Title: Study of Thevenin’s Theorem.

Abstract: Thevenin’s theorem is a very powerful circuit analysis technique. It can convert
complex circuit to a simpler series equivalent circuit for easier analysis. Analysis involves
removing part of the circuit across two terminals to aid calculation, later combining the circuit
with the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment is to-
1. Finding the Thevenin equivalent circuit
2. Measuring the load voltage and load current from the given network

Theory and Methodology: The Thevenin Theorem is a process by which a complex circuit is
reduced to an equivalent series circuit consisting of a single voltage source, VTH, a series
resistance RTH and a load resistance, RL. After creating the Thevenin equivalent circuit, you may
then easily determine the load voltage VL and the load current IL.

Apparatus:

1. Trainer board
2. Digital multimeter
3. DC source
4. Resistors
5. Connecting wires

Precautions:
All the apparatus were checked.

1. To consider the effect of one voltage source the other was replaced with
a wire.
2. Before connecting DC source in the trainer board that was checked.
3. The DC source was not switched on while implementing the circuit in
the trainer board.
4. Voltmeter was connected in the parallel through the resistor. Ammeter
was connected in the series through the resistor.
Circuit Diagram:
R1

1kO

R3 3.2kO

R4 1kO R5 2.1kO RL 3.2kO

V1
5V

Figure: a

R1

1kΩ
XMM1

R3 3.2kΩ

R4 1kΩ R5 2.1kΩ 3.2kΩ

RL
V1
5V

Figure:1 (measuring Eth)

R1

1kO
XMM1

R3 3.2kO

R4 1kO R5 2.1kO 3.2kO

RL
V1
5V

Figure:2 (measuring Rth)

Experimental Procedure:
1. The portion of the circuit was removed for which Thevenin equivalent circuit would determines.
2. The voltage source removed by a short circuit and the current source was replaced by an open
circuit.
3. The Thevenin equivalent resistance RTH for the load was determined.
4. Then the sources was returned to their original position and was determined the open circuit voltage
between the terminals A and B.
5. The Thevenin’s theorem was verified.

Simulation:

Figure:1 (measuring Eth)

Figure:2 (measuring Rth)

 Measurement:
Data table:

Thevenin Equivalent Thevenin Equivalent

Voltage (Eth) Resistance (Rth)
Measured Value Calculated Value Measured Value Calculated Value

0.65V 0.6452 V 0.955k 0.958 k

Calculation:

For RTh
R1
R1

1kO 1kO

R3 3.2kO R2 3.2kO
R4 1kO R5 2.1kO 3.2kO
R3 1kO R4 2.1kO
RL
V1
5V

R1

1kO

R2llR3 0.761kO R4 2.1kO R2llR3

R2llR3 +R1 1.761kO R2 2.1kO

R2llR3 =0.761k R2llR3 +R1=1.761k

Now, ∴RTh = (R2llR3 +R1) ll R2 = 0.958 k

RTh = 0.958 k
 For Eth
R1

1kO

+
R3 3.2kO

R4 1kO R5 2.1kO
ETh
V1
5V
-

Rs = {(R1 + R5) ll R4} + R3

= 3.956 k
So,
Is = V1/ Rs
Is = 5 / 3.956
Is = 1.26 mA

VDR,
IR1&R5 = { IS × R4 ll (R1 + R5 )} / (R1 + R5)

IR1&R5 = (1.26 × 0.756) / 3.1

IR1&R5 = 0.30727 Ma

Now,
ETh = VR5 =( 2.1 × .30727)

ETh = 0.6452 V

Result:
ETh = 0.6452
And RTh = 0.958 k

Discussion:
1. The trainer board and the multimeter was checked before the start of the experiment.
2. The resistor was placed properly according to the figure.
3. The value of the voltage was increased gradually as applying a large voltage can damage the
resistors.
4. Finally all the data was placed in the data table. For the given equation, a result was obtained.