MATH 54:

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

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 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Consider the rational function
$ "
! " =
% "

a) If deg $ < deg(%), then find the partial fraction decomposition.

b) If deg $ ≥ deg(%), then use long division to obtain remainder -(") where
deg - < deg(%).
$ " - "
! " = =. " +
% " % "

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 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Case 1 – Denominator Is A Product Of Distinct Linear Factors

! " can be factored as

! " = $%" + '% $(" + '( ⋅⋅⋅ $* " + '*

with no factor repeated. In this case, the partial fraction decomposition of

, -
+ = . - takes the form:

/ " 0% 0( 0*
= + +⋅⋅⋅ +
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! " $%" + '% $(" + '( $* " + '*
 "#$%
EXAMPLE 1. ∫ # &$%#'" ()

¡ SOLUTION:

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 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Case 2 – Denominator Is A Product Of Linear Factors, Some Repeated

Suppose the complete factorization of ! " contains the linear factor #" + %
repeated & times; that is, #" + % ' is a factor of ! " .

Then corresponding to each such factor, the partial fraction decomposition

( )
for contains
* )

+, +- +'
+ - + ⋯ + #" + % '
#" + % #" + %
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 "#$
EXAMPLE 2. ∫ " %&'" ()

¡ SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION

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 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Case 3 – Denominator Has Irreducible Quadratic Factors, None Repeated

Suppose the complete factorization of ! " contains the quadratic factor

#" $ + &" + ' (which can’t be factored further).

( )
Then, corresponding to this, the partial fraction decomposition of * )
will
have a term of the form

+" + ,
#" $ + &" + '
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 "# $ %&#
EXAMPLE 3. ∫ *+
# ' %()

¡ SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION

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 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Case 4 – Denominator Has A Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factor

Suppose the complete factorization of ! " contains the factor (%" & + (" +
))* where %" & + (" + ) can’t be factored further.

+ ,
Then the partial fraction decomposition of - ,
will have a term of the form

./" + 0/ .&" + 0& .* " + 0*

& + & +⋅⋅⋅ + %" & + (" + )
%" + (" + ) %" & + (" + ) *

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 "#$%&$ ' #$ (
EXAMPLE 4. ∫ $ $ ' %" '
)*

¡ SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION

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 " # $%
EXAMPLE 5 ∫ )*
" & '("'%

¡ SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION

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 INTEGRATION BY OTHER SUBSTITUTION
If an integrand involves fractional powers of a variable !, the integrand
can be simplified further by the substitution,

! = #$

Where % is the lowest common denominator of the denominators of the

exponents.

'(' ('
Examples: a)∫ b) ∫ !, !- + 4 0! c) ∫
)* + ' '*)

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 "#"
EXAMPLE 1. ∫
$% & "

¡ SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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EXAMPLE 2. ∫ " # " $ + 4 '"

¡ SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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 "#
EXAMPLE 3. ∫
#$%

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 EXERCISE 15
(Group of 5) due Friday 6 pm
$ % &$
1. ∫ $'( )*

$ , &-$'(
2. ∫ -$% &.$, '-$ )*

0$
3. ∫ $, '1, , where 7 ≠0

$ ; '-$ , &<$&(
4. ∫ $% '$, '$&( )*

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 EXERCISE 15

$% & '%()
5. ∫ %* ()% +,

)% & '-%($
6. ∫ & +,
)% ')%(-

%()
7. ∫ %
+,

/% & ($0%(00
8. ∫ %* (1%& (-%(01 +,

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 INTEGRATION BY OTHER SUBSTITUTION
If an integrand is a rational function of sin $ and cos $, it can be reduced to
a rational function of ' by the substitution

1
' = tan $
2

To obtain the formulas for sin $ and cos $ in terms of ' we use the following
. 0
identities: sin 2- = 2 sin - cos - and cos 2- = 2 cos - − 1 with - = $, then,
.

sin $ =? cos $ =? 2$ =?
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 INTEGRATION BY OTHER SUBSTITUTION
Theorem:
&
If ! = tan (, then
'

'+ &0+ - '2+

sin ( = cos ( = 1( =
&,+ - &,+ - &,+ -

Examples:
5/7 28
a) ∫4 &09:; 8,<=9 8
b) ∫ sec ( 1(
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EXAMPLES
#/% &'
¡ 1. ∫" 2. ∫sec 3 43
()*+, '-./* '
¡ SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION:

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¡Thank you for your Attention.

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