JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

COURSE TITLE :- MODERN ANTENNA SYSTEM ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE :- EENG 6203

ARRAY ANTENNA
Course Coordinator:- Dr. Mulugeta Atlabachew
Ass. Professor
DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS
 Practically all antenna types have some directivity.
 The most directive type of antenna that has wide area of
applications is the Array Antenna.

 Triangular Array of dipoles for sectoral mobile communication

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS

 Triangular Array of dipoles for sectoral mobile communication

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS

 Triangular Array of dipoles for sectoral mobile communication

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ARRAY ANTENNAS

 Array Antenna
 Multiple small antenna elements can be arranged in
space and interconnected to produce a high
directional radiation than the individual antenna
element does. Such configuration of multiple
radiating elements is referred to as an array
antenna or simply array.

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS

 In an array of identical elements, there are at least five

controls that can be used to shape the overall pattern of
the antenna. These are:
1) The geometrical configuration of the overall array (linear,
circular, rectangular, spherical, etc.)
2) The relative displacement between the elements
3) The excitation amplitude of the individual elements
4) The excitation phase of the individual elements
5) The relative pattern of the individual elements

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS

 The total field of the array is determined by the vector

addition of the fields radiated by the individual elements.
 This assumes that the current in each element is the
same as that of the isolated element (neglecting coupling).
 To provide very directive patterns, it is necessary that the
fields from the elements of the array interfere
constructively (add) in the desired directions and
interfere destructively (cancel each other) in the
remaining space.
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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 Array Antennas have the following advantages:

 It produce narrow, electronically steerable and more
directive beams.
 It track multiple targets

 It produce low side lobes

 It can be easily conformed to surfaces

 And the like

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 Generally the following assumptions are made in the

modeling of the antenna array:
 All signals incident to the antenna array are composed of plane waves.
 The transmitter and the objects that cause multipaths are in the far-field
of the antenna array.
 The distance between the antenna elements is small enough so that the
amplitudes of the signals received at any two elements do not differ
significantly.
 Each antenna element is supposed to have the same radiation pattern and
the same orientation.
 The mutual coupling between antennas is supposed to be negligible.

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 A reference antenna which is located at the origin radiates

an electromagnetic field with far field components that are
proportional to
 jkr
F0  I 0 e f ( , )
r

Where: I0 is complex amplitude.

f ( , ) is the radiation pattern.

r is the observation point distance from the origin.

k is the propagation constant in free space (wave number) and it is 2  equal to
.

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d
 To see how the radiation pattern of the array, consider an N number
of identical radiating elements A0, A1, A2, …, Ai, …,AN situated parallel to
each other within a volume of radius a, which is much smaller than
the distance r (a/r << 1 ) as illustrated in Fig. bellow.
 Consider the ith antenna element, Ai, whose position vector with
respect to the origin is shown in Fig. (a).
 Its far field components are proportional to

 jk R i
e f (i ,i )
Fi  I i
Ri

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Jimma Institute of Technology, Modern Antennan System Engineering 12
DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 By using spherical coordinates and apply Taylor series

expansion
 jkr jk ( xi sin  cos   yi sin  sin   zi cos  )
e jkRi
e e

 The exponent of the second term of the above equation

can be expressed in terms of the unit vectors r o ,along
vector r , and vector r i
2 d i
e
jk (r i  r 0)
e j
 e j i ( , )
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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

Where: 
r  x0 sin  cos   y sin  sin   z 0 cos 
r 0 0
r
 i
( ,  )  2d i 

di is the projection of r i on r
 is wave length
Then the above expression becomes

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 For the far field we can approximate the radiation pattern

as follows
 jkr
Fi  I i e f ( i ,i )e j i
r
 Hence, by using superposition principle, the total far field
due to all of the antenna elements becomes:
 jkr
N e N I i j i ( , )
S ( , )  Fi 0
  I f ( , )  e
i 1 r i 1 I 0
S ( , )  F0 AF ( , )

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

Where:
F0 is the far field component of a reference antenna
which is located at the origin and
AF ( ,  ) is the array factor (pattern).

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  i
( ,  )  2d i   kd i

UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAYS (ULAs)

 Consider a ULA antenna with N number of elements and

uniform distance of separation d as shown in Figure below.
 The phase at the ith element, for a far field observation point
becomes
 ( , )  (i 1)kd cos
i

 Substituting this expression into the array factor Eqn.

results a new expression for array factor of linear array
placed along z-axis
N I i j (i 1)kd cos 
AF ( )   e
i 1 I 0
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Jimma Institute of Technology, Modern Antennan System Engineering 18
UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAYS (ULAs)
 If the excitation current amplitude is equal for all array
elements and the relative phase difference between
adjacent elements be constant, then the current at any
element i in terms of the phase reference  is given by
 j

Ii I 0e i
Where   (i 1)
i

Substituting this Eqn. into array factor expression for ULA

results N
AF ( )   e j (i 1)(kd cos    )
i 1

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 Array of antennas are used to direct radiated power

towards a desired angular sector. But how one controls
this phenomenon?
 through array factor, which is given by
N
AF ( )   e j (i 1)(kd cos    )
i 1
Where: N is the total number of array elements
d is distance of separation between elements
For ULAs
k is wave number
 is excitation phase difference between adjacent elements
 is the elevation angle

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 Further simplification of the above AF Eqn. using Taylor

Series and trigonometric identity results

j ( N 1)
 sin( N / 2)
AF ( )  e 2
sin( / 2)

Where:   kd cos   

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 The normalized value of the array in closed form becomes

j ( N 1)
 sin( N / 2)
AF ( )  e 2
N sin( / 2)
 Since the array factor is periodical for   0,2 ,4 ,8 ,... .
The array pattern maxima (main beam peaks) occur
periodically,

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 Thus, it is sufficient to study the characteristics of the

array pattern in a single period to make any general
conclusion about the array behavior.
 The maximum that corresponds to be therefore
designated as the peak of the main beam, this peak occurs
at angle
 kd cos   0

 0  cos (
1
)
kd

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 In many applications it is desirable to have the maximum

radiation of an array directed normal to the axis of the
array i.e.  90 this occurs when  0 and the array is
0

said to be in phase or Broadside array.

 When the maximum radiation is directed along the
axis of the array, the array is said to be end-fire
array. It occurs when  0 and  180 for  kd
0 0

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 The array factor is a function of the following

parameters:
 number of elements (N),
 the geometrical arrangement (linear, rectangular, circular
and others),
 their relative phase (  ), and

 spacing between elements (d)

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 Effects of array parameters variation

on the radiation pattern
 Effects of Number of array element variation
 Effects of varying distance of separation
 Effects of varying excitation phase between
adjacent elements

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 Effects of number of array element variation
N=2 N=4
1 90 1 1 90 1
120 60 120 60
150 0.5 30 150 0.5 30
NAF

NAF
0.5 180 0 0.5 180 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300
0 270 0 270
0 100 200 0 100 200
 in degree  in degree
N=6 N=8
1 90 1 1 90 1
120 60 120 60
150 0.5 30 150 0.5 30
NAF

NAF
0.5 180 0 0.5 180 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300
0 270 0 270
0 100 200 0 100 200
 in degree  in degree
N=10
1 90 1
120 60
0.8 0.5
150 30
NAF

0.6
180 0
0.4
210 330
0.2
240 300
0 270
0 100 200
 in degree

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 Effects of varying distance of separation between elements

d=0.25 lamda d=0.5 lamda

1 1
90 1 90 1
120 60 120 60
0.8 0.8
150 0.5 30 150 0.5 30
0.6 0.6
AF

AF
180 0 180 0
0.4 0.4
210 330 210 330
0.2 0.2
240 300 240 300
270 270

0 0
0 100 200 0 100 200
 in degree  in degree

d=0.75 lamda d=1 lamda

1 1
90 1 90 1
120 60 120 60
0.8 0.8
150 0.5 30 150 0.5 30
0.6 0.6
AF

AF
180 0 180 0
0.4 0.4
210 330 210 330
0.2 0.2
240 300 240 300
270 270

0 0
0 100 200 0 100 200
 in degree  in degree

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 Effects of varying excitation phase between adjacent element
bet a=0 degree bet a=30 degree
1 90 1 1 90 1
120 60 120 60
0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5
150 30 150 30
AF

AF
0.6 0.6
180 0 180 0
0.4 0.4
210 330 210 330
0.2 0.2
240 300 240 300
0 270 0 270
0 100 200 0 100 200
 in degree  in degree
bet a=60 degree bet a=90 degree

1 90 1 1 90 1
120 60 120 60
0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5
150 30 150 30
AF

AF
0.6 0.6
180 0 180 0
0.4 0.4
210 330 210 330
0.2 0.2
240 300 240 300
0 270 0 270
0 100 200 0 100 200
 in degree  in degree
bet a=120 degree bet a=150 degree

1 90 1 1 90 1
120 60 120 60
0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5
150 30 150 30
AF

AF

0.6 0.6
180 0 180 0
0.4 0.4
210 330 210 330
0.2 0.2
240 300 240 300
0 270 0 270
0 100 200 0 100 200
 in degree  in degree

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DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d

 In this section the other world of linear

array with uniform spacing and non
uniform amplitude is dealt.
 Hence, the progressive phase
between the elements is limited for
scanning purpose; we shall consider a
broadside array.

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 DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d
 Consider an array positioned symmetrically
along z-axis with distance of separation d,
and excitation coefficient (array weight) of
wn where n is an integer.
 The normalized array factor in simplified
form becomes
 For even number of elements (N=2M)

 
M
AF ( )2M   wn cos (2n1)u
n 1

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 DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d
 For an odd number of elements (N=2M+1)

 
M 1
AF ( )2M 1   wn cos (2n1)u
n 1

 Where
d
u cos


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 DIRECTIVE ANTENNAS …cont’d
Fig. Uniform spacing and non Uniform amplitude linear array

a) For even number of elements with uniform distance of separation d

b) For odd number of elements with uniform distance of separation d and the center
element is excited by 2w1
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 Array Antenna Synthesis
 Antenna analysis determines the radiation pattern
(characteristics) for a given input distribution.
 In general, analysis of antenna is done by selecting a
particular antenna model and its various radiation
characteristics such as pattern, directivity, impedance,
beamwidth, efficiency, polarization, and bandwidth are
analyzed using standard procedures usually by specifying
its current distribution.

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 Array Antenna Synthesis
 Antenna synthesis is the inverse process which the input or
source distribution is determined for a given radiation
pattern ( beamwidth, size of side lobes, minor lobes).
 The process of finding values of the excitation coefficient
that would produce the desired radiation pattern is known
as antenna synthesis.
 Antenna pattern synthesis requires two models:
 Analytical Model to represent either exactly or approximately the desired pattern;
 Physical Antenna Model which is used to realize the analytical model.

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 Array Antenna Synthesis
 Antenna synthesis can be classified into three categories:
 One group requires that the antenna patterns possess nulls in desired directions.
 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method
 Another category requires that the patterns exhibit a desired distribution in the
entire visible region. This is referred to as beam shaping.
 Fourier Transform Method
 Woodward Lawson Method
 Third group includes techniques that produce patterns with narrow beams and low
side lobes.
 Binomial Method

 Dolph-Tschebscheff Method

 Taylor line-source

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD
 For non uniform array with N number of elements the array factor
expression becomes
N I i j (i 1) N
AF ( )   e   wi e j (i 1)
i 1 I 0 i 1

N
AF ( z)  wi z (i 1)
i 1

 Where w  II and ze j are complex variables and

i
i

0
AF (z) is array
factor in Spatial – z-domain.

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD
 Since AF (z) is a polynomial of degree N-1, it can be factorized in
terms of its roots
AF ( z)  wN ( z  z1)(z  z2 )(z  z3 )...(z  z N 1)

 Using algebra, a polynomial of degree N-1 has N-1 roots. These roots
of the polynomial correspond to the nulls of the array factor.
 The values of the roots lie on a unit circle, this is so because, the
magnitude of z is unity and the variation of  traces a unit circle.
  kd cos   

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD
 The variation of  in turn z is controlled by d ,
 and,  . Since   kd cos   
 Consider a broadside array for the range of
(0 180 ), then the range of  which is called
the visible region becomes
kd  kd

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD
 Any value of z out side the visible region is not realizable by
any angle, but if   0 , then the overall visible region will
not be changed rather its relative position on the unit circle
rotates counter clockwise by an amount equal to  .
 The visible region is therefore controlled by d and  .

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD
 if all the zeros of theAF (z) lie in the visible region then as 
vary z will successively trace each roots and the distance
between z and zi ’s become zero.
 But if no zeros exist in the visible region, then the array
factor has no nulls for any value of that particular  .
 However, if a given zero lies on the unit circle but not in its
visible region then zero can be included in the visible region
by varying d and  .

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD

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SCHELKUNOFF’S ZERO PLACEMENT
METHOD
 Generally, the ideas of Schelkunoff’s zero placement
method is
 to place all zeros within the visible region.
 to synthesis array pattern whose nulls are created in the desired
directions (may be to the direction of interference).
 As a result the presence of more zeros in the visible
regions results in a narrower mainlobe and smaller
sidelobes.

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WOODWARD-LAWSON FREQUENCY-
SAMPLING DESIGN
 Woodward-Lawson method is among the beam shape
synthesizing techniques which is accomplished by sampling
the desired pattern at various locations.
 Associated with each pattern sample is harmonic current
of uniform amplitude distribution and uniform progressive
phase that corresponds to an array factor of uniform linear
array.

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WOODWARD-LAWSON FREQUENCY-
SAMPLING DESIGN
 Therefore, in order to synthesis the desired pattern one
can superimpose group of beams.
 Each pattern sample is represented by a uniform array with
N elements that produces a normalized beam pattern of the
form:

f m ( )

bm sin N m 2



N sin m 2  
 Where  m  kd(cos   cos  m )

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WOODWARD-LAWSON FREQUENCY-
SAMPLING DESIGN
 Then the desired array factor will have the form
M
AF ( ) 
 
bm sin N m 2 
M 
N sin m 2  
 The maximum value for each uniform pattern occurs for   m and it
is equal to AF (  m ) .
 The other characteristics is that when a pattern sample attain it’s
maximum at    the remaining pattern samples will have zero
m

values, which means all composing functions are zero for all
sampling point except at their own.

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WOODWARD-LAWSON FREQUENCY-
SAMPLING DESIGN
 Therefore, the composing functions are orthogonal set of patterns.
 The sample points are taken at
 1
 m cos (m Nd )
 Therefore, at the sample point the excitation coefficients of the
array elements are equal to the value of the desired pattern, i.e.

bm  AF ( m ) d

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