5/13/2016

Intellectual Property for

Engineers

Saad Nusrullah
BE (Chem.), LLM‐IP(Italy)

OUTLINE

• What is IP
• Different kinds of IP
• What are IPRs
• IP for Engineers
• A few case studies
• A few statistics

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Intellectual
Property
Intellectual –Power of mind

Intellectual Property (IP)

Property‐Something which 
can be owned, possessed, 
enjoyed, used, transferred

IP refers to “Creations of Mind”

Imagination is the beginning of creation.

(George Bernard Shaw)

IP

• Innovative
product/process
• Literary and
Artistic work
• Creative Design
• Distinctive
signs/logos/word
• Trade secrets

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IP

KINDS OF IP

Semiconductor TK
Copyright

Design Trade Dress

GI Product & / Plant Variety

Services

Trademark Trade Secret

Patent
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Trade marks:
• Made by "Nokia"
• Product "N95"
Patents:
• Data-processing © Nokia

methods
• Semiconductor circuits
• Chemical compounds Designs (some of them registered):
Copyrights: • Form of overall phone
• Software code • Arrangement of buttons in oval shape
• Instruction manual • Three-dimensional wave form of buttons
• Ringtone

TRADEMARKS

• A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing

the goods/services produced/provided by one
enterprise from those of other enterprises

– Distinguishing function

– Indicator of origin

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Word Marks

Just do it
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figurative marks

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3-D Marks

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COLOURS OR COMBINATIONS
(colour marks)

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SOUNDS (sound marks)

 
 

(Tarzan yell)

(Popping)
(Sound of tennis balls being hit)

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Types of trademarks
Types of marks

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What are inventions

• Necessity is the mother of invention
• Generally speaking, an invention is a
solution to a technical problem
• “invention” means any new and
useful product or process
– includes any new and useful improvement

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Inventions

• Most people think that invention is

a major breakthrough made by
R&D laboratories or universities

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Examples

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Inventions

• Most of the inventions are

incremental made by individual
inventors

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Famous inventors
FAMOUS INVENTORS
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Jābir ibn Hayyān – 721 – c. 815 Helped establish foundation of

modern chemistry
Tus (now part of Iran)

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Sir Henry Bessemer (Engineer)  Bessemer Converter

1813‐98 (Steel)

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FAMOUS INVENTORS

Charles Goodyear – 1800‐60 Vulcanized Rubber

New Haven, CT

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FAMOUS INVENTORS

Alfred Nobel – 1833‐96 Dynamite

Stockholm, Sweden
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Famous Inventors
Charles Kettering – 1876‐1958
Electric Starting Motor

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Famous Inventors

Robert Watson-Watt – 1892-1973 RADAR

Brechin Angus, Scotland

FAMOUS INVENTORS

Lee de Forest– 1873-1961 Vacuum Tube

Council Bluffs, Iowa

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Famous Inventors

Mary Anderson – 1866‐1953 Windshield Wiper Blade

Green County, Alabama

Famous Inventors

Gas Mask 
Garrett Morgan– 1877‐1963
Paris, Kentucky… Moved to Cleveland in 1895

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Patents are all around us

Major discovery

Examples

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Examples

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WHY DO WE NEED PATENTS?

INDUSTRY

REINVESTMENT RESEARCH

PRODUCTS
PROFITS medicines, cars
Microscope, TV

SOCIETY

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The "social contract"

Reveal Get 
invention exclusivity

… so that others can learn from it 
and improve upon it!

NOVELTY
(not available/
known to public)

INDUSTRIAL
INVENTIVE APPLICATION
STEP (Useful)
(Not obvious)
mere change
of size INVENTION

compliances compliances

PRODUCT / PROCESS
PATENT

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Structure of the description

 Prior art
 Teapot with one spout
 Drawback of prior art
 Time‐consuming
 Problem to solve
 Reduce filling time
 Solution
 Provide a second spout
 Advantage of the invention
 The time needed to fill multiple 
cups is reduced

25% of all R&D efforts ...

… are wasted each year on inventions that have already been invented.

Don't start your R&D until you have done a 
search!

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Much information only available in

patents

Published elsewhere Published
in patents

80% found only in patents!

Solutions found in patent documents

90%
Free to use
10%
Protected

You can find many great solutions for free!

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THE AGE THAT WE LIVE IN...
• Old stone, middle stone, new stone age
• Bronze age 
• Iron Age 
• Consumer Age !! Designs!!!

“DESIGNS”

Designs with 
Purely 
Functional / eye‐appeal & capable of 
artistic works
utilitarian Industrial application

Patents  Copyright  Designs 

Ordinance Ordinance Ordinance

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Industrial Design
 2D or 3D features of shape, configuration,
pattern, ornament
 Applied to any article by any industrial process
or means
 The finished article appeals to the eye

“The Appearance of a Product”

DESIGNS CAN BE 2D OR 3D OR
COMBINATION OF BOTH

 Surface
pattern (2D)

 Cut of the
garment
(3D)

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Examples

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EXAMPLES

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EXAMPLES

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EXAMPLES

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Novelty

• Lace pattern
was held to have
been infringed

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Assessment of Public Order and/or Public 
Morality

Copyright

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COPYRIGHT

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Copyright

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Related Rights
RELATED RIGHTS

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COPYRIGHT

Copyright only protects the expression
of the idea, not the idea itself.

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REQUIREMENTS

• Work must be original

• Work must be in fixed form
• Following cannot be protected
–Ideas or concepts
–Facts
–Industrial designs

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What are IPRs?

• Exclusive rights

• Limited period of
time

• Granted for a
state/territory
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Procedure

Filing

Examination

Acceptance

Publication

Registration
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IP Laws in Pakistan
IP Laws before TRIPS IP Laws after TRIPS
• Pakistan Patents and - TM Ordinance, 2001/Rules
Design Act, 1911, 2004
Rules 1933 - CR Ordinance, 2000
- Patents Ordinance, 2000
• Pakistan Trademark
and Rules, 2003
Act, 1940, Rules 1963
- Registered Designs
• Pakistan Copyright Ordinance, 2000
Ordinance, 1962, - The Registered layout
Rules 1967 designs of IC Ordinance,
2000

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REASONS OF
PROTECTING IP

• Valuable

• To promote creativity

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Examples of valuable IP

Apple® iPod®
Coca‐Cola®

Instant camera
DNA copying process
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Most Valuable Brands
Trademark Brand Value ($bil)

104.3

56.7

54.9

50.7

47.3

Sources: Thomson Reuters Fundamentals via FactSet Research System; Forbes.

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Engineering
• Engineering embraces those technical arts
that yield practical benefits for the human
race,
– New products/processes i.e chemical
– Improved products i.e better tv, faster aircraft
– New/better designs- safe bridges
• Engineers are professional innovators
• IP creators by the very nature of their
profession
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Engineering

• IP gives value to creations of engineers

• Every new product, process, schematic,
each piece of software code, drawing,
diagram and prototype has IP rights
attached upon creation
• Tangible property lost only a thing lost. But if
the IP lost the whole innovation effort and
valuable rights are lost
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Importance of IP for
Engineers

• Revenue generation
• Improve competitiveness
• Growth of Engineering businesses
• Increase profitability
• Improve profile
• A new Job market

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ISSUES

• General lack of awareness of IP

• Lack of education
• Lack of IP environment
• Lack of enforcement
• Innovative capacity not always fully
exploited and/or lost

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Case study

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Case study
CASE STUDY

• Author J.K. Rowling

converted her
imagination to the
true intellectual
property magic (she
earned
approximately EUR
750 Million from her
Harry Potter
COPYRIGHT).
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Case Study‐Brimful design

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Enforcement of IPRs
• OWNER OF IS RESPONSIBLE
– MONITORING THE USE
– IDENTIFYING ANY IMITATOR/COUNTER-
FEITER
– DECIDE WHETHER, HOW, WHEN TO TAKE
ACTION
• Arbitration/mediation
• civil(Injunction, damages)
• criminal (imprisonment, fine or both)
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TM-Top 15 offices

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Design-Top offices

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Patents-Top offices

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Patent applications per year worldwide

for which patent protection sought
Number of inventions 

Year in which application filed

Patent Applications by Top Fields of Technology

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Patent Applications in Pakistan

Filing rates at selected patent offices

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Design Applications in Pakistan

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HAMAYUNS, 66‐Commercial Area, Cavalry Ground, 
Lahore, Pakistan. saad@hamayuns.com, 0321 4407426

THANK YOU
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