Problem Statement:

Design a Power Supply for a load of 5KΩ so that output voltage would exactly
be 8.55 volts.

1. Objective:
To design a Power Supply that delivers a smooth, regulated DC Output Voltage of
8.55 V over a load of 5 kilo-ohms from an AC Mains Power Supply of 220 Vrms using
electrical components such as transformers, rectifiers, capacitors, and Zener diodes for
smoothing and regulation of the DC Voltage respectively.

2. Introduction:
A power supply is an electronic device whose purpose is to provide power to
electronic components within a circuit. Power supplies have different ratings based on the
situation they are to be used in. A typical household usually utilizes power supplies that are
meant to operate at an input of 220 Vrms AC Mains.
The main objective of a power supply is to provide a specific, smooth, and regulated output
voltage to some specified load. The components used in a power supply must therefore
convert the AC Input to the required DC Output value while at the same time, minimizing
the AC variation and taking into account excess input voltages and variations in loads. The
components used in a power supply to achieve these requirements of a reliable power supply
include: diode rectifiers, capacitor filters, and Zener regulator diodes.
Rectifiers are one of the most common applications of semiconductor diodes. Rectifiers
allow current to flow only in one direction from anode to cathode i.e. when the diode is
conducting (forward biased). When the diode is under the reverse bias conditions, no current
flows in the circuit.
The diodes operating in the reverse breakdown region, and special diodes are manufactured
to operate specifically in the breakdown region. Such diodes are called breakdown, or more
specifically, Zener diodes.

Fig. 1: Zener Diode Symbol

The above figure shows the circuit symbol of the Zener diode. In normal applications of the
diode, the current flows into the cathode, and the cathode is positive with respect to the
anode. Thus Iz and Vz have positive values.
3. Design Components:
 Transformer
 4x Diodes (1N4007)
 Capacitors
 Resistance RS
 Zener Diode (VZ = 8.2 volts)
 Load Resistance RL = 5 kilo ohms

4. Problem Analysis:
We are to design a DC power supply that provides a voltage of 8.55 V across a fixed
load of 5 kilo-ohms. The input available is of 220 Vrms. The general design of a circuit that
could possibly achieve the required solution looks like follows:

Reduce A.C. Rectification Smoothing (C1) +

Voltage to Safe Regulation (D5 & Rs)
Value via + Load (RL)
Transformer
 Fig 2:Design of Circuit

5. AC Step-Down Transformation:
Since we have a high mains voltage input, we must first reduce this voltage to a safer
value in our power supply. This can be done by using step down transformer with a suitable
turns/inductance ratio (depending on the theoretical estimate and how the rest of the supply
is designed).

6. Rectification:
Since the power supply we are required to design must provide a DC output, we must
convert the transformed AC voltage into the DC Voltage. The first step is to convert to a
pulsating DC output value. For this, we must use a rectifier circuit. In our case, the bridge
rectifier is the most favorable choice as it minimizes the voltage lost in the rectification
process.

7. Smoothing:
As the output must be a smooth value, we need to reduce the variation in the pulsating
DC signal. A capacitor filter serves as a simple solution to this problem by reducing the
ripple (variation) in the DC signal. Higher capacitances are favorable as they will better
minimize the ripple, further smoothing the voltage.

8. Regulation:
As the output voltage is often subject to change due to variations in the load current,
input voltage and other factors, regulation of the voltage to some fixed value is necessary in
order to avoid overvolting and damaging the output circuits or the power supply itself. For
this, we use a Zener diode. The Zener diode takes no more than a fixed voltage across itself
in the reverse bias condition (how much depends on the model used). Connecting loads in
parallel to the Zener thus provides the same amount of voltage across them as the Zener,
which is in accordance with the parallel distribution concept of voltage. In this way, the
voltage exceeds no more than the Zener allows despite fluctuations in the circuit conditions,
thus regulating the voltage. The output is, nonetheless, subject to change in actual circuits.
However, the change is usually so small in the order of milli volts that it is insignificant.
9. Load:
This is the component across which the output voltage is desired. In our case, the
output voltage through the load has to be 8.55V. The load must be connected in parallel to
the Zener Regulator.

10. Theoretical Work:

Now in our problem , we require a voltage across the load resistance of 5 kilo-
ohms is 8.55 volts . So, we design a circuit such that the load resistance is parallel with the
Zener diode. We select a Zener diode of 8.2 Volts from LTspice.
Now we see from datasheet of Zener diode of 8.2 volts , the resistance rz is 15 ohms and the
current flow through them 5mA .
First ,we calculate the Vzo from the following formula

Vz =Vzo + Izrz
8.2=Vzo + (5mA)(15)
Vzo = 8.125 V

Fig 3:Zener Diode without Load Resistance

For the required design, we need to drop 8.55 V across the Zener:
 VZ = VZ0 + IZrZ
8.55 = 8.125 + Iz*15
IZ = 28.3 mA

As the load resistance is 5 kiloohm and when it is connected in parallel combination with
Zener diode and then the current through the load is calculated as follows:
VRL = IL RL
IL = VRL / RL
IL = 8.55 V / 5 K
IL = 1.71 mA

Fig 4:Zener diode with Load Resistance

Now for the selection of resistance RS, we assume that the input voltage is 8.69 V as shown
in the above circuit.

8.69 - 8.55 = I*RS Lp/Ls = (Vp/Vs)2

0.14 = 30.01 * RS Lp/Ls = (311.12/10.4)2
RS = 0.14 V / 30.01 mA Lp/Ls = 877.96
RS = 4.66 ohm
11.Design Procedure:
The design is to be implemented as show in the following circuit diagram:

Fig. 5: Circuit Diagram

1. First, we designed the regulatory section of the supply. Since we require an output
voltage of 8.55V, we picked the zener diode model BZX84C8V2L (8.2V rated
breakdown voltage) present in SPICE.
2. We picked a 5 kiloohms resistor and placed it in parallel with the Zener.
3. We calculated the value of the resistor RS using theoretical calculations that have
already been displayed above.
4. For the smoothing of the pulsating DC signal, we selected three capacitors of 1000
microfarads each for a total of 3000 microfarads. At this value, the DC output is
almost entirely smooth with a max fluctuation of around 4 millivolts. Lower values
tend to give a higher ripple, which is undesirable.
5. For the rectification of the AC Input Signal, we implemented a full wave bridge
rectifier. This also, however, removes around 1.4V of the total AC Input due to the
drop across two diodes at any given time of operation. The model of each of the four
diodes used was the same: 1N4007. The pulsating DC signal is now fed to the
capacitor filter for smoothing.
6. For the transformation of the input mains supply, we selected a transformer using the
fact that the input signal before the regulation is supposed to be 17V. Since the design
uses a full wave bridge rectifier, this voltage actually comes by subtracting the total
drop across the two diodes from the total voltage at the secondary loop (by VO = VS -
2VD).
7. Step (6) shows that we needed a turns ratio that stepped the voltage down from 220V
r.m.s. to 9 + 1.4 = 10.4V. The inductance ratio is found to be 877.96m.
 8. The Mains AC Supply of 220V r.m.s. is fed to the power supply and steps down to
10.4V AC signal as it passes through the transformer.

11. Line Regulation:

A very important characteristic of the Zener diode is its ability to provide almost
constant voltage to the load it is connected in parallel to, despite changes in the input signal
voltage. This is known as line regulation. In proper terms, line regulation is a measure of the
stability of the supplied output voltage as the input voltage fluctuates from its nominal value.
The smaller line regulation rating, the more reliable the power supply.

Change in V0 = Change in Vin * (rZ / (RS + rZ) )

Where, Change in Vin = ± 1 V
rZ = 15 ohm
RS = 4.66 ohm
Change in V0 = ±1 V * (15 ohm / (4.66 + 15) ohm )
Line Regulation = Change in V0 / Change in Vin = ± 50.5 mV/V

12. Load Regulation:

Another very important characteristic of the Zener diode is its ability to provide
almost constant voltage to the load even when the load is changed. This property is known
as load regulation. In proper terms, load regulation is a measure of the stability of the
supplied output voltage as the load current fluctuates from expected values due to change in
load resistance. Once again, the smaller the load regulation rating, the more reliable the
power supply.
When the load resistance is not connected, the current through the Zener diode was 28.3 mA.
But when the load resistance was connected, the current divider rule is applied in the circuit,
and a current of 1.71 mA flows through the resistor RL. The total current in the circuit now
being 28.3 mA + 1.71 mA = 30.01 mA, implies that the Zener current decreases by 1.71 mA.
This change is indicated by a negative sign. Thus, the load regulation is:

Change in V0 = rZ * Change in IZ
= 15 ohm * (-1.71 mA)
Load Regulation = Change in V0 / Change in IL = -25 mV/mA
13. Results ( Graph):

Fig 6:Voltage (Vs)

Fig 7: Voltage after Rectification

Fig 8: Output Voltage Across Load Resistance(8.55V)

 Fig 9: Line Regulation Voltage Across Output(8.62V)

Fig 10: Load Regulation After changing load(8.605V)

14. Discussion & Conclusion:

As can be seen from the simulation results, the power supply succeeds in delivering
the required DC voltage of 8.55 V to the load with minimal fluctuations in value when
connected to the AC mains of 220 Vrms. The load and line regulation values are also within
acceptable ranges.
It should be noted that the Zener model used has a maximum rating of 8.7 V at breakdown to
a minimum rating of 7.5 V at breakdown. The diode can regulate at any of these voltages,
but we have made the circuit so that it starts its operation at 8.55 V. Also, the Zener can
handle 75 V across itself at most. Any more and it will be permanently damaged.
It is important to note, however, that when the mains voltage drops from the specified value
of 220 Vrms, the output of the transformer will decrease. The peak voltage at the rectifier will
be less, giving a smaller rectified output to the smoothing capacitor. Following this, the
voltage at the input to the regulator will be less, meaning less voltage will be dropped across
resistor RS. This reduces the current through RS, and consequently less current will flow
through the Zener, which would cause under-volting of the output.