A History of Caribbean Archaeology at Yale University's

Peabody Museum of Natural History

Authors: DaRos, Maureen, and Colten, Roger H.

Source: Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 50(1) : 49-
62
Published By: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University
URL: https://doi.org/10.3374/014.050.0104

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 A History of Caribbean Archaeology at Yale University’s
Peabody Museum of Natural History
Maureen DaRos and Roger H. Colten
Division of Anthropology, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University,
P.O. Box 208118, New Haven CT 06520-8118 USA
—email: maureen.daros@yale.edu, roger.colten@yale.edu

Abstract
The Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University has one of the world’s largest and
most comprehensive archaeological collections from the Caribbean. Our objectives in this paper
are to provide a brief history of Caribbean archaeology at Yale, describe the characteristics and re-
search potential of the collections, and acknowledge the contributions of the scholars who ac-
quired this vast archive of Caribbean prehistory. We focused on surveys, excavations and
collections from 1933 to 1974 acquired as part of the Peabody’s Caribbean Archaeology Program,
writing historically rather than analytically, reflecting the managerial role of the authors. The in-
formation is based on Peabody Division of Anthropology records, Yale publications and personal
conversations with the late Professor B. Irving Rouse.

Keywords
Archaeology, Caribbean, Peabody Museum, Rouse, Yale University.

Historical Background terested in written histories of the islands, such as

In the late 19th century the anthropological col-
lection at Yale University’s Peabody Museum of
Natural History consisted of a curio cabinet, a few
small collections donated by alumni and Native
American ethnographic material acquired by the
Peabody’s first curator, Othniel C. Marsh. Marsh’s
specialty was vertebrate paleontology; it was not
until 1902 that the Peabody Museum’s first an-
thropology curator, George Grant MacCurdy,
joined the staff. MacCurdy’s attentions were pri-
marily focused on the Old World and setting up
the American School of Prehistoric Research.
When Cornelius Osgood became assistant cu-
rator for the Yale Peabody Museum’s Division of
Anthropology in 1930, the Caribbean was con-
sidered for a new area of study. The focus was on
archaeological survey, inventory, methods of
study, standards of reporting, classification for
comparative analysis, and testing hypotheses (Os-
good 1942). An ethnologist, Osgood was also in-
Columbus’s and his crew’s accounts, which could
then be evaluated through archaeological investi-
gation. Osgood was assisted by his first graduate
student, Froelich G. Rainey, and his second, B. Irv-
ing Rouse (or “Ben,” as many knew him). Rouse’s
career spanned seven decades at Yale and he made
outstanding contributions to anthropology as a
whole, not just Caribbean archaeology.
Rouse worked through the beginning of the
Great Depression as a bursary student for the
Peabody Museum, helping Osgood catalog the
backlog of specimens. Because Rouse was to cat-
alog excavated material, Osgood required him to
“sit in” on many graduate archaeology classes, in
addition to his forestry undergraduate studies.
Rouse developed a new interest in archaeology
and went on to receive his doctorate in anthro-
pology in 1938, becoming an assistant curator at
the Peabody Museum (Siegel 1996). He contin-
ued to excavate and develop theories about the
initial peopling and re-peopling of the Caribbean

Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50(1):49–62, April 2009.

© 2009 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. All rights reserved. • http://www.peabody.yale.edu

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 50 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50(1) • April 2009
Figure . B. Irving Rouse in Haiti in 1935.
islands; much of this research is summarized in
his major works Migrations in Prehistory (Rouse
1986) and The Taínos (Rouse 1992).
The Early History of the
Caribbean Collections at Yale
The first expedition of the Yale Caribbean Pro-
gram actually began in Florida in the spring of
1933 and also included a brief survey of Georgia.
Osgood was interested in investigating the main-
land, because early on it was thought that main-
land sites would parallel those of the islands. The
first systematically collected artifacts from this
area were from Buzzard’s Island, in the Crystal
River area of Florida (Rainey 1992).
The other mainland area Osgood was inter-
ested in exploring was the north coast of South
America. Venezuela has had a long history of ex-
cavation and collecting of artifacts, and support
from the government dates back into the 1880s
(Osgood 1943). At the end of 1933, Yale received
funding and an invitation from the president of
the Venezuelan Republic, General Juan Gomez,
to help survey and excavate sites in the Lake Va-
lencia region. The large mound complex of To-
corón was chosen because it seemed to be
untouched yet close enough to the La Mata
mound (excavated by Wendell Bennett of the
American Museum of Natural History [Bennett
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1937]) to provide good comparative results
(Archives for 1933, Division of Anthropology).
With sponsorship from Dr. Rafael Requena of the
Venezuelan government and a grant from Yale’s
South American Exploration Fund (started by
Yale-affiliated Hiram Bingham III), Osgood in-
vestigated cemetery sites, such as El Charrel, be-
fore deciding to focus on mounds, because the
burial locations took much longer to excavate
(Osgood and Howard 1943). At Tocorón half of
mound 53 was excavated, with the objective of
viewing stratification and developing a relative
timeline to compare to the La Mata mound
(Archives for 1933, Division of Anthropology).
They excavated in arbitrary 25 cm levels and only
kept a sample of duplicate plain sherds. The low-
est level produced “atypical,” grayer, more friable
pottery closely resembling Orinoco and West In-
dies artifacts that were not found at La Mata (Os-
good 1943). The upper level pottery seems to
correlate with La Mata, as do the stone artifacts.
The following year Allison Armour, a Yale
alumni, invited Rainey to join Harvard University
biologists on his research yacht, the Utowana, and
launched the Armour Caribbean Expedition of
1934. Rainey made a modest collection at the
Gordon Hill cave sites on Crooked Island and sur-
veyed on other islands in the Bahamas, but ulti-
mately spent most of the spring on Hispaniola
making collections in the Dominican Republic
 A History of Caribbean Archaeology at Yale’s Peabody Museum • DaRos and Colten
and conducting a full excavation at the site of
Diale in Haiti. The large shell heaps gave the new
archaeologist ample opportunity to study cultural
change in what Rainey describes as a “new era” of
stratigraphic excavation (Rainey 1992).
Later in 1934 Rainey surveyed the island of
Puerto Rico. In two months he documented sev-
eral sites, sometimes traveling on horseback to re-
mote locales. Yale University embarked on its first
large excavation on the island in conjunction with
the American Museum of Natural History, the
University of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rico’s De-
partment of Agriculture (Rainey 1992). This was
the site of Cañas. For large-scale excavations such
as Cañas, Rainey was able to gather a huge work-
force with the help of the Puerto Rican Emergency
Relief Administration. The trench method was
used because Rainey believed test pits could not
provide enough stratigraphic evidence. Cañas is
where Rainey first describes his Crab (red-on-
white pottery) and Shell (incised pottery) cultures,
on which he based his dissertation (Rainey 1935).
He found the same two levels in the midden of
other coastal sites, such as Coto and Monserrate,
which he believed represented two distinct cul-
tures (Rainey 1940). Puerto Rico was so rich in
cultural remains it was thought to hold many of
the clues to the history of the Caribbean Islands.
As an undergraduate, Ben Rouse spent the next
few summers surveying Puerto Rico and the Hait-
ian portion of Hispaniola (Rouse 1952a, 1952b).
In 1935, Yale again excavated in Haiti, in the
Ft. Liberté region on the Haitian American De-
velopment Corporation sisal plantation. With
forests being cleared for cultivation, many new
sites were exposed. Rouse met up with Rainey and
organized a second field crew of 40 men at the
Diale site. In three months they surveyed and then
excavated 11 sites. They dug 20 m by 4 m trenches
in 25 cm levels; the refuse was examined by hand
(screens were not yet a regular part of the archae-
ologist’s tool kit). This was probably the most in-
fluential fieldwork in which Rouse participated
(Figure 1). The specimens and data from these ex-
cavations would be the foundation for his well-
known dissertation on the prehistory of Haiti
(Rouse 1939; see also Rainey 1941).
Rouse’s background in botany provided a
basis for his classification of archaeological spec-
imens. He organized artifacts chronologically, in a
different way than earlier archaeologists, who re-
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51
lied on the method of seriation. He formulated a
method of classifying types and modes of artifacts
by shared characteristics into a chronology of con-
ceptual ideas of cultural change. Rouse applied
this approach not only in Caribbean archaeology,
but in a broader way across all disciplines of an-
thropology and other geographic areas of archae-
ology, including Connecticut, the American
Southwest, and Asia.
Rainey’s time in the Caribbean was short
lived. Near the end of 1935 he took a post at the
University of Alaska and later moved to the Uni-
versity Museum at the University of Pennsylvania
(now the University of Pennsylvania Museum).
He even starred on his own television show, What
in the World, in the 1950s.
In 1936, on Yale’s third major expedition,
Rouse continued to survey the eastern end of
Puerto Rico, recording an additional 69 sites, only
12 of which were preceramic. In his 4 m square
test pits, he discovered that between Rainey’s Crab
(Saladoid) and Shell (Ostionoid) levels there was
a transitional lens representing “the Intermediate
period” of plain-ware pottery (Rainey 1940).
Rouse always said “don’t assume evolutionary
complexity of ceramic styles” (pers. comm. 2002).
In contrast to Rainey’s theory of two culture
groups, Rouse concluded that these were all the
same people expressing long-term internal devel-
opments and external influences, probably from
nearby islands such as Hispaniola and Cuba
(Rouse 1937). During this summer more inland
sites were investigated, in addition to the coastal
village camp and midden sites. Other discoveries
from this era showed that the Shell period culture
included the development of inland ball courts,
petroglyphs and cave sites with artifacts such as
stone collars and zemis (three-pointed stones)
(Rouse 1952b). By 1938, Rouse’s third summer in
Puerto Rico, the Peabody’s collection contained
over 50,000 catalogued lots from Puerto Rico and
Haiti.
The material from the surveys and excava-
tions in Haiti, Puerto Rico and Venezuela in the
1930 and 1940s enabled Rouse to form his ideas of
historical reconstruction for the entire Caribbean
area. He felt that cultural behavior is inherent in
the artifacts. For his ceramic modal analyses he
said that artifacts have little historical significance.
Type and modes, however, are well suited for his-
torical study (Rouse 1939). Types and modes he
 52 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50(1) • April 2009
described as abstract concepts that the archaeolo-
gist assigns to study the culturally influenced ideas
of the pottery maker. His dissertation (Rouse
1939) was based on developing a technique for
studying artifact assemblages that would enable
him to test hypotheses of group migrations and
periods of occupation. The timescales he devised
were modeled after Gudmund Hatt’s work of the
1920s in the Virgin Islands (Hatt 1924; Rouse
1952a). Rouse developed the arbitrary time peri-
ods I through IV as a framework for relative dat-
ing with which to trace the distribution of artifacts
and establish time sequences, beginning with the
Ft. Liberté region; the Puerto Rico timescale had
already been established from his earlier survey
work. Period IV was the later Taíno migration;
Rouse’s Period III is sub-Taíno, previously
Rainey’s Shell period (Ostionoid, incised), while
Rainey’s earlier Crab period was Period II (Sal-
adoid, painted ) and Period I (Ciboney) was the
preceramic period (Rouse 1939). Very early in his
career Rouse began to formulate a hypothesis,
which he later abandoned in part, that the Meillac
types of the Greater Antilles were influenced from
North America (based on sherds found in Geor-
gia) and the Cuevas painted styles were influenced
from various locations in South America (Rouse
1939, 1940; Sturtevant 1960).
Rouse’s technique of typology and time peri-
ods are still used as a classification tool by many
archaeologists who can understand the funda-
mentals of “mode” used as an attribute descrip-
tion and “type” as a representative example of a
series within an assemblage of artifacts. While
Yale was not the first to excavate in the Carib-
bean, some main objectives were accomplished,
mostly cultural classification based on artifacts
and the development of a historical sequence.
Rouse was attempting to answer the many ques-
tions of Caribbean archaeology of the time, such
as: Where was the origin of ceramics? Was North,
South or Central America the main source of in-
fluence? Rouse felt that defining types of ceram-
ics from large data sets would help to explain the
distribution of artifacts stratigraphically, geo-
graphically and ultimately chronologically. There
has been considerable archaeological research in
the Caribbean since Rouse’s pioneering work, and
not everyone agrees with Rouse’s approach to ce-
ramic analysis (e.g., Keegan 2001).
In 1941, the Institute of Andean Research sup-
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ported additional Yale excavations in Venezuela
and elsewhere in the West Indies. Osgood was di-
rector of the project, called Project 5, and Rouse
was the assistant director. George D. Howard was
project supervisor for survey and excavations in
Venezuela and Dr. Carlos Garcia Robiou was su-
pervisor for projects in Cuba. During this time
Robiou excavated the Portrero del Mango site
near Banes, Cuba. The pottery sequences from
these sites were important to establishing a tem-
poral framework for comparing sequences al-
ready established in Haiti and Puerto Rico.
Osgood was particularly interested in the prece-
ramic culture (Ciboney, now more commonly
called Guanahatabey).
Osgood excavated a shell midden at the site of
Cayo Redondo in western Cuba, illuminating the
history of the preceramic Ciboney culture. He
hoped that his written report would become a
standard for excavating and reporting archaeo-
logical research. He even calculated the work pre-
formed: in six days of excavating, a two-person
team with pick and shovel was able to remove a 2
m square to the depth of 1 m per 8-hour day. This
was also the average observed in the Venezuela
digs. The teams would spend half their time dig-
ging and the other half searching for artifacts in
the excavated soil (Osgood 1942). Specimens were
compared through space and relative time within
the Cayo Redondo site as well as other sites and
collections throughout the Caribbean. The early
work done in Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Haiti
allowed for a comprehensive comparison for later
work in the 1940s before radiocarbon dating was
in regular use (Osgood 1942).
While Osgood was at Cayo Redondo, Rouse
joined the University of Havana Museum for sur-
veys and excavations in the Maniabon Hills in
Cuba. Half of these collections were deposited at
the University of Havana, and the remainder was
sent to Yale (Rouse 1942). Rouse worked with sev-
eral amateur archeologists and even a local Boy
Scout troop on this project. There had been a lot
of archaeological activity in this region in the
1920s and most of the collections were available
for study. M. R. Harrington’s notes from the Heye
Foundation in the 1920s (Harrington 1921)
helped guide this research. This area of Cuba had
not been heavily developed and was also the lo-
cation of the United Fruit Company, which al-
lowed archaeological excavations on its property.
 A History of Caribbean Archaeology at Yale’s Peabody Museum • DaRos and Colten
Rouse categorized the Cuban collections and sites
using the methods and his arbitrary time periods
developed in Haiti and Puerto Rico. Most of the
Cuban sites discovered fit into the nonceramic,
Ciboney culture, Period I, or the early ceramic se-
ries of the Sub-Taíno culture, Period III. The Ma-
niabon Hills is where Columbus was thought to
have landed first in Cuba after the Bahamas and
Rouse believed the culture was more that of the
Sub-Taíno than Taíno (Rouse 1942). Rouse also
chose this east end of the island to compare the
influences of Jamaica and Hispaniola on Cuban
culture. The Ciboney sites consisted of camps and
caves, while the Sub-Taíno culture sites were vil-
lages, camps, shell heaps, burials and ceremonial
caves.
In its early years the Yale Caribbean project
excavated extensively in Venezuela, especially in
the Orinoco Valley where, during Osgood’s time,
it was thought the Caribbean culture originated.
Later, in the summer of 1941, Osgood left Rouse
in Cuba and returned to Venezuela, where he
joined George Howard on a continuing survey.
The collections from this project were shared with
the Museo de Ciencias Naturales in Caracas. The
Venezuela material now makes up a large portion
of the Yale Peabody Museum’s Caribbean archae-
ological collection (Table 1). Artifacts were also
purchased from local people, as the excavators
tried to get information on site locations (Archives
for 1941, Division of Anthropology). Rouse said
that they used the technique of paying for finds
quite a bit in the early days, until they realized that
people were breaking whole vessels to make more
money, because they were paid by how many ar-
tifacts they produced (pers. comm. 2005). Osgood
made many friends at the dinner table and over
cocktails at various country clubs and was able to
convince some oil tanker captains, through Nel-
son Rockefeller, who was chair of the US Com-
mittee for Commercial and Cultural Commerce,
to ship the artifacts from Caracas to New Jersey.
The excavation project was also the beneficiary of
oil companies in the use of camps, transportation
and knowledge from exploration of the area
(Archives for 1941, Division of Anthropology).
The project concentrated on the northeastern sec-
tion of the Orinoco River, where trade with the
West Indies was suspected based on the earlier
Tocorón excavations. These results helped create
a preliminary time and space outline for the area
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53
which was then used to concentrate future work
on sites that had ceramic traditions and to identify
ties to the island of Trinidad (Osgood and Howard
1943).
After the summer survey, Howard went on to
excavate the site of Ronquín in the middle
Orinoco River area. Ronquín was chosen because
it clearly had two distinct cultural layers based on
ceramic types. A 60 m trench was excavated to 4
m wide. Howard continued to use Osgood and
Rouse’s classification of types and modes to sort
out the differing groups of ceramics because no
whole vessels were found (Howard 1943). He de-
cided on two main cultural groups: (1) the Late
Ronquín, which includes X-group pottery with
plain, incised pottery containing sponge spicule
inclusions, and (2) the Early Ronquín, which in-
cludes Y-group pottery with painted, quartz grit
tempered, and Z-group pottery with grit temper.
Mostly plain bowl fragments were found. By this
time only three sites had been excavated on
Trinidad and Howard concluded that all three
seemed to correspond to the Early Ronquín pe-
riod. He also correlated this Early Ronquín period
to Rainey’s Crab culture or Rouse’s Period II on
Puerto Rico (Howard 1943; Archives for 1941, Di-
vision of Anthropology).
Because of the difficulty of traveling during
World War II, in the years between 1944 and 1949
the focus of the Caribbean program shifted back
to Florida with a survey of the Indian River area,
the Glades area and the Florida Keys. Because of
the shortage of excavators, Rouse collaborated
with graduate students at each location. An ob-
jective of this research was to look for connections
between the mainland and the West Indies (Rouse
1951). In the summer of 1944 John Goggin
worked with another Yale graduate, Frank Som-
mers, on the Florida Keys survey and excavated
sites on Upper Matecumbe Key. By 1949 they had
completed a survey of the Glades area of Florida
(Goggin and Sommers 1949). The Indian River
survey and the South Indian Field excavation took
place on the land of Albert Anderson, an avoca-
tional archaeologist, who first contacted James B.
Griffin at the University of Michigan in 1942.
Griffin convinced Rouse to help with the excava-
tion when they met in 1944 at the Society for
American Archaeology annual meeting in Wash-
ington, DC. Rouse described using the metric sys-
tem in laying out sites, as had been done in the
 54 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50(1) • April 2009

Table . Yale Peabody Museum accessions relevant to the Yale Caribbean Anthropological Program. Abbrevia-
tions: ACE, Armour Caribbean Expedition; YABG, Yale Anthropology British Guiana Expedition; YAJ, Yale An-
thropology Jamaica Expedition; YAPR, Yale Anthropology Puerto Rico Expedition; YPMC, Peabody Museum
Cuba Expedition; YPMFL, Peabody Museum Florida Expedition; YPMFLT, Yale Florida–Trinidad Expedition;
YPMH, Peabody Museum Haiti Expedition; YPMPR, Peabody Museum Porto Rican Expedition; YPMV,
Peabody Museum Venezuela Expedition; YV, Yale Venezuela Expedition.

YPM Donor Expedition

accession or and Catalog
number Year Description collectors funding entries Place

3347 1914 Collection of antiquities from St. Vincent, Heye Exchange 41 Various
Grenada, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Croix, Museum: islands
Carriacou, Dominica, Tobago, Trinidad, Theodoor
Barbados, Puerto Rico, Cape Macao, de Booy
Santo Domingo
4571 1933 Shell adze and plummet found in a small Walter Donor 2 Florida,
key near John’s Pass, Long Bayou, Holmes USA
St. Petersburg
4572 1933 Pottery and other objects, Weeden’s Fred Donor 58 Florida,
Mound, St. Petersburg Blair USA
4644 1933 Shell mound, Buzzard Island, Froelich G. Collector 45 Florida,
Crystal River Rainey USA
4671 1933 Objects from the sites of Tocoron, Cornelius 1933 2295 Venezuela
La Mata, El Charral, Las Tamarindos Osgood, expedition,
and Lake Tacarigua region Rafael gift
Requena
4722 1934 Objects from sites on Rum Cay, San Froelich G. ACE 1934 96 Bahamas
Salvador, Crooked, Eleuthera, Long and Rainey
Abaco Islands in the Bahamas
4723 1934 Pottery from fieldwork off the Yacht Froelich G. ACE 1934 1006 Haiti
Utowana in Haiti Rainey
4738 1934 Archaeological collection from Isle de Colonel ACE 1934 47 Haiti
Cabrits, Haiti given to Armour Expedition W. P. T. Hill
4739 1934 Stone objects from Santo Domingo Dr. Adolpho ACE 1934 8 Dominican
Alejandro Republic
Novel y
Bobadilla,
Archbishop
of Santo
Domingo
4740 1934 Celt and sherds from La Gonave Island, Lt. Bissainthe, ACE 1934 8 Haiti
Haiti Froelich G.
Rainey
4741 1934 Pestle, celt, pottery heads Samana Bay, Major Sydney ACE 1934 12 Dominican
Santo Domingo Court, Republic
4742 1934 Collection stone and ceramic objects Froelich G. ACE 1934 274 Dominican
from Santo Domingo Rainey Republic
4755 1934 Flint and stone artifacts from Ft. Liberté, Mrs. Robert ACE 1934 623 Haiti
Bay region Pettegrew
4849 1934 Specimens from Barrio Cañas, Coto and Froelich G. YAPR 1934 7,573 Puerto Rico,
Monserrate sites, plus other small Rainey USA
collections from across the island
4936 1935 Couri, Savanne Carrée, Carrier, Moyeaux, Froelich G. YPMH 1935 12,423 Haiti
Meillac, La Rivière Maurice, Diale, Rainey and
Macaday in Ft. Liberté region, B. Irving
plus purchases Rouse

Continued

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 A History of Caribbean Archaeology at Yale’s Peabody Museum • DaRos and Colten 55

Table  continued.

YPM Donor Expedition

accession or and Catalog
number Year Description collectors funding entries Place

5042 1936 Artifacts collected at the sites in the B. Irving YPMPR 1936 9,138 Puerto Rico,
municipalities of San Juan, Trujillo Alto, Rouse USA
Loriza, Ceila Arroyo, Guayama, Salinas,
Santa Isabel, Coamo, Cayey and
Barranquitas
5108 1937 Artifacts collected at the sites in the B. Irving YAPR 1936 17,874 Puerto Rico,
municipalities of Tao Bajo, Utuado, Rouse USA
Menati, Lares, Aguadrilla, Rincon,
Mayaguez, Cabo Rojo, Lajas, Guanica
and Yuaco
5171 1938 Artifacts collected at the sites in the B. Irving YAPR 1938 9,104 Puerto Rico,
municipalities of Adjuntas, Barranquitas, Rouse USA
Cabo Rojo, Coamo, Huamcao, Iayuya,
Procovis, Tao Bajo, Utuado and islands
of Vieques and Mona
5418 1941 Specimens excavated at the sites of Cayo Cornelius YPMC 1941 541 Cuba
Redonda, Barrio La Fé, Province of Pinar Osgood
del Rio. Half of the collection to Museum
of University of Havana
5421 1941 Artifacts collected from caves at Cabo B. Irving YPMC 1941 11,909 Cuba
San Antonio, Province of Pinar de Rio, Rouse
from municipalities of Antilla, Banes,
Gibara, Holguin and Mayari, Province
of Oriente, and village sites Cabo Maisi,
Province of Oriente; half of the collection
to Museum of University of Havana
5459 1942 Sherds from shell mound at Erin Bay, Captain 49 Trinidad
represeting characteristic types J. E. L Carter
5460 1942 Specimens from site of and around Los Cornelius YPMV 1941 6,517 Venezuela
Barrancos, Saladero, Barrancas, Guayabita, Osgood and
Guaraguao Hills, Puerta La Cruz, upper George D.
Tigre River area, Cuidad Bolívar; this Howard
survey was shared with the Museo de
Ciencias Naturales
5593 1942 Excavated specimens from sites of Cornelius YPMV 1941 15,813 Venezuela
Ronquín, Corozal, Camoruco, Garpana, Osgood and
Cayerua, Moruy, Amuay, Bellavista, George D.
Maracaibo, Tabay, Los Monos, Tierra Howard
de los Indios and Los Tiestos.
5596 1944 Objects excavated at the site of South Vera YPMFL 1944 2,010 Florida,
Indian Field near Melbourne Masius USA
5597 1944 Objects collected at the site of South A. T. YPMFL 1944 14 Florida,
Indian Field near Melbourne and surface Anderson USA
collections from other sites near Melbourne
5598 1944 Objects collected at the site of South B. Irving YPMFL 1944 214 Florida,
Indian Field near Melbourne and surface Rouse USA
collections from other sites near Melbourne
5631 1945 Material from midden excavated on west John M. YPMFL 1944 1,341 Florida,
end of Metecumbe Key, Munroe County Goggin and USA
Frank Henry
Sommer III
5632 1945 Objects collected on survey of Glades John M. YPMFL 1944 190 Florida,
area, southern Florida Goggin USA

Continued

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 56 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50(1) • April 2009

Table  continued.

YPM Donor Expedition

accession or and Catalog
number Year Description collectors funding entries Place

5662 1944 Objects from sites of Chateau Margot Cornelius YABG 1944 34 British
and Mon Repos; small portion of material Osgood Guiana
salvaged from Georgetown Museum fire
5676 1945 Archaeological specimens from Doctor’s Richard E. 153 Florida,
and Gordon Pass middens, Key Marco Stearns USA
and Carambas, all in Collier County, Florida
5691 1945 Surface collections rom Key Largo Site 1 John M. 129 Florida,
and 2, Plantation Key and shell mound Goggin USA
along Indian River north of Fort Pierce
5718 1946 Artifacts from 3 sites in Bay County, Richard E. Donor 214 Florida,
Florida Stearns USA
5753 1946 Potsherds from mound west of Lake Montague YPMFL 1946 30 Florida,
Trafford, Collier County Tallant USA
5754 1946 Artifacts collected at various sites in John M. YPMFL 1946 205 Florida,
Florida Goggin USA
5755 1946 Potsherds from sites in Palm Beach County A. G. Elbon YPMFL 1946 15 Florida, USA
5777 1946 Specimens excavated from the sites of B. Irving YT 1946 22,827 Trinidad
Bontour, Cedros, Erin Bay, Palo Seco Rouse
and Quinam; half of the collection to the
Historical Society of Trinidad and Tobago
5780 1946 Surface collection from sites at Cautia and José YT 1946 32 Venezuela
Catia la Mar, Distrito Federal, Venezuela Cruxent
5805 1947 Potsherds from the sites of Boynton Cave, Frank Archaeology of 24 Florida,
Boco Raton Beach Midden 4, Palm Beach LeBar the Glades area USA
Inlet Midden, Riviera site and Juniper inlet
5806 1947 Potsherds from Torreya State Park, Robert and Donor 24 Florida,
Liberty County Mrs. Thorne USA
5838 1947 Potsherds stone and shell objects from John M. YPMFL 1947 358 Florida,
Levy, Alachua, Volusia, Marion, Citrus, Goggin USA
Collier, Monroe and Dade counties
5839 1947 Objects from Everglades, Ten Thousand Charles M. YPMFL 1947 163 Florida,
Islands, Broward, Dade and Monroe countiesBrookfield USA
5880 1947 Objects from the vicinity of Melbourne, A. T. 107 Florida,
Florida Anderson USA
5912 1949 Potsherds from Rose Bay, Corondo Beach, Richard E. 72 Florida,
Marine Land Shell Mound 3 miles below Stearns USA
Matanzas Inlet
5940 1949 Surface collection from sites in John M. 132 Florida,
Everglades and Indian River area Goggin, USA
B. Irving
Rouse and
A. T. Anderson
5941 1949 Collection and field catalog from Palmer- John Rowe, Excavator’s club 119 Florida,
Taylor Mound in Geneve director of Anthropology USA
project Society
of Harvard and
Rollins College
1940–1941
5954 1949 Collection from sites of Yaracuay, Barinas, José Museo de 244 Venezuela
Falcon, Lara, Barinas, Trujillo, Miranda Cruxent Ciencias
from Museo de Ciencias. Collected by Naturales
Cruxent

Continued

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 A History of Caribbean Archaeology at Yale’s Peabody Museum • DaRos and Colten 57

Table  continued.

YPM Donor Expedition

accession or and Catalog
number Year Description collectors funding entries Place

5978 1948 Collection of artifacts from survey Robert YAJ 1947–1948 186 Jamaica
of Jamaica Howard
6052 1950 Material excavated from sites near B. Irving YV 1950 5,320 Venezuela
Barrancas and samples from Manicuare Rouse and
and Quibor areas José Cruxent
6053 1950 Surface collection on stopover in B. Irving YV 1950 47 Martinique
Martinique Rouse
6125 1951 Spanish and Indian artifacts from Higgs Charles D. Survey of 107 Florida,
site, Brevard County Higgs Indian River USA
6161 1952 A sample collection of potsherds from Ricardo Universidad 10 Puerto Rico,
the village site Loiza Aldea, Puerto Rico Alegría Puerto Rico USA
6194 1951 Artifacts excavated on St. Croix Gary St. Croix 477 St. Croix
Vescelius Archaeological
Project–Yale
Peabody Museum
and St. Croix
Museum
Commission
6275 1953 Potsherds and stone chips from site at Reverend The Presbytery, 24 St. Lucia,
Ponte Caribe C. Jesse Castries, British West
St. Lucia Indies
6345 1954 Preceramic artifacts from various sites B. Irving YPMFL 1953 688 Trinidad
on Trinidad Rouse and
John M.
Goggin
6346 1954 Surface collection and gifts from local B. Irving YPMFL 1953 110 Lesser
collectors on St. Lucia and other Lesser Rouse Antilles
Antilles islands
6367 1954 Surface collection at site of Tanki Flip, H. Th. 43 Aruba
Aruba, Dutch West Indies Willers
6406 1952 Artifacts collected from the surface of the José 152 Aruba,
site of Sabaneta, Aruba, and artifacts from Cruxent Venezuela
sites of La Esmeralda, Mecate and Salto
Salas on the upper Orinoco River, Venezuela.
6407 1953 Potsherds and shell artifacts from the José 20 Aruba
Palm Brach site, Cueva de Azo, and Cruxent
Malmok, Aruba
6411 1954 Potsherds and stone artifacts from sites Reverend 34 St. Lucia,
at Micoud Bay and Troumassé Estuary, C. Jesse British West
St. Lucia, British West Indies Indies
6440 1955 Typical specimens of pottery and other José 324 Venezuela
materials from various sites in Venezuela Cruxent
6486 1956 Ceramics from Micoud Bay site, stone Reverend 14 St. Lucia,
from the Stone-Basin site, St. Lucia, C. Jesse British West
British West Indies Indies
6514 1956 Excavated material from sites near José 847 Venezuela
Barcelona, Cumara, Carupano, Cruxent
northeastern Venezuela
6599 1957 Material excavated from preceramic sites Paul G. 917 Cuba
in Cuba in 1956 and 1957, sponsored by Hahn
Yale Peabody Museum

Continued

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 58 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50(1) • April 2009

Table  continued.

YPM Donor Expedition

accession or and Catalog
number Year Description collectors funding entries Place

6647 1958 Pottery collected at various sites on St. Marshall 798 St. Lucia
Lucia and Dominica in the Lesser Antilles McKusick and Dominica
during 1957 fieldworks sponsored by
Yale Peabody Museum
6658 1958 Ceramics collection from British Guiana Clifford Evans National 354 British
and Betty Museum Guiana
Meggers Smithsonian
6721 1960 Collection of pottery types from Tobago, Dr. G. Cambridge 14 Tobago,
British West Indies Bushnell University British West
Indies
6788 1960 Collection of sherds from Dos Mosguises, S. Dillon Ornithology 54 Venezuela
Los Rogues, Venezuela Ripley III Department
Yale Peabody Museum
6820 1961 Collection from the La Pitia site Patrick Expedition 1,888 Venezuela
Gallagher 1959
6825 1961 Collections from Carupano, east Venezuela Erika Museo de 240 Venezuela
Wagner Ciencias
Naturales and
Instituto Venezolano
de Investigaciones
Cientificos 1960
7290 1973 Collection from El Guapo site (Cerro José Museo de 841 Venezuela
Iguanas), Venezuela Cruxent Ciencias Naturales
7353 1976 Excavated material from Indian Creek B. Irving Government of 4,074 Antigua
site, Antigua, collected in 1973 Rouse Antigua
7461 1981 Artifacts from Mayo and St. Joséph sites, John M. YPMFL 1953 496 Trinidad
Trinidad Goggin
7528 1981 Ceramic collection from Hacienda Ricardo Nicholson, 165 Puerto Rico,
Grande Alegría Centro de Estudios USA
Avanzado de Puerto Rico
7537 1984 Archaelogical collection from B. Irving 281 Haiti
Ile-a-Vache and mainland Haiti Rouse and
Clark Moore
7553 1986 Material excavated at sites of Nueva Cadiz José Universidad 34 Venezuela
and Los Obispos, Cubagna Island Cruxent Nacional
Experimental
Francisco de
Miranda
10352 1993 Archaeological collection, Paul Barker Fred 291 Haiti
Collection from Fred Olsen estate Olsen

West Indies, rather than the English system in use
in the United States at the time. This is also the
first excavation that mentions a trowel, as opposed
to the pick and shovel method; they also used one-
half inch screens for sifting soil.
Anderson’s property included several mid-
dens and wells described in historical accounts.
The stratigraphy was important in forming the
relative timescale of three occupation periods and
identifying historical changes in the water table.
While excavating with graduate students, Rouse
continued to survey existing collections and po-
tential sites. His objective was to develop a ceramic
sequence for central Florida. That sequence was
based on the geological stratigraphy and later was
confirmed with radiocarbon dating. Vera Fergu-
son, a master’s student at Yale, supervised the
work at the South Indian Field site (Ferguson
1951). Ferguson, Jean Baxter from Michigan, the
land owner and his son constituted the dig team
for this site. Two of four refuse middens were ex-
cavated and the stratigraphy was compared to An-

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 A History of Caribbean Archaeology at Yale’s Peabody Museum • DaRos and Colten
derson’s previously defined site plan. Anderson
had fortunately realized the site’s potential and im-
portance and had been maintaining his own col-
lection and museum at the time (Rouse 1951).
Two time periods were identified at the South
Indian Field site: Period I, called the Orange se-
ries, with fiber-tempered pottery and Period II
with chalkware, St. John’s check-stamped ceram-
ics that correspond to Goggin’s South Florida
Glades series or Malabar I and II. Rouse and Gog-
gin returned to the Indian River site in 1949. Gog-
gin completed extensive excavations and survey
elsewhere in Florida and most of those collections
are housed at the Yale Peabody Museum.
The Post-World War II Period
Rouse’s major work in Trinidad was conducted in
1946 and 1953 with the Historical Society of
Trinidad and Tobago. The accessions at the Yale
Peabody Museum include material from the sites
of Bontour, Cedros, Erin Bay, Palo Seco, Mayo, St.
Joseph and Quinam (Rouse 1947, 1953; Acces-
sions records for 1946, Division of Anthropology).
The Trinidad project was the only one for which
Rouse did not produce a major excavation report.
He was collaborating with Arie Boomert and Bir-
git Faber Morse on such a report at the end of his
life.
On his way to Trinidad in 1946, Rouse
stopped off in Venezuela to meet with José M.
Cruxent in Caracas and received a sample surface
collection. This trip was a precursor to several
more visits and collaborations on sites and publi-
cations into the 1960s. In their book on An Ar-
chaeological Chronology of Venezuela (Cruxent
and Rouse 1958) they reworked some of the ear-
lier relative and arbitrary timelines and later con-
firmed them with new radiocarbon dates (Rouse
and Cruxent, 1963). They also continued to sur-
vey and excavate, beginning where Osgood and
Howard left off in 1941.
During this period Gary S. Vescelius, a Yale
master’s student, worked on St. Croix and other
Virgin Islands sites. All his collections are cata-
logued at the Yale Peabody Museum, with a study
collection sent to the St. Croix Museum (Vescelius
1952) (Accessions records for 1951, Division of
Anthropology).
In 1953 and 1954 Goggin again joined Rouse
and Cruxent on trips to Trinidad and Venezuela
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59
on a joint expedition between Yale and the Uni-
versity of Florida. For some sites, the University
of Florida had the ceramic artifacts, while Yale’s
collection consists of the preceramic material. The
main objectives in these projects were to evaluate
relationships between Florida and the Caribbean
islands, to classify and describe the ceramic tradi-
tions of eastern and south Florida, and to identify
variations in modes through time that may sug-
gest changes in such things as subsistence. As part
of his dissertation and with work done by James B.
Griffin at University of Michigan, Goggin was
able to assemble most of the known material from
the St. John’s area of Florida (Goggin1952). This
material was transferred from Florida to Yale in
1981 (see Table 1).
In 1956 and 1957 Yale University graduate
student Paul G. Hahn conducted surveys and ex-
cavations in southern Cuba, investigating the
chronology of the preceramic cultures (Hahn
1961). Hahn worked throughout southern Cuba,
excavating a significant amount of material at the
Las Obas site, inland from Manzanillo in south-
eastern Cuba, and at several other locations. Al-
though his research was focused on artifacts and
chronology, Hahn also collected large quantities
of vertebrate faunal material and representative
samples of shells from midden sites. All of the ex-
cavated material was screened using one-quarter
inch metal screens, therefore the faunal collections
have great research potential. A sample of this fau-
nal material has recently been analyzed and two
new radiocarbon dates were obtained on shells
from the Las Obas site (Colten et al. 2007, 2009).
Although Rouse would continue to publish
and visit sites for many years, one of his last full
excavations in the Caribbean was the Indian
Creek site on Antigua in 1973 (Rouse and Morse
1999). Along with the Archeological and Histor-
ical Society of Antigua, Rouse was looking to fill
voids in his Lesser Antilles ceramic chronology.
Fred Olsen, a chemist, avocational archaeologist
and local Connecticut resident supported the
Peabody’s work at Indian Creek and donated
much of his Caribbean collections to the Yale
Peabody Museum. These collections include ma-
terial from Haiti excavated by Paul Barker of
Maine (Accessions records for 1993, Division of
Anthropology).
The research in Antigua is another example
of Rouse’s many collaborative efforts throughout
 60 Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50(1) • April 2009

Table . Characteristics of catalogue entries from Yale Peabody Museum accessions relevant to the Yale Carib-
bean Anthropological Program. Some lot counts have more than one material, so lot and material counts do not
always match.
Number of Number Principal sites
Country object lots Ceramic Stone Shell Bone Other of sites (number of object lots)

Antigua 4,550 3,624 365 235 121 263 7 Indian Creek (4,059)
Freemans Bay (106)

Cuba 13,398 10,580 1,338 1,030 752 251 76 Potrero del Mango (9,043)
Big Wall (784)
Cayo Redondo (538)

Haiti 15,641 12,765 2,002 389 329 214 68 Meillac (4,812)

Diale 1 (4,027)
Carrier (2,239)

Puerto Rico 44,494 41,249 1,448 780 620 428 94 Los Indios (4,295)
Las Cucharas (4,307)
Canas (4,140)

Trinidad 24,098 22,346 833 209 461 267 16 Palo Seco (5,987)
Quinam (5,811)
Erin Bay (53,567

Venezuela 35,588 31,369 1,816 1,209 939 594 131 Ronquin (12,559)
Saladero (5,169)
Los Barrancos (5,141)

Other (n=9) 4,525 3,071 920 333 154 125 128

Totals 142,294 125,004 8,722 4,185 3,376 2,142 520

Composition percentages 87.85% 6.13% 2.94% 2.37% 1.51%

the years, which characterized his research in the
Caribbean. Rouse often worked in partnership
with other scholars, local archaeologists and grad-
uate students. For example, in the 1960s he
worked with Ricardo Alegría, who excavated the
site of Hacienda Grande. With the identification
of an earlier painted pottery form, “the Hacienda
Grande style,” they rewrote Puerto Rico’s prehis-
tory (Rouse and Alegría 1990).
Recent Collection
Management Activities
In 1993, with the support of a grant from the US
National Science Foundation, Rouse and the Yale
Peabody Museum collections management staff
began converting the Peabody’s paper-based arti-
fact catalogs into an electronic database. Rouse
helped to assign time periods to most of the
135,000 object records. All of the catalogue infor-
mation is now recorded in the Peabody’s second
generation database, most of which is available
over the internet. Continuing collections man-
agement activities include inventorying and re-
housing the collections into modern cabinets,
digital photography of artifacts, and scanning sup-
porting documentation.
The Yale Peabody Museum received funding
in 2006 from the Institute for Museum and Library
Services (IMLS) conservation grant to move the
Caribbean material from its old cardboard box
storage system to new cabinetry. This grant con-
tinued an ongoing project to systematically in-
ventory and rehouse the archaeological collec-
tions into surplus cabinets acquired from the Yale
Peabody Museum’s Division of Vertebrate Zool-
ogy. This project has eliminated hundreds of old
cardboard boxes and placed the collections in
drawers in new archival specimen tray, improving
the accessibility of the collections and updating the
storage location information in our database. Pre-
viously uncatalogued faunal remains and a limited
number of uncatalogued artifacts and radiocarbon
samples were also catalogued as part of this proj-

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 A History of Caribbean Archaeology at Yale’s Peabody Museum • DaRos and Colten
ect (Table 2). In 2008 and 2009 most of the
Peabody Museum’s archaeological collections, in-
cluding almost all Caribbean material, was moved
to a newly renovated, climate controlled building
and installed in new museum storage cabinets.
While there currently is not a Caribbean ar-
chaeologist on the Yale faculty, collections are fre-
quently visited by other scholars. The collections
and archives have great historical value and are a
starting point for further investigations by other
universities, cultural resource management firms
and preservation trusts.
Recent research with the Caribbean collec-
tions has focused on chemical characterization of
ceramic artifacts. The collections include large
quantities of faunal material, mostly unanalyzed,
that could be studied and provide information on
prehistoric subsistence, biogeography and pale-
oenvironments. There are also charcoal samples,
in addition to bones and shells, that could be ra-
diocarbon dated and used to refine chronologies
on a local or regional scale.
Summary
The Yale Peabody Museum houses a world-
renowned collection of Caribbean archaeological
material from Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Haiti, Cuba,
Antigua and other islands, and from Venezuela
and the surrounding mainland. While most of the
archaeological material consists of ceramic arti-
facts, there are also bone, stone and shell tools, as
well as unmodified bones and shells in large quan-
tities. Human skeletal remains from many of the
islands are also represented in these collections.
The collections of the Yale Peabody Museum have
been the basis for the study of the chronology and
history of migrations in the Caribbean region, but
also have great, untapped research potential.
These collections are particularly important be-
cause they were systematically collected and, in
some cases, the original sites excavated have been
destroyed by erosion or development. Much of
this material was collected by B. Irving Rouse, a
pioneering scholar of Caribbean prehistory.
Acknowledgments
We thank Birgit Faber Morse, Arie Boomert,
Meredith Hardy and other scholars who have vis-
ited the Yale Peabody Museum collections in re-
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61
cent years for their insights into Caribbean ar-
chaeology. Lawrence Gall and Rosemary Volpe
made significant editorial contributions to this
paper. We had the honor and privilege of work-
ing with Professor Rouse and dedicate this paper
to his memory.
Received 30 May 2008; revised and accepted 25
December 2008.
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