Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solution
a) For the three-phase system MVA as base,
S B 3 50 MVA VB (line ) 120kV
S actual 40
S pu 3 0.8 pu
S B 3 50
Example 2
Find the per unit value for XT1, XT2 and XT if the base values are 11kV and 60MVA at the
Generator.
T1 T2
60 MVA
11kV XT=20Ω
G
XG=0.5
EG=1.5pu
60 MVA 30 MVA
12/132kV 132/33kV
XT1=10% XT2=10%
Solution
Step 1: Draw the section of the network.
T1 T2
60 MVA
11kV XT=20Ω
G
XG=0.5
EG=1.5pu
60 MVA 30 MVA
12/132kV 132/33kV
XT1=10% XT2=10%
1
Step 2: Find the base value of the voltage for each section.
S B 60 MVA
V B1 11kV
V2 132
VB 2 VB1 11kV 121kV
V1 12
V3 33
VB3 VB 2 121kV 30.25kV
V2 132
OR
2
132 60
X new
T1 0.1 0.12 pu :: Looking at the HV side of T1
121 60
2
132 60
2 0.1
X Tnew 0.24 pu :: Looking at the HV side of T2
121 30
OR
2
33 60
X Tnew
1 0.1 0.24 pu :: Looking at the LV side of T2
30.25 30
NOTE: The per unit value for the transformer impedance is the same whether it is seen
in the HV or LV side of the transformer- one of the advantages of per unit system.
Line Impedance
Since the impedance given in actual value, we have to find the base value for the
impedance.
X
VB 2 2
121k 2
244
T ( base )
S B * 60 M
X T ( actual ) 20
X T ( pu ) 0.082 pu
X T ( base ) 244
2
Example 3
The one-line diagram of three-phase power system is shown below. Select a common base
of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side. Draw an impedance diagram with all
impedance including the load impedance marked in per-unit.
50 MVA 40 MVA
22/220 kV 220/11 kV
X = 10% X = 6.0%
T1 T2
1 2 4
Line 1
220 kV 66.5 MVA
X = 48.4 Ω 10.45 kV
X = 18.5%
G M
90 MVA
T3 T4
22 kV 3
X = 18%
Line 2
110 kV Load
57 MVA
X = 64.43 Ω
40 MVA 40 MVA 0.6 pf lag
22/110 kV 110/11 kV 10.45 kV
X = 6.4% X = 8.0%
Solution
G M
90 MVA
22 kV 3 57 MVA
X = 18% 0.6 pf lag
Line 2 10.45 kV
110 kV Load
X = 64.43 Ω
T3 T4
40 MVA 40 MVA
22/110 kV 110/11 kV
X = 6.4% X = 8.0%
3
Vb1 22kV
V2 220
Vb 2 Vb1 22k 220kV
V1 22
V3 110
Vb 3 Vb1 22k 110 kV
V1 22
V4 11
Vb 4 Vb 2 220k 11kV
V2 220
Since generator & transformer voltage base are the same as their rated values, their p.u
reactance on a 100 MVA
2
V old S Bnew
Z new
pu Z Bnew
old
pu
old
VB SB
old S B
new
new
Z pu Z pu old
SB
100
Z Gnew 0.18 0.2 pu
90
100
1 0.10
Z Tnew 0.2 pu
50
100
2 0.06
Z Tnew 0.15 pu
40
100
3 0.064
Z Tnew 0.16 pu
40
100
4 0.08
Z Tnew 0.2 pu
40
Motor
Line Impedance
Line 1
4
V B 2 220kV Line 2
S B 100MVA
VB 3 110 kV
V
B2
2
220k 2 S B 100MVA
Z B line1 484
SB 100M
VB 3 2 110 k
2
Z 48.4 Z B line 2 121
Z line1( pu ) actual 0.1 pu SB 100 M
Z B line1 484
Z actual 65.43
Z line 2 ( pu ) 0.54 pu
Z B line 2 121
Load
Z load ( act )
VL
2
10.45k 2 1.1495 j1.5327
S 3 load * 57 M53.13
Z load ( base)
VB 4 2
11k 2 1.21
SB 100M
Z load ( act ) 1.1495 j1.5327
Z load ( pu ) 0.95 j1.267 pu
Z load ( base) 1.21
G M
ZLoad= 0.95+j1.267
Example 4
Using base values of 30kVA and 240V in the generator side, draw the per unit circuit, and
determine the per unit impedances and the per unit source voltage. Then calculate the load
5
current both in per unit and in amperes. Transformer winding resistance and shunt
admittance branches are neglected.
T1 T2
30 kVA Xline=2Ω
G
VG=220∟0ºV
Zload=0.9+j0.2Ω
30 kVA 20 kVA
240/480V 460/115V
XT1=0.1pu XT2=0.1pu
Solution
30 kVA Xline=2Ω
G
VG=220∟0ºV
VS(pu) G Zload(pu)
SB for the entire network is 30kVA. Find the base voltages and impedances of each zone.
2
VB
ZB
SB
240 2
VB1 240V Z B1 1.92
30k
V2 480 480 2
VB 2 VB1 240 480V Z B2 7.68
V1 240 30k
115 120 2
VB 3 480 120V Z B3 0.48
460 30k
Find base current in zone 3 [!:to calculate the load current later]
S 30k
I B3 B 250 A
V B 3 120
6
Step 4: Find the per unit values
Vs 2200
Vs ( pu ) 0.91670 pu
VB1 240
1 X T 1 0.1 pu
X Tnew old
X line 2
X line ( pu ) 0.2604 pu
Z B 2 7.68
2
V old S new
X new
T2 X old
T2 Bnew Bold
VB S B
2
460 30
0 .1 0.1378 pu :: calculation using base value
480 20
or
2
V old S new
X new
T2 X old
T2 Bnew Bold
VB S B
2
115 30
0 .1 0.1378 pu :: calculation using voltage ratio
120 20
Zload 0.9 j 0.2
Z load(pu) 1.875 j 0.4167 pu
ZB 3 0.48
Vs ( pu )
I load ( pu ) I s ( pu )
Z total ( pu )
Vs ( pu )
j ( X T 1 X line X T 2 ) Z load ( pu )
0.91670
j (0.1 0.2604 0.1378) (1.875 j 0.4167)
0.91670
2.08626.01
0.4395 26.01 pu
I load I load ( pu ) I B 3
0.4395 26.01 250
109.9 26.01 A