LAB 4 summer and subtractor OP-AMP circuits

Objectives
1. To understand the application of an OP-AMP as adder and subtractor circuit.
2. To compare the theoretical and practical result of an adder and a subtractor circuit.

Materials used

No Item name Specification

1 IC 741
2 Resistor 4*10KΩ
3 DC power supply Adjustable(15V &-15V)
4 Digital Multimeter Adjustable for DC and AC
5 Bread Board and Connecting Wires Standard

Theory:

 The primary use of op amps is to manipulate mathematical operations (analog

computing) like addition, subtraction, integration, differentiation and so on.
 A summing amplifier is an amplifier whose output is proportional to the weighted sum
of the signals applied to its inputs. Summing amplifiers are used in applications where
linear mixing of several signal is required. For example, in the recording of music the
signals produced by various instruments and voices must be combined and processed to
produce a record.

 Subtractor op-amp :-There are many possible ways to construct an analogue subtractor.
One of this is difference amplifier with gain of 1.

When the op amp circuit is a difference amplifier

Rf
Vo= (V 2−V 1)
R1

If Rf =R1 and R3=R2, the difference amplifier becomes a subtractor,

With the output

Vo=(V 2−V 1)

Procedures
1. The circuits shown in the circuit schematics part (diagram 1 for summer &diagram 2 for

subtractor) was constructed using the materials listed above.

2. The input voltage V1 was connected to 5v DC voltage and the input voltage V2 was

connected to a variable DC source and it was made to vary in step of 1v.

3. The result obtained Vo was measured and recorded in the experimental data part (table 1

for summer ckt. & table 2 for subtractor ckt.)

4. The experimental data where compared with the theoretical result.

Circuit Schematics:

Experimental data

V1(v) 0 5.034 5.034 5.034 5.034

V2(v) 0 1.015 2.978 4.942 7.056
Vo(v) 0 6.066 8.037 10.013 12.136
Table 1 summing ckt.
 V1(v) 0 5.034 5.034 5.034 5.034 5.034
V2(v) 0 0.116 1.005 2.975 4.983 7.081
Vo(v) 0 -4.927 -4.058 -2.069 -0.057 2.040
Table 2 subtractor ckt.

Analysis
For summer ckt.

 But in this case R1=R2=Rf ;so V o=−(V 1+V 2) by using this formula the theoretical response
Vo is calculated and presented in the table below.

V1(v) 0 5.034 5.034 5.034 5.034

V2(v) 0 1.015 2.978 4.942 7.056
Vo(v)experimental 0 -6.066 -8.037 -10.013 -12.136
Vo(v)=- 0 -6.049 -8.012 -9.976 -12.09
(V1+V2)theoretical
%deviation (%) 0 0.281 0.312 0.37 0.38

 The output is the negative of the sum of the input voltages this is due to the inverting terminal.
(i.e since the sum of the input is applied to the IC’s inverting terminal the output polarity will be
changed.)

For subtractor ckt

  Similarly Rf=R1 and R3=R2 so, Vo=(V 2−V 1) by using this formula the theoretical response
Vo is calculated and presented in the table below.

V1(v) 0 5.034 5.034 5.034 5.034 5.034

V2(v) 0 0.116 1.005 2.975 4.983 7.081
Vo(v)experimenta 0 -4.927 -4.058 -2.069 -0.057 2.040
l
Vo=(V 2−V 1) 0 -4.918 -4.029 -2.059 -0.051 2.047
%deviation (%) 0 0.18 0.719 0.48 11.76 0.34

 Ther is a very small deviation between the theoretical and experimental data (in both ckt.)
which is due to the measurement error, rounding error, the age of materials used and so on.

Conclusion

From the data obtained and discussions made so far, it can be deduced that:

 Summer amplifier amplifies the sum of input signals. And it gives exactly the sum of the signals if
the gain is unity. But the output’s polarity is changed due to the inverting terminal of the IC.
 Subtractor amplifier amplifies the difference of input signals, it gives the difference for gain is
unity. One of the subtractor ckt is difference amplifier with gain of 1.