av,1 Ptf. 1 I,ve.

Math

15 .Seer 199 7

.I5c\ FkiAct GPI tke_ .2 e 6)3 0 1 .rt -

r e 1")
IT Y1

= L Err j

-e = LALF4i r1 •

421 1
e = Trk L.4 rl


bcw,J PerkA;e„11

kIC ;110f-re7 c t c. cu 4-7

re/ f-c., a (c+ct+ i o coord.;,ic,.f-e s tj Ltefryn a s

YYI j2 17"1 i41 Gt x(-(:)x);') - x x

G
tt5

.C. oo .“ de toe C -1.‘r X +

, c,) .7- (A)

t-ck, S c1/41- the rtig icicew,-e4 t r X X 4 -3 ,j
A rt. L a 1Paas

z ,
t Louk' -

kvi

Z c4
z rt ni w X2 x

A A A

0 - r 0 rcQse t0
Jr c.c .. c' r 5, C.
(Ai

`:c` t w 6.; rs —
cat j

• ckt r - r /2.
 c"\v 11 od. e t

ct •/_ t-:1„x(L, t al
q., I z 11 A

, 0 (J LA:, - r S; 0 0 L; e Cc,,, e I

r cc,e ri ..,0 0

--> (.....% ., ....\

LAJ y, k.i....; A z j __ 0 C
r.:
(A) r'. n 0 + 0

Y'S., 6'

r •e• r

Dcw. , (A fie.vu,t)e)l

;v
i t•ut1;(.1,‘ t coo +01,, r C is C i rcie
A ciie -4,0-2c1 /,_J
1 zl . 1Z >1, IL,,d-: 1 , y- fc ..}- U(St 047 1 - he Cclt,i cit,j

vl 'te@r A t flA eort b-) n s me j .-ti. Ti,1, ; 0 t.e 5,-,:, 1 AA ct j ile

ev,..1'1,46,1.4 -1- Ycle16--ccr AA; A 6) .-ii..) p, I , r cot c.1 , t ,,.
1 Ce;',.;rit, "1.:A re' .3' tA <,.)

.i,,,ie.>-

,,(6t).1tn) -r
i = re e -

(6,-) +2 .rt '

da L ct(0-t.)

z2 L
r c e A (64.i.11,/t)
L 61( a /-2..1iK)
,1(0-arm)
r e ire re I

here r 7-: 1 coo G (3 z- e;

gr 21r'7)) = L(e2-fro)
e

d e - th Ee' 1J 1
+-
5/4 .2/1
0
. r- —• ir,
C Z t 11-
2 r -7
t - ,4 e +11] --.) -../.,,, L23 -e , 1 v. - O e I .1 -. -
J

Tr/i.
r 3 3,j3:1 r
e 1.41_
fi e e / e j C LA L'-e +(J

r
e Li Le O
 bay: eert,,Je

3 i (.40 c) t.`2
.... 0
us, crAlc,k,s f re.s4Les
.i
ZL1-2.

,
Zo
[(-2-L)Af.()
(v1 -‘) ) ckz 4

Fern e e 9ra.cl bras p,tes e-IG•( 0 c'

f2 or,:t er S:r1Ce

;5 1-;

1; ( z -a)/ ' I 1 1.3

2(tri

• C

Zti

c 2(es tosed) -1.1= cR (L) ----- 0

•
 CA.•n1)(.1

I'Lle1C.:+;04 C: (a .) ccw, eApclAded, c‘

1—.0,revd- se r,e,s (.1,:u} or

e 1/1 tin Vie co tsctrecA1,
S rk t e c- ( 7 c- f e
C - n-n c 1-11, S fLoic+0).1 2
;5 the aim e c 1- e c

3 re

t :s-

4 0,4 t-e 4E r

A
re r

x
e A 4.•
-r - • 4-

• „evl
#it
(Lcinti

.2 I, .1

_
f(i) r" I + 66+ 1,1 (:(04)
.
LI (eh) t
a ! I

3
•
-= A
4_ ( 6 0.)
- •
Li 3!

I _bevi (GA) .(,c44) ((' 0 0 )4 )

5 -t- -
,i Y,1 S

•
 1),c\v,J Pert e 11

c c4

Z = F -fr = -Rea I prt

f(Z) S'l IRLC3,T- t* CO S ft\

) 5,4Z

-F() = -
71
P
\ 1 - I r1 , I . ••
5 i /\ i 6i

3
r- - t••
(- 7
—
— T
e e

'11
7!

• =0
ill

m.c.,•_17

f z
I R — .., , 1 +31 ,_ IR
Li
4_ R,
,v, -1 ) ,1

(/ RZ _3 5-
R -1-R. 4- I j- + • •

fIC,-, 3
.1 -7= 3

I-4er e z ref)fesev, ij 1- 14 474 c-1- ci ; Al " `I a r.1)

r%t yA ln e C‘. . A LA to t-s t

el I
;n fc the ti 3.1,e

,
Ja v d i'oiL,;e:11

C5 ,

thus:

fi 47

7
• ••

7;

c1zk K - IR
(5 -I- th - R
'7
.4.
\'1
3; 5i -4--
'7!
A
3_3 55 .
7

• •
E l 71

n
t _ r \
iC ; tic
= c„U )!,

av; Ci ?e01,,,e,"

(,..c.„-1-)

F(7) - (a,=

re
Le

(
ire to (r I +
/ 2
r
)3

A
. , , r
&Pt /
(0)
1- 4. rue,. r

, (i-) -i) P1

r L e
-0)

. 4
tL) it - re - mod -r re IL

)).

l 2) = i. r- -re -k- L -r(.92 r 3—
ar

2 , 3
r r0 r0

r13
4-re -L:r___QZ- •

l. LLViCt .";
ir.. (A ce f(° 3 e O 1 -ke r ci 4 tke
z -pitto 041.3 IC: isn -EC r

AtL I (N.

X . X V

1 1. '"i L

nA t-Cec= 6 1t c k— the n-sr ∎ ; ...4 tvtr 7-p'ciiie

L7-1 2 X 1 LI L

-2. \
= ÷ I X V=
\ /

44C?1 ---: ( rlri

t'l

c) • te fA
r al- -co( r IA > X

r v<

r < I vj > I k. iN 4 z

11

As 1 . 71 c W, (2) .= x o.

t- c; rc (c K tile 1 - Ltie 'r;t h.") ,C`ckNete

4-1-tct S tr,A. j .1, 1.! CA th -k,;( .5 vt • J E ‘ t-

ieA ) th a
 Jt'

HQ d0 (2.4-cles _ i-e(e( i _
(Jr,
}-rcios

sA/2_ (2) =
zz

2t, 1L j (A -,:n) X 4-

2. • 7.

• r2
c
Liz -
ce,,f erec t

-
t.tt the ;

A r— •I X v=( (2+1.
• (-I \

r r v ki tkta

1
U < X
r-eci;LIn

r we_ , e.t 0 fri.,>2

)

• r LA, e ct
ilA6j c,,te-

CI. Sfr.
kA t

5 kt
fsL ti4e

IA
2..),

The

• kl 3 T


1))Ma Ft (1,...;e11

-t-ke fraviSfc r

ccorJ,A.de +lie p4tae

k o ..;
let ave oa co As-+rcA ci- ed .

/
e (at (.0) - (A)

e we t -a

e
iir (ezi.() = (e
iv =

• p
(A) - ex e'')
2.x
( e'e i x'
(-t e

(A) -
z„
e2x e x -e`y) i • e -e e
i
f x/
e E (e + e I L-1 t e' i-e")

-1
Zx (e(3-e3) 2x
L a e az C' -e -)ce x 5:4
ZW• (222e:j zn
1 4- e
A A
a to 4.) ex cc-

-x x
w-:. e x S Ay -e (.
-X A
_ t -tez-tJe4ca.;i e vs y

/ x X
-e - :01 -e e
- LS,A

• teA ) co, (e x 4-e-')

 7.3

CA1 - 5,4k X — 5,.1

t• COS ‘..j

— a A s, k n„t e Cc4t1 Z

co, A t X 4 L. el

Ck 5, Vdel

CC -A A --

s n y a s,
• A 3

co. in C-CS

— cost.X ."C"3 C. t".

We ,1 (..\.ve re (2,4- eck ck 8. (O a r C c,:rct; nate _ S^Stew1, .

rea( 'tit'

CI t2

a- 2
Kit c,..‘,4 ti,e cccr,-t,/tAke. -+k€
Cvre

re) ? ct itA e CA (

. 1-11 e trail ryK at 611 eii 4c4; OA 5 (Are

X= a S n II 'Z

• CC :; C0t) C L.:n L rt.



P
(..\v, a tev, .e.t1

2, '7
( 3 c,,t)
IA Grj er -1-t See ko,.. cccr-cl ∎ ‘ -a-te. AeS -Fr-A A.> -f-vri,1

t:Ae X Co:rd. t, 61 =G) cl,.1(4.-e4t13

. 2.

e
= (citu- 2.•
(..% V - LA - -V -

Z
CA +v.-61 v (Oci- LA -iv Cn
. -tau tau A- LA -A-

L
e V `-LA \ V
2
( a 1" IA ) V -r,.)1-#%/1

1 2 ,e. X=G}
Re( e e
X
- v _ 1.ne

(at.)t-rvi

•

L 2.

(Cyr,.t1

. 2 1. Z
i
; 1. /ct 4 1- L4 *V = CA - v LA.

2. 1
Aco4 -4Dv 2 - 0
2
Ain
\z
/ =

^
( 1;.ci) iS fife efctqfic63 C; -c e C eil.+e r e61 en - e
4 i1 4 -CXX n S

b av, 61 Pet„,A;e0

13
Livc c S:
--' CIA LA

— cos t: k -

.11 't s.-n 17.5-r,-h4fe

/
el...,;4,4+;x9 1.
x
5,4

\2

x C1Cc4 (-12- CS cl

Lk):ckt cosAr6e are circles cevi ffer-e 61 0.4 t Vcvxrs.

C1 rl fe VA A+

, 2
(x ccik r1-) kj- ct Z csch

•
• - .
 1) a 4 (.1 ?en well

e LCAtj \400.1e fOia•r". rikelS

01-ec,A:t;c4 .
r 1-14e

e csve 11' P444-r ilnayt,c-cSrk6v1Sn:A.

LC LA, lo5 Ct-t- Tkey,
a- 2

C-,Ar 42e6..,,it, CA .s "forw%

1 0.5 I C tAi
4i4)

--1-ke (A; reLt;c4A ,App; , Aver,k,4

ktsptEct-; 0 ,, we sec

• 0A-1"

s Ac IN ;
fr"I° p•45

e GeS ,&s
ver ( rl.ck g,ec.wr

rc,5;0AAik
,r2
ot.
T WC. S

aus •

• 2.9 BIPOLAR COORDINATES (,5, z) 87

v< EXERCISES

2.7.1 Let cosh u iii , cos v ----- (12, -.: q3. Find the new scale factors hq, and h".
., .,
q i — 11 72 ' '
It " - a , )
V= (qi - — 1
=
or -- 11,
h„., -- a
(

2.8 Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates (,:=, q,

The transformation equations,

X=
= )0/2

•
(2.79)
Z=

generate two sets of orthogonal parabolic cylinders (Fig. 2.6). By solvin g, Eq. 2.79
for and ti we obtain the following:
I. Parabolic cylinders, ‘; = constant.' — Co < <
(2.74)
2. Parabolic cylinders, iI = constant, 0 tl <
2.75)
(
3. Planes parallel to the .vi-plane, = constant, — Co < < CO.
From Eq. 2.6 the scale factors are
(2.76)
= h 4 + /12)12,
h 11 2 ) 1 2
(2.77) + (2.80)
II, It,. -=
the major one.
li \ -/ 1 \

2.9 Bipolar Coordinates

This is an oddball coordinate system. It is not a degenerate case of the confocal
ellipsoidal coordinates. Equation 2.1 is not completely separable in this system
(2.78) even for k 2 = 0 (cf. Exercise 2.9.2). It is included here as an example or how an
unusual coordinate system may be chosen to lit a problem.

hapter 6 ∎s hen The parabolic e N lindcr c.); constant is invariant to the sign of We must let ,; (or id go
negati ve to cover negative values of .v.

41)

88 2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

The transf(

Dividing Eq.

Using Eq. 2.

Usin g Eq. 2.

From Eqs
I. Circula

2. CircuL

3. Planes

When 17 -
y = 0. Simil
to a point, t
Eq. 2.84 pa
y = 0 are s(
The scale

FIG. 2.6 Parabolic cylindrical coordinates. (Top) Cross section

To see h
(a, 0), (—a
 2.9 BIPOLAR COORDINATES (5, 77 , z) 89

The transformation equations are

a sinh
x= (2.81a)
cosh — cos 'C.
a sin C'
= (2.81b)
cosh q — cos
z = z. (2.81c)
Dividing Eq. 2.81a by 2.81h, we obtain
x sinh
(2.82)
y sin;
Usin g Eq. 2.82 to eliminate C from Eq. 2.81a, we have

(x — a coth ) + 2 y2
= 2 C/ CSC112 (2.83)
• Eq. 2.82 to eliminate q from Eq. 2.81h, we have

X 2 + (3' - a cot ,;) 2 = a 2 csc2 (2.84)

From Eqs. 2.83 and 2.84 we may identify the coordinate surfaces as follows:
•
I. Circular cylinders, center at i = a cot *C,
= constant, 0 5 C 27t.

2. Circular cylinders, center at .v = a coth

= constant, - CC < 1/ < CC .

3. Planes parallel to .vy-plane,

= constant, - SO < < Cf-

when coth q —* I and csch q 0. Equation 2.83 has a solution x = a,

y= 0. Similarly, when q — cr.>, a solution is .v = —a, r = 0, the circle degenerating
to a point, the cylinder to a line. The family of circles (in the .vy-plane) described by
Eq. 2.84 passes through both of these points. This follows from noting that .v = +a,
y = 0 are solutions of Eq. 2.84 for any value of C.
The scale factors for the bipolar system are
a
h , h: =
cosh q — cos c
a
11, = = (2.85)
cosh q — cos c
11 3 = -= 1.
To see how the bipolar system may be useful let us start with the three points

• 0), (—a, 0), and (.v, y) and the two distance vectors
(a, and i )„,_ at angles of 0,

90 2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

FIG. 2.7 Bipolar coordinates

and 0 2 from the positive .v-axis. From Fig.2.8

Pi = (x — a) 2 + y2,
( 2.86 )
= (x + a) 2 + y2
and

tan 0, =
x—
(2.87)
tan 0 2 =
FIG. 2.8 x +a
We define'
P2
012 = in (2.88a)
Pi
= Ol 02. (2.88b)

By taking tan 5 I2 and Eq. 2.87

tan 0, — tan 02
tan C, 2 =
+ tan 0 1 tan 02
(2.89)
1 , /( x — a) — y/(V a)
I + y 2 /(X (1 )( x + ( 1)

1 The notation In is used to indicate loge.



2.9 BIPOLAR COORDINATES (6, 7) , z) 91

From Eq. 2.89, Eq. 2.84 follows directly. This identifies ,; as 5 12 = 0, — 0 2 . Solving
Eq. 2.88a for p 2 /p, and combining this with Eq. 2.86, we get
o z, + +y2
v-
pi (x + y2 (2.90)

Multiplication by e - " 2 and use of the definitions of hyperbolic sine and cosine
produces Eq. 2.83, which identifies q as th, = In (0,1p,). The following example
exploits this identification.

EXAMPLE 2.9.1

An infinitely long strai g ht wire carries a

current I in the negative :-direction. A second
wire, parallel to the first, carries a current / in
the positive z-direction. Using

dk
dA = (2.91)
47r r

find A, the magnetic vector potential, and B,

the magnetic inductance.
From Eq. 2.91 A has only a z-component.
Integrating over each wire from 0 to P and FIG. 2.9 Antiparallel electric Cur-
.8 taking the limit as P oo, we obtain rents

clz P CI= \
11 ° 1 lim( j.
A_ =-- 2 (2.92)
47r p—. (),//); + z2 Jo \/ + Z2

Rol +
A- — lim n-1 + \/1) :1, + z 2 )1 0'
1 — In(z +
" 47t 1"--•
Poi
P + /
+ P 2 p,
— ( lirn 2 In 2 In . (2.93)
47 p— P + p2 Pi.

This reduces to
P0 I , 1 1 2 /101
(2.94)
.-1_ =— i 11 — = — — il.
_7
1 p i 27

So far there has been no need for bipolar coordinates. Now. however. let us
calculate the magnetic inductance B from B = V x A. From Eqs. 2.22 and 2.85
1l440 Ito ° k

(cosh ii — cos (;) 2 c, il

B= --
_. 7.—
u 22 (IL,'" (. 11 ('.7

—I1„1
0 0

(cosh — cos (2.95)

= %,o )TE
a


92 2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

The magnetic field has only a 4 0 -component..The reader is ur g ed to try to compute

B in some other coordinate system.
We shall return to bipolar coordinates in Sections 2.13 and 2.14 to derive the
toroidal and bispherical coordinate systems.

EXERCISES

2.9.1 Verify that the surfaces 6 h i and c; are orthogonal by the following methods:
(a) Show that the slope of one surface (the intersection with a = constant)-plane) is the
ne gative reciprocal of the slope of the other surface.
(b) Calculate q„.

2.9.2 (a) Show that Laplace's equation, V 0(6, 7), — 0 is not completely separable in bipolar
coordinates.
(b) Show that a complete separation is possible if we require that tb — 0(6, 7)), that is, if
we restrict ourselves to a two-dimensional system.
2.9.3 Find the capacitance per unit length of two conducting cylinders of radii b and c and of
infinite length, w ith axes parallel and a distance apart.
277E0
C-
- 7/2
2.9.4 As a limiting case of Exercise 2.9.3, find the capacitance per unit length between a conduct-
ing cylinder and a conductin g infinite plane parallel to the axis of the cylinder.
27reo
n

2.10 Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates (a, 1 ,, (p)

Let us start with the elliptic coordinates of Section 2.7 as a two-dimensional
system. We can generate a three-dimensional system by rotating about the major
or minor elliptic axes and introducing (I) as an azimuth angle (Fig. 2.10). Rotating
first about the major axis gives us prolate spheroidal coordinates with the following
nate surfaces :
coordinate
1. Prolate spheroids,
= constant, 0 u < v4.

2. Hyperboloids of two sheets,

c= constant, 0

3. Half planes through the .7-axis,

= constant, 0 2n.