CIRCUIT ANALYSIS (2)

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 Circuit analysis 2

• Superposition
• Thevenin’s Theorem
• Norton’s Theorem
• Source Transformation

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The superposition states that in
any network containing more than
one source , the current in , or the
p.d. across in any branch can be
found by considering each source
separately and adding their
effects: omitted sources of e.m.f
are replaced by resistance equal
to their internal resistances.

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Separating the network into several circuit contenting only one
source
Original network

I1 I2

1 18 

I1+I2
10V 20V
Separating into 2 networks
I1b I2b I1c I2c

1 18  1 18 

I1b+I2b I1c+I2c
10V
20V

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Network 1

2 18
Total resistance1   2.8  I1b I2b
2  18

V 10 1 18 
Thus I1b    3.57 A
Rtotal 2.8
I1b+I2b
18 10V
and I 2b    3.57  3.21A
2  18

Also I1b  I 2b  3.57  3.21  0.36 A

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 Network 2
118 I1c I2c
Total resistance2   2.95 
1  18

V 20 1 18 
Thus I 2c    6.78 A
Rtotal 2.95

18 I1c+I2c
and I1c    6.78  6.42 A
1  18 20V

Also I 2c  I1c  6.78  6.42  0.36 A

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combination
I1 I2

1 18 

I1+I2
10V 20V

Thus I  I  I  3.57  6.42  2.85 A

1 1b 1c

and I 2  I 2b  I 2c  3.21  6.78  3.57 A

Also I1  I 2  2.85  3.57  0.72 A

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• An active network having two terminals A and B can
be replaced by a constant-voltage source having an
e.m.f Vth and an internal resistance Rth.
• The value of Vth is equal to the open-circuited p.d
between A and B.
• The value of Rth is the resistance of the network
measured between A and B with the load
disconnected and the sources of e.m.f replaced by
their internal resistances.

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Networks to illustrate Thevenin theorem

(a) (b)

A A
R2 R2
V V

R3 R R3 Vth
R1 R1

B B

A A
R2
Vth
Rth R
R3
R1 Rth

B B

(c) (d)

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 Thevenin’s Theorem
A
R2
V

R3 R
R1

Vth

Vth R
I Rth
Rth  R
B
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 A
VTH R2
V

R3 Vth
R1

B
Refer to network (b), in R2 there is not complete circuit, thus no
current, thus current in R3 V
I R3 
R1  R3
And p.d across R3 is
VR3
VR 3 
R1  R3
Since no current in R2, thus VR3
Vth 
R1  R3
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RTH Refer to network (c) the resistance at AB

R1 R3
A Rth  R2 
R2
R1  R3
R3 Rth
R1
B

Thus current in R (refer network (d))

Vth
I
Rth  R

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Calculate the current through R3
Solution
C

E1=6V E2=4V
A B
R3=10
R1=2 R2=3

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Calculate the current through R3
Solution
C With R3 disconnected as in figure below
E1=6V E2=4V 64 2
A B I1    0.4 A
R1=2
R3=10
R1  R3 2  3
R2=3

D
I1
p.d across CD is E1-I1R1
V  6  0.4  2  5.2V
C

E1=6V E2=4V
A B
V VTh = 5.2 V
R1=2 R2=3

D
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RTH C

E1=6V E2=4V
To determine the internal A B
R3=10
resistance, RTh , we remove the R1=2 R2=3
e.m.f s, E1 and E2
D
C
23
r  1.2 
23 A B r
R1=2 R2=3
Replace the network with
V=Vth=5.2V D
r=Rth=1.2, and put back terminal I C
CD, R3
V=5.2V
Thus the current
R3=10
5.2
I  0.46 A r=1.2
1.2  10 D
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 Determine the value and direction of the current in BD, using
(a) Kirchoff’s law (b) Thevenin theorem
Solution
B
(a) Kirchoff’s law
Using K.V.L in mesh ABC + the voltage E 10 30
I1
2  10I1  30I1  I 3 
I1-I3
A
…..(a) I3 C
2  40I1  30I 3 40
I2 I2+I 3
Similarly to mesh ABDA 20 15
0  10I1  20I 2  40I 3 ……(b) D
E=2V
For mesh BDCB
0  40I3  15I 2  I3   30I1  I3 
0  30I1  15I 2  85I 3 …..(c)
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Continue……
Multiplying (b) by 3 and (c) by 4 and adding the two
expressions, thus
0  30I1  60I 2  120I 3
0  120I1  60I 2  340I 3
0  90I1  460I 3 I1  5.111I 3

Substitute I1 in (a)
I 3  0.0115 A  11.5mA

Since the I3 is positive then the direction in the figure is

correct.
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 b) By Thevenin Theorem

Since we have to find the current in the 40Ω resistor, between B and D
We remove the resistor 40Ω

P.D between A and B (voltage divider) B

10
VAB  2  0.5V 30
10  30
10

A C
P.D between A and D (voltage divider)
20 15
 2  1.143V
20
VAD
20  15 D
E=2V

P.D between B and D

VBD  1.143  0.5  0.643V
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Continue: RTH
For effective resistance, B
10 parallel to 30 
10  30 10 30
 7.5
10  30 A C
r
20 parallel to 15 
20 15 20 15
 8.57
20  15 D

Total r  RTH  7.5  8.57  16.07

Substitute the voltage, resistance r and 10Ω as in figure below
Vth 0.643 16.07
I3    0.0115A
Rth 16.07  10
0.643V 10
 11.5mA from B to D
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Representation of voltage source as equivalent current source

RS

E IS RS

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Another of expressing the current IL RS IL
E
E Rs
IL   Rs  RL   IS
Rs

Rs  RL Rs Rs  RL E RL
E
IS 
Rs
Where IS=E/RS is the current would flow in a short circuit
across the source terminal( i.e when RL is replaced by short
circuit)
RS

E IS RS

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Calculate the equivalent constant-voltage generator for the
following constant current source
5 5

Rs

1A 15 Vo
Vo

Current flowing in 15 is 1 A, therefore

Vo  115  15V
Rs  5  15  20
Current source is opened thus the 5 Ω and 15 Ω are in series, therefore

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 Analysis of circuit using constant current source
Node 1 Node 2
I1 V1 V2 I5
I3
5  
I4
I2
4V 6V
15 

reference
node
From circuit above we change all the voltage sources to current sources
5 

0.8A 0.5A
4V 5 6V 

V 6
V 4
I    0.8 A I   0.5 A
R 12
R 5
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 continue
Node 1 Node 2
V1 V2
I3

I1 I4 I5
I2
0.8A 5
15  12 0.5A

reference
At node 1 node At node 2
V V V V V2 V2 V1  V2
0.8  1  1  1 2 0.5   
5 15 10 8 12 10
V1 1 1 1 
1 1 1 V 0.5    V2    
0.8  V1     2 10  8 10 12 
 5 15 10  10
X 30 X 120

24  V1 6  2  3  3V2 60  12V1  V2 15  12  10

24  11V1  3V2 …..(a) 60  12V1  37V2 ……(b)

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 continue
12
(a)  26.8  12V1  3.273V2 ………( c )
11

(c) + (b) 86.8  33.727V2

V2  2.55V
From (a) 11V1  24  3  2.55  31.65

31.65
V1   2.88V
11
Hence the current in the 8  is

V2 2.55
I4    0.32 A
8 8

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 INorton
1) The chosen load resistor is removed from the original circuit, replaced
with a wire
2) INorton is the current that go through the wire.
(Can use any method to calculate INorton )

INorton

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 How to calculate parallel resistance RNorton
1) The chosen load resistor is removed from the original circuit,
replaced with a break (open circuit)
2) Replace voltage source with wires, current source with break
3) Calculate the resistance from one load terminal to the other.

RNorton

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 Calculate the potential difference across the 2.0
resistor in the following circuit
I
4.0 8.0
Is 8.0

8.0
10V 20V INorton
5A RNorton

2.0
2.0 V

Need to calculate I, Use current divider,

Rnorton
I  Inorton
Rnorton  10

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 Calculation of INorton
4.0 8.0 4.0 8.0

I1 I2
8.0
10V 20V 10V 20V
INorton
2.0

1) From kvl, 10 -4I1 = 0,

From kcl, Inorton = I1 + I2
I1 = 2.5 A
2) From kvl, 20 -8I2 = 0,
I2 = 2.5 A

Inorton = I1 + I2 = 2.5 + 2.5 = 5 A

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 Calculation of RNorton
4.0 8.0 4.0 8.0

8.0
A
10V 20V 20V
10V
RNorton
2.0
B

4, 8 are in parallel,
4.0  8.0
R  4.0 // 8.0 
RNorton  2.67
4.0  8.0
s

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 Calculate the potential difference across the 2.0
resistor in the following circuit
I
4.0 8.0

Is 8.0
8.0
20V
10V 5A
5A 
2.0 2.0
V

Need to calculate I, Use current divider,

Rnorton 2.67
I  Inorton   5  1.06 A
Rnorton  10 2.67  10

Hence the voltage different in 2  V is, V  1.06  2.0  2.1V

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 Calculate the current in the 5.0 resistor in the
following circuit

2.0 6.0 I

10A INorton
8.0  4.0 8.0A R
5.0Norton 5.0

Need to calculate I, Use current divider,

Rnorton
I  Inorton
Rnorton  5.0

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Calculation of INorton

I1 I3
2.0 6.0 2.0 6.0

10A 8.0  4.0 10A 8.0 IIsNorton 4.0

From kcl, Inorton = I1 – I3

8
Need to calculate I1, Use current divider, I 1  10  8 A
8 2
0
Need to calculate I3, Use current divider, I 3  8  0A
06

Inorton = I1 – I3 = 8 – 0 = 8A
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Calculation of RNorton

2.0 6.0 2.0 6.0

10A 8.0  4.0 8.0 4.0

The equivalent resistance is a parallel (2.0+8.0)//(6.0+4.0)

Rnorton 
2.0  8.06.0  4.0
 5.0
2.0  8.0  6.0  4.0

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 Calculate the current in the 5.0 resistor in the
following circuit

2.0 6.0 I

10A 8A
8.0  4.0 8.0A 5ohm
5.0 5.0

Need to calculate I, Use current divider,

Rnorton 5.0
I  Inorton   8.0  4.0 A
Rnorton  5.0 5.0  5.0

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Circuit Theorem

SOURCE
TRANSFORMATON

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 What benefits from source transformation?

• Another tool to simplify circuit – the simpler

the cct, the easier will be the solution.
• How to simplify? – rearrange the
resistors/sources by S.Trans so that they end
up with series/parallel connections.

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 Principle of Operation
• The terminal v-i characteristics must retain
before and after transformation as this
concept is based on equivalence.
• S.Trans also applies to dependent sources.
• It does not affect the remaining part of the
circuit.

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 Definition
• A Source Transformation is the process of
replacing a voltage source Vs in series with
resistor Rs by a current source is in parallel
with the same resistor Rs or vice versa.

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 Equivalent Circuits
• The connections of each case should be between the same terminals
before and after transformation.
Rs x x

Is Rs
Vs

y y

In order for Is 
Vs
Vs  I s Rs
the circuits in Rs
the left and
right sides to Kami Memimpin We
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 Example 8
• Use series of source transformations to find io in
the circuit below.
10 A

i
4  1 

40 

4 A 5 
2 
10 V

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 Solution
• Transform 4A and 5 into voltage source.

10 A

i
5  4  1 

40 
20 V
2 
10 V

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 Solution (cntd…)

10 V
9 1
i

• Transform 10 A and
20 V
1  into voltage
0.25 A 40  2
source.
• Transform 10 V and
40  into current
source.

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 Solution (ctnd…)
• Transform 10V and 10 into current source.

1A 40  2
10  0.25 A

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 Solution (cntd…)
• Combine the i
current sources 2A
and 0.25A.
• Combine resistors 1.25 A 8 2
10 and 40.
• Solve for I using
CDR.

8
i x 1.25 A  1 A
10
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