 4.0 [2]
b density = volume [1]
Speed / m/s
20
vertical axis showing speed [1]
rising straight-line graph starting at origin [1] 10
b
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time / s
Speed
Chapter P3 Forces and motion 12 a the two 5000 N forces [1]
1 resultant force [1] They are equal in size but act in opposite
2 a weight [1] directions. [1]
b friction [1] b resultant force = 1300 – 1200 [1]
3 a weight downwards, air resistance upwards [2] = 100 N [1]
b zero [1] forwards (to the left) [1]
c The resultant force on it is zero, so it does not c The lorry will speed up (accelerate). [1]
accelerate.[2] 13 a i (engine) thrust and (air) friction [1]
4 a resultant force = 680 – 600 [1] ii force shown vertically upwards, anywhere on
= 80 N [1] plane[1]
upwards [1] distance
b i speed = time in any form [1]
b He will accelerate upwards. [1]
2200
5 a weight = mass × g [1] = 2.75 [1]
= 80 × 10 [1]
= 800 (km/h) [1]
= 800 N [1]
ii idea of headwind on outward journey or tailwind
b the same [1] on return journey or routes of different lengths or
c less [1] less friction or less weight [1]
6 a force = mass × acceleration [1] (v–u) or v or 8
14 a i t 3 [1]
b kilogram (kg) or gram (g); newton (N); metre per t
second per second (m/s2)[3] = 2.7 m/s2[1]
7 the bigger force acting on the smaller mass, [1] ii F = ma or 42 × 8/3 [1]
that is, the 10 N force acting on the 5 kg mass [1] = 112 N [1]
8 force = mass × acceleration [1] iii distance in first 3 s = 12 m [1]
= 1.25
m/s2[1]
force = mass × acceleration [1] centre
of
= 1200 × 1.25 [1] mass
= 1500 N [1] centre
11 weight = mass × g [1] of
mass
= 50 × 1.6 [1]
= 80 N [1]
stable object unstable object
Mark a vertical line below the pin using a If you use a ladder, the pressure is less because your
plumb-line.[1] weight is spread over a greater area. [1]
Repeat this process for the other two pinholes. [1] 3 a extension = length when stretched – original
length[1]
The centre of mass is where the three lines
b graph b[1]
intersect.[1]
4 a The extension of a spring is proportional to the
6 contact
force centre load, provided the limit of proportionality is not
A 0.9 m
of mass B exceeded.[2]
1m
b load = stiffness × extension [2]
1.5 m c See Figure P5.05a. [3]
weight 5 extension = change in length [1]
of beam = 66 – 58 [1]
a centre of mass correctly marked, as in diagram [1] = 8.0 cm [1]
b arrows and labels added correctly [2] 6 extension for 5 N is 15 – 12 = 3.0 cm [1]
c moment of weight = force × distance [1] extension for 15 N is 3 × 3 cm = 9.0 cm [1]
= 200 N × 0.5 m [1] length is 12 + 9 = 21 cm [1]
= 100 N m [1] 7 See Activity P5.01.
moment of force F is F × 1.0 = 100 N m [1] Diagram or list indicating:
so F = 100 N [1] • spring hanging vertically from clamp [1]
d upward contact force = sum of downward forces [1] • weights hanging from end of spring [1]
= 200 N + 100 N [1] • ruler[1]
= 300 N [1] Student must measure:
7 a force and perpendicular distance (of force) • length of spring when weights added [1]
from the point [1]
• unstretched length of spring [1]
b i downward force arrow at centre of bar [1]
• repeated for at least five different weights. [1]
Extension / mm
10.0 91.0 8.0 [1]
15.0 95.0 12.0 [1] 40
20.0 99.0 16.0 [1]
b 2.0
20
1.5
0
Extension / cm
0 20 40 60 80
1.0 Load / N
b thermal (heat) energy [1] rain falls, and finally enters rivers, [1]
c Yes, because 90% of the energy is used, [1] whose water is trapped behind a dam. [1]
= 54 000 J [1]
d work done by engine = work done against If it is to become a gas, energy must be supplied
friction + k.e. [1] to overcome these forces and separate the
78 000 = 24 000 + 54 000 [1] particles.[1]
so energy is conserved [1] 11 a Molecules of ethanol leave the surface of the
liquid[1]
11 a M = V × D = 103 × 10-3[1]
so that its mass decreases. [1]
= 1.0 kg [1]
b The more energetic molecules of ethanol
b mgh = 1 × 10 × 0.8 [1]
are more likely to leave the liquid, [1]
= 8.0 J (or 8.0 N m) [1]
so the average energy of the molecules
E 8 × 90
c P = = [1] remaining decreases. [1]
t 60
= 12 W (or 12 J/s or 12 N m/s) [1] Hence its temperature decreases. [1]
d P = ρgh[1] 12 Shape Molecules
8000 Pa (or 8000 N/m2)[1]
a Solid fixed shape [1] vibrate about a
fixed position [1]
Chapter P9 The kinetic model of matter
b Liquid shape fills the move around,
1 See Figure P9.01 in the Coursebook. [6]
container from close together
2 See Figure P9.03 in the Coursebook. [3] the bottom [1]
3 a evaporation [1] c Gas completely fills move around,
b faster-moving or more energetic; decrease the container far apart [1]
or fall/drop [2]
4 a gas [1] 13 a i bombardment/collisions with air molecules/
b solid [1] particles[1]
c liquid [1] ii any two from
5 a solid [1] lighter / very small / smaller than smoke
b The particles are well separated and can move particles / too small to be seen fast-moving /
about within the volume of their container, [1] high kinetic energy random movement /
movement in all directions [2]
colliding with its walls and with each other. [1]
b i increases [1]
6 a energy [1]
ii air molecules/particles/atoms bombard/
b temperature [1]
hit walls [1]
7 a smoke particles [1]
molecules faster / higher energy when
b molecules of the air [1] temperature raised [1]
8 a particles of smoke [1] (not vibrate faster) greater force (per unit area)
b The smoke particles are moving because the or more collisions per second [1]
particles of the air are continually colliding with
them,[1]
Chapter P10 Thermal properties of matter
changing their speed and direction of motion. [1] 1 a See examples in Section P10.01 of the Coursebook. [1]
9 a slowly [1] b See examples in Section P10.01 of the Coursebook. [1]
b quickly [1] 2 a Liquid in bulb absorbs energy; gets hotter; expands;
c quickly [1] pushes up tube. [3]
10 a evaporation (or vaporisation) [1] b melting point of pure ice (0 °C); boiling point of pure
b In the liquid, forces between the particles hold water (100 °C) [2]
them together. [1] 3 a Mercury expands as its temperature increases. [1]
c The glass wool prevents the movement of air in the c The vibrations of the instrument cause the air near
gap, so it is difficult for a convection current to be the instrument to vibrate. [1]
set up, [1] Compressions and rarefactions are formed, [1]
which would transfer energy from the inner wall to and these propagate through the air to the
the outer wall. [1] listener’s ear. [1]
10 a i conduction [1] 6 a trace A [1]
ii convection [1] The amplitude of trace A is the greatest. [1]
b heat lost at same rate as heat supplied [1] b trace C [1]
c i boiling [1] The frequency of trace C is the greatest (because more
ii steam [1] waves are contained in the same time interval). [1]
11 a i conduction [1] 7 You need a source of sound, [1]
ii atoms/free electrons at hot end vibrate more/ and two detectors in line with the sound. [1]
have more energy [1] You need to measure the distance between the two
share energy with others by collisions [1] detectors,[1]
b copper is a better conductor or iron is a worse and the time interval between the sound reaching
conductor[1] them.[1]
distance
c iron conducts heat slowly [1] Then use speed =
time
so gas above gauze is hot enough to burn [1] to calculate the speed of sound. [1]
copper conducts heat rapidly [1] 8
rarefaction where particles of the medium are
so gas above gauze is not hot enough to burn [1] spread out
compression where particles of the medium are
Chapter P12 Sound squashed together
1 a source [1] [1]
b vibrations [1] 9 a solid [1]
c echo [1] b (for example) Place ear against table,
d frequency; second [2] tap table at a distance [1]
e hertz [1] and hear the sound through the wood. [1]
f gases; vacuum [2] c distance travelled = 2 times length of rod
2 a greater frequency [2] = 800 m [1]
b greater amplitude [2] distance
speed = [1]
3 a [2] time
B A
800 m
= 0.16 s [1]
= 5000 m/s [1]
10 a i reflection or wave bounces back [1]
b D [2] from large object/sea bed [1]
ii distance = speed × time [1]
C = 1500 × 0.80 [1]
= 1200 (m) [1]
iii 1200/2 = 600 (m) [1]
4 shaded from 20 Hz to 20 kHz [2] b graph should show
5 a the air inside the instrument [1] uniformly sloping line [1]
b the strings of the instrument [1] with positive gradient [1]
11 a any large surface, e.g. wall / cliff / mountain [1] Two rays in different directions
b i when hears bang / sees flash [1] from a single point on the lamp [1]
ii when hears echo [1] reflect off the mirror correctly [1]
c i reading = 2.25 s [1] and are extrapolated back behind the mirror, [1]
so that the image is at the point where they cross. [1]
distance
speed = [1] b Each ray is reflected [1]
time
720 so that angle of incidence equals angle of
= [1]
2.25 reflection.[1]
= 320 (m/s) [1]
6 a ray 2
ii one from
F ray 1
inaccurate distance from firework I
F O
reaction time
wind [1]
Ray 1 continues straight through the centre of the
Chapter P13 Light lens,[1]
1 a See Figure P13.01 in the Coursebook. [4] ray 2 bends at the lens [1]
b angle of incidence = angle of reflection and passes through the principal focus F, [1]
i = r[2] so that the image is at the point where they cross. [1]
2 a virtual [1] b The image is diminished [1]
b the same size as [1] because it is shorter than the object. [1]
c object [1] c The image is inverted because it is below the axis. [1]
d left–right inverted [1] 7 See Figure P13.03a in the Coursebook. [5]
3 See Figure P13.08a in the Coursebook. [2] 8 a Ray diagram correctly drawn showing that the ray
passes through both surfaces undeflected, that is,
4 normal
the ray remains straight. [2]
b
mirror
angle of angle of
incidence i reflection r
11 See Figure P13.05a in the Coursebook. [6] Chapter P14 Properties of waves
12 a 1 energy; matter [2]
30° 30°
50° 50° 2 a bounces off [1]
A B b speed [1]
3 reflection, refraction (in either order)[2]
4 a 4.0 cm [1]
b 3.0 cm [1]
In block A, reflected ray at equal angle [1] c one wave = 4 cm so 10 cm = 2.5 waves [1]
and refracted ray bent away from normal. [1] so 2.5 waves pass in 1 s [1]
In block B, reflected ray only, [1] frequency = 2.5 Hz [1]
at equal angle. [1] d 2
y / cm
there is only an internally reflected ray; [1] 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
all of the ray is totally internally reflected. [1] –1
x / cm
ii
attractive force [1]
iii
with soft iron core [1]
N S
iv
can be switched on and off (or can be
S N stronger)[1]
10 a can be switched off [1]
magnets in a square arranged
can vary the strength [1]
N–S–N–S–N–S–N–S[1]
b i 1000 turns
with attractive forces shown [1]
ii iron
6 a bigger current [1]
iii 3.0 A [2]
more turns of wire or turns of wire closer together [1]
add an iron core [1]
Chapter P17 Electric charge
b (for example) in a scrapyard crane or an 1 a rubbed, friction, opposite [3]
electromagnetic door bolt [1]
b repel, attract [2]
7 a A soft magnetic material is easy to magnetise [1]
2 a electrons [1]
and to demagnetise. [1]
b negative [1]
A hard magnetic material is difficult to magnetise
and demagnetise. [1] c positively [1]
b A hard material [1] 3
Quantity Unit Symbol for unit
because it retains its magnetisation well. [1] force newton N
c A soft material [1]
electric charge coulomb C [4]
because its magnetisation can change easily. [1]
8 4 a positive [1]
b They are equal. [1]
N N S c Suspend one so that it can turn freely. [1]
S
Bring the other close to one end and observe
repulsion.[1]
A
V
Q
8 a I= [1] 10 a light [1]
t
30 b heat [1]
= [1]
20 c power = 36 W [1]
= 1.5 A [1]
d energy = power × time [1]
b E = Pt[1]
= 36 × 60 [1]
= IVt[1]
= 2160
J [1]
= 1.5 × 10 × 20 [1]
P
= 300 J [1] e I = [1]
V
9 a i 30
= [1]
12
= 3 A [1]
A
coil of Chapter P19 Electric circuits
wire
1 a current [1]
b sum [1]
2
V
6 1 1 1
Name of device Circuit symbol Description ii = + [1]
R 3 6
light-dependent resistance R = 2 Ω [1]
resistor (LDR) [1] decreases V
[1] c I = [1]
when light R
falls on it = 6.0 A [1]
thermistor [1] resistance d i stays the same [1]
[1] changes when
temperature ii decreases [1]
changes
Chapter P20 Electromagnetic forces
7 a 6V 1 current, magnetic, circles (or circular), wire [4]
2 current, magnetic, turning, rotate [4]
3 a The wire will swing the other way. [1]
b The wire will swing the other way. [1]
4 a force (motion) [1]
b magnetic field [1]
series circuit [1]
c current [1]
correct symbols for resistor, switch and
5 a downwards [1]
power supply [3]
b to the right, [1]
b 10 + 40 [1]
by Fleming’s left-hand rule [1]
= 50 Ω [1]
6 a downwards [1]
c 0.12 A [1]
b upwards [1]
d 0.12 A [1]
c The forces are unbalanced, [1]
8 a wires overheat (risk of fire) [1]
and so provide a turning effect. [1]
b fuse, trip switch [2]
d The force is zero, [1]
c Use thicker wires, [1]
because the current does not cut across the
which have lower resistance, [1]
magnetic field (it is parallel to the field). [1]
so there is less heating. [1]
7 a i current clockwise when viewed from top [1]
9 a in parallel [1]
ii anticlockwise or down on left and/or up
b 6.0 V [1] on right [1]
across each resistor [1] b i faster or greater turning effect [1]
c The 2 Ω resistor, [1] ii faster or greater turning effect [1]
because the resistance is lower. [1] iii faster or greater turning effect [1]
1 1 1
d = + [1]
R 2 3 Chapter P21 Electromagnetic induction
3 2 5 1 conductor, magnetic, induced, circuit, current [5]
+ = [1]
6 6 6
6 2 (answers from the top) d.c.; a.c.; a.c.; d.c.; a.c.; d.c.; a.c. [7]
R = = 1.2 Ω [1]
5 3 coil, rotate/turn, magnetic, e.m.f., current [5]
V 6
R = = [1] 4 high, smaller, less [3]
R 1.2
= 5.0 A[1] 5 a primary, core, secondary [3]
10 a i 4.0 V [1] b step-up, e.m.f./voltage [2]
ii 12 V [1] c step-down, e.m.f./voltage [2]
b i 6 Ω [1]
5 a 6 protons [1]
0
Time b 6 neutrons [1]
a.c. c 6 electrons [1]
6 a 79 + 118 [1]
–
= 197 [1]
197
correct (labelled) diagram [1] b Au[2] 79
8 13 a i 3 [1]
Radiation alpha beta gamma
ii 3 [1]
Penetration least in between most
penetrating penetrating [1] iii 4 [1]
iv 3 + 4 = 7 [1]
Absorption most easily in between least easily
7
absorbed [1] absorbed [1] b Li 7
3 [1]
Absorbed thin paper, thin metal thick lead or 14 a
Particle Charge Mass
by a few cm foil [1] concrete [1]
of air electron −1 m
neutron 0 [1] 2000m [1]
9 a (average) time, half, decay [3]
b See Figure P22.08 in the Coursebook.[3] proton +1 [1] 2000m [1]