Pakistan Economics

Education
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and
habits.
According to Islam:
The first word revealed of the Quran was “Iqra” read! Seek knowledge! Educate yourselves! Be educated.
“A father can give his son nothing better than a good education.”
Education in Pakistan:
sustainable economic development is impossible without improvement in human capital. Education plays
an important role in the building of human capital.
Pakistan fails to achieve MGDs (Millennium development goals) target
The 17 sustainable
related to education. Now The government’s intent is to meet
development goals (SDGs) to
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 4, which aims
to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote
transform our world:
1) No Poverty
lifelong learning opportunities for all citizen through improvement in 2) Zero Hunger
country education. 3) Good Health and Well-being
4) Quality Education
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) National Framework
5) Gender Equality
By 2030: 6) Clean Water and Sanitation
7) Affordable and Clean Energy
➢ Free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education 8) Decent Work and Economic Growth
for All 9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
➢ Eliminate gender disparities in education 10) Reduced Inequality
11) Sustainable Cities and Communities
➢ Equal access to all levels of education
12) Responsible Consumption and
➢ All youth, adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and Production
numeracy 13) Climate Action
➢ Build and upgrade education facilities 14) Life Below Water
➢ Provision of safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning 15) Life on Land
environments for all 16) Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
➢ Increase the supply of qualified teachers 17) Partnerships to achieve the Goal

The government agenda:

The United Nations Millennium
To achieve Goal 4 of SDGs, the government has declared Ministry of Declaration, signed in September 2000
Planning, Development and Reform as the focal ministry at national
level.

To achieve education targets, A National Education Policy Framework has been formulated. The Framework has
established following priorities:

1) Decrease Out of School Children (OOSC) and Increase School Completion

2) Achieve Uniformity in Education Standards
3) Improve the Quality of Education
4) Enhance Access to and Relevance of Skills Training

Regional Comparison of Education:

According to UNDP’s Human Development Report 2018

• Ranked: 150th out of 189 countries.

• Only Afghanistan lags behind Pakistan in the context of regional comparison

Reason:

1) Lack of adequate budget

2) Lack of policy implementation

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Education
3) Defective examination system
4) Poor physical facilities
5) Lack of teacher quality
6) Lack of implementation of education policies
7) Directionless education
8) Low enrollment
9) Corruption

Educational Institutions and Enrolment:

• Pre-Primary Education (increase of 7.3%)
• Primary Education (Classes I-V) (increase of 5.5%)
• Middle Education (Classes VI-VIII) (increase of 4.3%)
• Secondary/ High School Education (Classes IX-X) (increase of 7.4%)
• Higher Secondary / Inter Colleges (Classes XI-XII) (increase of 9.8%)
• Technical & Vocational Institutes (increase of 25.6%)
• Degree Colleges (Classes XIII-XIV) (decline of 47.3%)
• Universities (Classes XV onwards) (increase of 7.7%)

Overall assessment:

Overall education condition is based on key performance indicators:

1. Enrolment rates
2. Number of institutes
3. Number of teachers

Overall increase of 5.3% in enrolment and an increase of 1.6% in number of teachers was seen which shows the
positivity.

Literacy:
Literacy: Ability to read and write
Literacy rate: Total number of literate persons in a given age group, expressed as a percentage of the total population
in that age group.

According to Labour Force Survey 2017-18, literacy rate increase by 2%.

• Male: increase of 1%
• Female: increase of 2%
• Rural: increase of 2%
• Urban: a little increase of 0.5%
• Literacy rate increase in all provinces except Sindh

Expenditure on Education:
Education expenditure has been rising gradually since 2013-14. The provincial governments are also spending a
sizeable amount of their Annual Development Plans (ADPS) on education.

• Punjab: significant increase of 30.8 percent

• Sindh: increase of 13.16 percent
• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan also increased their expenditure on education
In its annual budget for fiscal year 2019-20, the Punjab government has allocated a total of Rs 382.9 billion
for education. The allocation is 16.64 percent of the total budget for the province.

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Education
Development Programs 2018-19
1. Federal Public Sector Development Program (PSDP)
Funding

• Rs 3.14 billion to Ministry of Federal Education & Professional Training

• Rs 2.40 billion to Finance and Capital Administration & Development Division

Agenda:

• Main agenda is to provide skills to people.

2. Provincial Annual Development Programs (ADPS) 2018-19
Agenda:
a. Provision of missing facilities
b. Up gradation
c. Construction of schools and colleges
d. Provision of scholarship through endowment funds and scholarship schemes
e. Provision of stipends to girls’ students
f. Establishment of IT/Science labs
g. Early Childhood Education (ECE) at Primary level
h. Strengthening of Provincial Institutes of Teacher Education (PITE)
Budget:

• Punjab: Rs 32.80 billion

• Sindh: Rs 27.40 billion
• KPK: Rs 12.85 billion
• Balochistan: 12.45 billion

NAVTTC
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sector in Pakistan suffers from systemic ailments including

• Limited training capacity

• Outdated workshops and laboratories
• Outdated training equipment
• Old teaching methods

National Vocational & Technical Training Commission (NAVTTC) and Ministry of Federal Education and Professional
Training have developed a broader framework to uplift TVET sector in Pakistan.

NAVTTV Strategy

1. Re-skilling the existing workers

2. Increasing training opportunities for young people
3. Implementing the National Vocational Qualification Framework (NVQF)
4. Competency Based Training &Assessment
5. Introducing High-Tech Training programs

Initiatives taken by NAVTTC:

Following are some main initiatives taken by NAVTTC

1. National Vocational Qualification Framework (NVQF) for the standardization of skill qualifications
2. Competency Based Training (CBT) to deliver training in accordance with the internationally demand

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3. National Skill Forum (NSF) has been established to bring all the stakeholders on board
4. Training and capacity building of TVET trainers and managers
5. National Skills Information System (NSIS) To collect latest market data on skills demands in the national and
international job markets
6. National Job Portal has been introduced to link skilled workers with employers
7. Implementation of National “Skills for All Strategy” as a Catalyst for uplift of TVET Sector in Pakistan
8. Establishing Centers of Excellence in National Training Bureau (NTB), National Skills University (formerly
NISTE, Islamabad) and 13 Heavy Machinery Operators Skill Development Centers
9. Hunarmand Jawan- Prime Minister’s “Skills for All” Program

Higher Education Commission (HEC)

Established in: 2002

Main work:

• Check & control at university level

• Also work as governing body

Enrolment:

There are 194 public and private sector Higher Education Institutes operating in the country having total
enrolment of 1.576 million approx.

Ranking of Pakistani Universities

• Twenty-Three (23) Pakistani Universities are ranked among Top 500 Asian Universities
• NUST stands at 87 in QS Asian ranking
• Nine (09) Pakistani Universities stand among Top 1000 world universities

Enhancement of Access to Quality Education

HEC Objectives:

1. By increasing enrolment
2. By providing opportunities for higher education to talented students
3. By introducing new areas of teaching and research in universities
4. Developing infrastructure
5. Provide on-campus residential opportunities to students

HEC Divisions
Human Resources Development

Human Resource Development (HRD) division of HEC is responsible for the provision of scholarships to talented
candidates for enhancing their qualification to meet the requirements of highly qualified faculty for universities,
research organizations, and the industry.

Programs initiated by Human Resource Development (HRD) are primarily designed to:

• Fill the gap of the trained people

• Building an environment of research (vision of HRD)

Planning & Development Division

Main work of this division is to:

1. Construction of new academic buildings

2. Strengthening of ICT Infrastructure
3. Faculty Development

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4. Procurement of Laboratory Equipment's
5. Offers scholarships

Education Survey (Annual Status of Education Report, 2018):

ASER 2018 National Summary
Enrollment (National Rural):
Children ratio:

• 83% enrolled
• 17% out of school (7% males & 10% females)

Enrollment:

• Increases in enrolment between 1% to 8% in all provinces

Pre-school enrollment:

• Highest enrollment for pre-school was in Islamabad Capital Territory, 62%

• 52% in Punjab
• 50% in AJK
• FATA 23%.

Quality of Learning (National Rural):

• Learning levels in all three competencies i.e. Language (Urdu/Sindhi/Pashto), English and Arithmetic have
improved since 2016.

The top scorers for Language

Urdu

• AJK (78%), ICT-Islamabad (75%), Punjab (69%) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (58%)

English

• AJK, Punjab, GB and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 92%, 65%, 63% 55% respectively

Arithmetic

• AJK, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, GB, and Punjab 73%, 69% 63%, 60% respectively

Mothers’ Education:
• Percentage of mothers’ having completed primary education has gone up (33%) as compared to 2016 (30%).

School Facilities (National Rural):

Facilities:

• Private sector still reports better school facilities but with progressive improvement in government schools
• Teacher Attendance: 87% compared to 89% in private schools
• Student attendance: 84% compared to 88% in private schools
• Bachelor: 36% teachers of government schools have done bachelors compared to 42% teachers of private
schools Master: 42% teachers of government schools have done Masters as compared to 30% teachers of
private schools
• Drinking water: 33% of the surveyed government primary schools did not have drinking water in 2018
compared to 40% in 2016

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Education
Multi-grade Teaching:
• Class II level: 43% of government and 23% of private schools have multi-grade teaching
• Class VIII level: private sector 9% vs. 5% in government schools

ASER Findings on Disability/Health & Functioning:

ASER Pakistan has been capturing data on disability incidence in Pakistan “UN Washington Group on Disability
by using the ‘UN Washington Group on Disability Statistics. Statistics”
• Total children with disabilities: 119,000 Short Set of questionnaires (3-16 years).
• One functional difficulty: 4,251(3.57%) This questionnaire is devised as a
• Enrolled: 3,174 children out of the total 4,251 (74.66%) standard tool to estimate the functional
• Never enrolled: 880 (20.7%) difficulties in six core functional
• Dropped out: 197 (4.63%) domains:
Conclusion: 1. Walking
2. Seeing
Education needs to be delivered inclusively, effectively and equitably
3. Hearing
across the country to improve both the quality and the coverage of
4. Cognition
education.
5. self-care
Possibility: 6. communication

By focusing on uniform education system, use of information technology,

improved governance and financial efficiency of education system, decrease dropout ratio, solutions to raise quality
of education, increased school enrolment and removing financial barriers

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