Degree

GERD Science Non-science Total

Positive 11 7 18
Negative 16 16 32
27 23 50
Odd’s Ratio = 1.57

Degree
Coffee Intake Science Non-science Total
3 or more cups/day 8 4 12
less than 3 cups/day 19 19 38
27 23 50
Odd’s Ratio = 2

Coffee Intake
GERD 3 or more cups/day less than 3 cups/day Total
Positive 6 12 18
Negative 6 26 32
12 38 50
Odd’s Ratio = 2.17

less than 3 cups/day

Degree
GERD Science Non-science Total
Positive 7 5 12
Negative 12 14 26
19 19 38
Odd’s Ratio = 1.63

More than 3 cups/day

Degree
GERD Science Non-science Total
Positive 4 2 6
Negative 4 2 6
8 4 12
Odd’s Ratio = 1

OR cmh = 1.45 (Positive Confounding)

MAGLAGAY NG SOLUTION
1 1 s <3

2 0 n <3

3 1 s 3+

4 0 n <3

5 0 n <3

6 0 n <3

7 1 n <3

8 0 n <3

9 1 s <3

10 0 n <3

11 0 n 3+

12 0 s <3

13 0 n <3

14 0 s 3+

15 0 s <3

16 0 s 3+

17 0 s <3

18 0 s <3

19 0 n <3

20 0 n <3

21 0 s 3+

22 0 s <3

23 0 s <3

24 1 s 3+

25 1 n 3+

26 0 n <3

27 1 n <3

28 1 s <3

29 0 n <3
30 0 s <3

31 0 s <3

32 1 n <3

33 0 n <3

34 1 s 3+

35 0 s <3

36 1 s <3

37 1 s <3

38 0 n <3

39 1 s <3

40 0 n 3+

41 0 s <3

42 1 n <3

43 1 n <3

44 0 s <3

45 1 s 3+

46 1 s <3

47 1 n 3+

48 0 s 3+

49 0 n <3

50 0 s <3

5+13 = 18 positive

13 + 14 = 27 science course

4+7+ 1 = 12 +3 more cups/day

B. Weight = Exposure , Outcome = SIDS

1. ORu = 1.97

2.OR (outcome) = 2

3. OR (Exposure) = 2.52

4. OR A (>1L) = 4 and OR A (<1L) = 1.069

5. Or cmh = 1.73

6. (Positive Confounder)

1. Site an example of how sampling provides better quality information than studying the entire target
population.

A: If the researcher will conduct on all of the patient with a specified disease, it will be difficult to include
all of them due to the large amount of efforts and resources needed and the data collection will be
longer to complete. Therefore, the researcher may use low-quality instrument to collect data faster.

2. Give an example of how sampling enables the investigator to have more comprehensive data.

A: For example, the study is all about malaria and how to treat it. The researchers will only conduct a
research on the sample population (smaller group of patients with malaria). Because of this, a shorter
amount of time is needed to collect data and the researcher can make a more detailed explanation
about their findings related to the disease and it can be used to treat the patients as soon as possible.

3. In which cases is it advisable to use nonprobability over probability sampling design?

A: It is advisable to use the non-probability sampling for descriptive research (if the sample cannot be
determined), such as surveys, or qualitative research that is more focus on social phenomena. While it is
not good to use it for making inferences about the target population.

4. A survey on the prevalence of leptospirosis in Manila was conducted in 2013. All 6 districts were
represented in the survey. From each district, 5 barangays were included. Each barangay was
stratified based on their streets. From each street, 5 households were randomly selected. All the
residents in the selected households were tested using the Leptospira IgM rapid diagnostic kit.
Determine the following:
a. Sampling designs employed by the study: Multi-stage Sampling

b. Target population: People living in the 6 districts of Manila

c. Sampling population: The 5 selected households of the street in a selected barangay which is included
to the selected district.

d. Stratification variables: Residents, district, barangays, streets and households

e. Sampling frames needed: List of every districts, barangay and streets present in Manila. The
researcher can also use the map of Manila.

f. Elementary unit: Residents living in the selected households

5. For each of the following, determine whether there is a gap between the target and sampling
populations. In cases where a difference exists, identify the part of the population that is
unrepresented and suggest ways to address the problem.
A:
a) There is a gap between the target and sampling population. residents without a telephone
service will not be represented. The researchers may use household survey or the researchers
will limit their study to focus only the households who has telephone services only.
b) There is no gap between the target and sampling population.
c) There is a gap between the target and sampling population. Teenagers who are out-of-school
are unrepresented. The researchers may limit the study in determining the prevalence of drug
abuse among teenagers by getting a sample in a public or private school.
d) There is no gap between the target and sampling population,

6. Identify the possible sampling frame for each of the following:

a) School record of graduated students in a specified university.

b) Map of district 6 of Manila or a list of all the barangay in district 6 of Manila
c) A list of all pregnant women in a hospital with a pregnancy verification form.
d) A list of all the hospitals in Metro Manila.

7. Based on the figure on the next page, draw the following samples.

a. Simple random Sampling = 10 samples in 40 households = 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 20, 36

b. Systematic sampling = 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37

c. Stratified random sampling

- Stratum 1 (N1) samples (n1) = 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 18 (Random sampling method)

- Stratum 2 (N2) samples (n1) =23, 28, 31, 35, 36, 40 (Random sampling method)

d. Cluster sampling

Let

household 1-10 = a

household 11-20 = b

household 21-30 = c

Houshold 31-40 = d

clusters are selected by random sampling method = b (11-20) and d (31-40)

Lower class limit = 0.2

Upper class limit = 2.5

#classes – 8

Range – 2.3

2.3/8 = 0.3

1.

Table 1. Weight of the Ascaris lumbricoides in grams

Class Limit Class Frequency Cumulative Relative Cumulative
Midpoints Frequency Frequency Relative
Frequency
0.2 – 0.4 0.3 4 4 0.08 0.08
0.5 – 0.7 0.6 12 16 0.24 0.32
0.8 – 1.0 0.9 8 24 0.16 0.48
1.1 – 1.3 1.2 8 32 0.16 0.64
1.4 – 1.6 1.5 6 38 0.12 0.76
1.7 – 1.9 1.8 7 45 0.14 0.90
2.0 – 2.2 2.1 4 49 0.08 0.98
2.3 – 2.5 2.4 1 50 0.02 1.00
Total = 50 Total =
100%

0.2 0.8 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.7 0.9 1.5 0.6 1.9

0.7 1.9 2.2 0.7 2.2 1.9 1.3 1.9 0.8 1.1

0.3 2.5 1.6 1.8 0.7 0.3 2.1 0.5 1.0 0.9

0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.6 0.6 2.1 1.2 0.7

0.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.4 0.6

Table 1. Age of Cavite residents on the association between smoking and low bone mass density
Class Limit Class Frequency Cumulative Relative Cumulative Relative
Midpoints Frequency Frequency Frequency
25 - 29 27 8 8 0.20 0.20
30 - 34 32 2 10 0.05 0.25
35 – 39 37 17 27 0.425 0.675
40 - 44 42 6 33 0.15 0.825
45 - 50 47 7 40 0.175 1
Total = 40 Total =
100%

Range – 25

25/5 = 5
 36 35 42 42 36 38 44 35

48 27 48 30 36 50 44 35

36 46 25 36 28 50 35 37

48 39 36 40 35 50 42 30

28 28 39 28 29 36 28 36

2.

a.

Nutritional status Mode of milk-feeding for babies

Breast-fed babies bottle-fed babies Mixed-fed babies
n % n % n %
Obese
Overweight
Normal
Underweight
Severely wasted
Total

b.

Zone of Inhibition (mm)

Control Ixora sinensis leaf extract (ethanol)

Test Negative Positive 25% 50% 75% 100%

organism (triple (Amoxicillin) concentration concentration concentration concentration
Distilled
H2O)
S. aureus
zone
E. coli
C. alibcans

Age group Prevalence rate of each specimen (%)

A. lumbricoides T. trichiura N. americanus A. duodenale S. stercoralis.
<12
12-18
> 20
1

a. Draw it (x: class y: frequency

b. Draw it (x: class y: frequency)

2.

Table 1 Double bar graph (Before and After)

Table 2 Double bar graph

Table 3 Line Graph

Table 4 Scatterplot

Table 5 Pie chart