ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS IV PRACTICAL MANUAL

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
TITLE: Feedback Amplifier characteristics
OBJECTIVE
To study the effects of feedback on the amplifier characteristics (gain,
bandwidth, input and output impedance).

MATERIALS/COMPONENTS REQUIRED

Resistors, Capacitors, Transistors, Power source

Basic

is ii Ampilfier io
V Vo
Av

Rif Ri
Vf Vo

Block diagram of basic feedback amplifier

AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONS

1. Voltage-Shunt Feedback

2. Voltage-Series Feedback

3. Current - Shunt Feedback

4. Current - Series Feedback

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ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS IV PRACTICAL MANUAL

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown above without a resistance Rf (feedback network) =
10Kohm between the points.
2. Measure dc collector current Icl without input signal (if the value of Ic1 is not
between 4 and 4.5mA, change the value of RB.
3. Set the input voltage at 5 kHz, and then change the input voltage until the output
becomes 4 Vp-p. Then calculate the voltage gain.
4. Measure the output resistances.
5. Find frequency response by measuring voltage gain to different frequencies (30,
100, 200, 500, lk , 10k, 30k etc).
6. Connect a resistance Rf (feedback network) = 10Kohm between points A and B, and
repeat steps 3 and 4. Determine bandwidth by measuring frequencies at which gain
=0.707 times the gain at 5 kHz.
7. Replace Rf =10Kohm by 47kohm and repeat step 6.

QUESTIONS:
1. On the basic of experimental results, state the effects of negative and positive
feedback on gain.
2. State the difference between current and voltage feedback.
3. List five characteristics of an amplifier, which are modified by the negative
feedback. Support your answer by experimental results.
4. Explain why and when the feedback amplifier will oscillate.
5. Mention the application and of the negative and positive feedback?

TABLE (I): The different topologies of the feedback with their analysis
Characteristics Voltage- Current- Current- Voltage-
series series shunt shunt
=Xf/Xo Vf/Vo Vf/Io If/Io If/Vo
A=Xo/Xi Av=Vo/Vi Gm=Io/Vi Ai=Io/Ii Rm=Vo/Ii
D=1+A D=1+Av D=1+Gm D=1+Ai D=1+Rm
Af Av/D Gm/D Ai/D Rm/D
Rif Ri x D Ri x D Ri/D Ri/D
Rof Ro/(1+Av) Ro(1+Gm) Ro(1+Ai) Ro/(1+A)

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 ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS IV PRACTICAL MANUAL

TABLE(II): The effect of negative feedback on amplifier characteristics

Characteristics Voltage- Current- Current- Voltage-
Series Series shunt shunt
Rof Decreases Increases Increases Decreases
Rif Increases Increases Decreases Decreases
Gain Decreases Decreases Decreases Decreases
Bandwidth Increases Increases Increases Increases
Nonlinear Decreases Decreases Decreases Decreases

10V

470 470

10k

Feedback amplifier circuit configuration

OBSERVATION:

State the outcome of the practical and the observations about the above practical.

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ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS IV PRACTICAL MANUAL

Experiment 2.
TITLE: RC Oscillator

Objectives:
 Acquainting the RC oscillator, which is based on an operational amplifier.
 Measurement and calculation of waiting signals as a function of the RC time-
constant.
Equipment required:
 TPS-3421
 Power supply
 Oscilloscope
 Signal generator
 Banana wires

The complete circuit in the TPS-3421 is the following one:

+12V

TP1 +12V LED2

R39 R40
20K 1K
Frequency
42

20K
+12V
U14A
8 LM358
3
+ 1
2 - Sout
4

C23 C24 R45

1 1
20K

RC Osc.

Figure 1-54

This circuit includes a switch, which enables connecting another capacitor (C23) in parallel
to the existing C24 capacitor. This connection increases the capacity and RC anddecreases
the signal frequency to such a rate, so you can see the LED blinking.

We can also change the time constant with a potentiometer, which changes the value of
R.

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ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS IV PRACTICAL MANUAL
Procedure:
Step 1: Connect the TPS-3421 to the power supply.
Step 2: Connect the power supply to the Mains.
Step 3: Turn ON the main switch of the trainer.

Step 4: Identify the RC Oscillator circuit in the trainer.

Step 5: Move the CL/CH (Capacitor Low/Capacitor High) switch to the CL position.

The LED near the oscillator should blink in low frequency.

Step 6: Change the potentiometer in the oscillator and observe the LED frequency.

Step 7: Connect the CH1 scope probe to the oscillator output Sout. Tune the scope to the
DC state and the time constant, so you will see the signal changing on the
screen.

Step 8: Change the potentiometer in the oscillator and observe the LED frequency.

Step 9: Connect the CH2 scope probe to TP1. This point represents the capacitor voltage.

Step 10: Move the CL/CH switch to CH position (high frequency).

Step 11: Change the scope time-constant, so you can see the two signals (Sout and TP1)
on the screen in a stable form.

Step 12: Draw the signals you got on the screen.

Step 13: Measure the maximal values of Sout and TP1.

Step 14: The power supply voltage is 12V. Do the values you got fit the theory?

Step 15: Change the potentiometer to a state in which you get maximum frequency. In
this state, the potentiometer resistance is 0 (short). The value of R is 20K
and the value of the capacitor is 0.01F.

Compare the calculated value to the measured value

Questions:
1) If the power supply voltages are 12V, what will be the changing range of voltage
VB in an oscillator with a double power supply?

2) If R=20K and C=0.01F, what will be the oscillator frequency with a double
power supply?

3) If R=20K and C=0.01F, what will be the oscillator frequency with a single
power supply?

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ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS IV PRACTICAL MANUAL

Experiment 3.
TITLE: Wein Bridge Oscillator
Objectives:
 Analyzing and materializing a Wein bridge oscillator.
 Measuring with a scope the oscillations frequency at the output.
 Measuring with a scope the oscillations frequency at the input.
 Measuring the oscillations frequency in the amplifier resistor changes in the
following input.
 Checking the influence of the feedback resistor in the inverting input on the wave
shape.
 Measuring the oscillations frequency in dependence on the power supply voltages
changes.
Equipment required:
 TPS-3421
 Power supply
 A multitester
 Oscilloscope
 Banana wires
The TPS-3421 Wein bridge oscillator is the following one:

TP4
+12V
R37
27K
R100
4.7K R38
TP2 10K

4 U13A
P5 TL072 4 U13B
2 - R39 TL072
4.7K 1 5
3 - 7
Freq. + 20K 6 Sout
P6
8 R101
1K +12V 8
R40 +12V Amp. 10K
10K R102
R42 +12V
10K
TP3 100R
C21
0.1

R41 C20
1.5K 0.1

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ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS IV PRACTICAL MANUAL

Procedure:
Step 1: Connect the TPS-3421 to the power supply.

Step 2: Connect the power supply to the Mains.

Step 3: Observe the Wein bridge oscillator circuit in the trainer.

Step 4: Turn ON the trainer.

Step 5: Connect the CH1 scope probe to the oscillator output.

Step 6: Change the potentiometers in the oscillator until you get a smooth and
balanced sine signal at the oscillator output.

Step 7: Measure the wave frequency. Compare the measured value with the
calculated value according to the oscillator components.

Step 8: Connect the CH2 to the amplifier V+ terminal. Observe the signal you get.

Question: Experiment report:

1) Most times we connect an inverter amplifier at the oscillator output. What is the
function of this amplifier?
2) Explain the purpose of the second amplifier
3) Draw and explain the graphs you got on the scope screen.

Experiment 4.
Object: To study and examine the operation Astable Multivibrator.
Equipment
1. Function generator
2. DC power supply
3. Two transistor, capacitors & resistors

*** At this point, we learn about Astable multivibrator.

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ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS IV PRACTICAL MANUAL

Procedure
1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig.(1).
2. Draw the waveform at the collector & the base of each transistor.
3. Vary the value of VBB and observe the effect on the waveforms.
4. Repeat step 2 with (C1 =C2= lF, (C1 =0.01F) & (C2 =0.1F).

Vcc

C1 1k
1k
C2

Q2 Q1

10k 10k

VBB

Fig.(1): Astable multivibrator.

Questions
1. State the applications of multivibrators circuits.
2. Explain the operation of the astable multivibrator.
3. How can you improve the shape of the output in the multivibrator
circuit?
4. How can you change the frequency of the output in each multivibrator
circuit?