Cases of Setting out Simple Circular

Curves Using Different Deflection

Angle and with Fixed Radius of the
Curve

A report submitted to the

Department of Surveying Engineering,

College of Engineering

University of Duhok

Student name: Ramsina Sheeba Sada

Moodle Email: es18.ramsinasheeba
Year: 2nd
Course: Engineering Surveying
Course code: ES2201
Instructor: Dr.Farsat Heeto
Date: 2019-2020
Table of Contents
chapter 1 introduction .......................................................................... 2
1.1 Curves ............................................................................................................... 2

chapter 2 SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE ................................................ 3

2.1 Components/Component Parts of a Simple Circular Curve: ............................. 3
2.2 Designation of Curve: ....................................................................................... 6
2.3 Degree of curve ................................................................................................. 7

chapter 3 Methods for Setting out Simple Circular Curves ............... 8

3.1 Linear Method ................................................................................................. 10
3.1.1 by offsets or ordinates from the long chord .............................................. 10
3.1.2 By successive bisections of arcs .............................................................. 11
3.1.3 By offset from tangent .............................................................................. 12
3.1.4 By offset from chord produced. (By deflection angle) .............................. 14
3.2 Angular method (instrumental method) ........................................................... 18
3.2.1 Rankine method for deflection angle ........................................................ 18
3.2.2 Two-theodolite method ............................................................................. 19
3.2.3 Tacheometric method ............................................................................... 21

chapter 4 reference ............................................................................ 22

1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Curves
Curves are outlined as arcs, with some finite radius, provided between intersecting straights to
bit by bit talk over a modification in direction. This variant in direction of the straights ought
to also be in a very horizontal or vertical plane, main to the grant of a horizontal or vertical
curve severally. Curves are generally used on highways and railways anyplace it's crucial to
vary the direction of motion. A curve should also be circular, parabolic or spiral and is
commonly tangential to the 2 straights. Curves are normally employed as strains of
communication in prepare that the exchange of course at the crossing point of the straight line
need to be gradual. The traces associated by using the bends are tangential to it and are
referred to as as digressions or straights.

 necessary of the curves:

Straight course of street or track is continuously alluring, since it provides economy in

development, transportation and maintenance. But when there's alter in arrangement or slope
of street or track, at that point it becomes a ought to give bends beneath following
circumstances

1. Intemperate cutting and filling can be prevented by providing the alter in arrangement by
curves.
2. The hindrance which came within the way of straight alignment can be made less
demanding by giving by pass with the assistance of curves.
3. in the straight route gradient are made more comfortable and simple providing diversions
with offer assistance of curves.
4. in the straight route costly land comes within the way at that point it can maintained a
strategic distance from by giving redirections with the help of the curve.

2
CHAPTER 2 SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE
It’s a curve consists of one arc with a constant radius connecting the two tangents. It’s a sort
of horizontal curve used most in common. A straightforward arc provided within the road or
railway track to impose a curve between the two straight lines is that the simple circular
curve. Easy curves encompass one arc connecting two straights or tangents. Simple curve is
generally portrayed by the length of its radius or by the degree of curve.

Figure 1: geometry of single circular curves

2.1 Components/Component Parts of a Simple Circular Curve:

1. Point of intersection (PI): The point of intersection point marks the point where the back
and forward tangents intersect. The surveyor demonstrates it one of the stations on the
preparatory traverse.
2. Intersecting angle (I): The meeting angle is the avoidance angle at the PI. The surveyor
either computes their values from the preparatory navigate station angles or measures it
within the field.
3. Radius (R): The sweep is the sweep of the circle of which the bend is an arc.
4. Point of curvature (PC): The point of ebb and flow is the point where the circular bend
starts. The back digression is tangent to the bend at this point.

3
5. Point of Tangency (PT): The point of tangency is the conclusion of the curve. The forward
digression is digression to the curve at this point.
6. Length of curve (L): The length of curve is the distance from the PC to the PC to the PT
measured along the curve.
Length of the curve (𝑙�)
𝑙� = 𝑅� × Δ
= 𝑅� × Δ × 𝜋�
180°
∴ 𝑙� = 𝜋�𝑅�Δ
180°
7. Tangent distance (T): The tangent distance is the distance alongside the tangents from the
PI to the PC or PT. These separations are equivalent on a simple curve
𝑇� = 𝑇� 𝑉� = 𝑉�𝑇� = 𝑅� tan Δ
8. Central Angle (A):The central attitude is the perspective formed via two radii drawn from
the core of the circle (0) to the PC and PT The central angle is equal in fee to the I angle.
9. Long Chord (LC):The lengthy chord is the chord from the PC to the PT.
𝐿� = 𝑇�1𝐷�𝑇�2 = 2𝑇�1𝐷�
From Δ𝑂�𝑇�1𝐷�
Sin Δ /2 =𝑇�1𝐷�/R
or�𝑇� 𝐷� = 𝑅� sin Δ/2
∴ 𝐿� = 2 × 𝑇� 𝐷� = 2𝑅� sin Δ/2
10. External Distance (E): The external distance is the distance from the PI to the midpoint of
the curve. The expansion of the center ordinate cuts up the focal edge

E = VC = VO – CO

= R sec Δ/2– R
= R (sec Δ/2- 1)
= R exsec Δ/2
11. Middle Ordinate (M): The center ordinate is the distance from the midpoint of the curve to
the midpoint of the lengthy chord. The extension of the middle ordinate bisects the central
angle.
M = CD = CO – DO
= R – R cos D2
= R(1-cos Δ/2) = R Versin D2

4
12. Deflection Angles The deflection angles are the angles between a tangent and the ends of
the chords from the PC. The surveyor makes use of them to come across the direction in
which the chords are to be laid out. The whole of the deflection angles is continually equal
to one half of the I angle. This total serves as a take a look at on the computed deflection
angles.

Figure 2: elements of simple circular curve

 Chords: On curves with long radii, it is impractical to stake the curve with the aid of
locating the middle of the circle and swinging the arc with a tape. The surveyor lays
these curves out through staking the ends of a collection of chords .Since the ends of
the chords lie on the circumference of the curve; the surveyor defines the arc in the
field. The length of the harmonies shifts with the level of bend.. To limit the
discrepancy between the arc distance and chord distance, the surveyor makes use of
the following chord lengths:

5
2.2 Designation of Curve:
A curve is designated through the angle subtended through a chord of a specific length or by
way of the radius. In England the usual approach of designating the curve is through its radius
e.g. four hundred m radius curve. Sometimes it is designated by means of a number of
degrees subtended at the center by way of a chord of 100 links e.g. 2º curve the sharpness of
the curve is specified both through its radius or degree of curvature.

In Great Britain the sharpness of the curve is targeted via the radius of the curve while in
India and many nations it is certain with the aid of the diploma of curvature. There are two
exclusive definitions of diploma of curvature:

(i) Arc Definition

(ii) Chord Definition

According to arc definition degree of curvature is defined as angle in degrees subtended

through an arc of trendy size [Fig.3 (a)]. This definition is generally used in motorway
practice. The size of fashionable arc used in FPS was once 100 ft. In SI it is taken as 30 m.
Some humans take it as 20 m also.

According to chord definition diploma of curvature is defined as angle in degrees subtended

by means of a chord of widespread length [Fig. 3 (b)]. This definition is in many instances
used in railways. Earlier trendy chord length used used to be one hundred ft. Now in

SI 30 m or 20 m is used as widespread chord length.

In authentic practice, each curve is chosen so that either its radius or its degree of curvature is
expressed in spherical numbers.

Figure 3: designation of the curves

6
2.3 Degree of curve
(a) Arc Definition:

Let

– R be the radius

– S be general length

– Da be level of the bend

Referring to Fig 4 (a)

S= R *Da * pi/180

Or R = (S/Da) *(180/pi)

If s = 20 m,

R = 20/Da*180/pi … (2.1)

= 1145.92/Da

If s = 30 m,

R = 30/Da*180/pi

= 1718.87/Da

(b) Chord Definition: Let Dc be level of bend according to harmony definition and s be the
standard length of curve. then referring to Fig.4 (b).

R sin Dc/2= s/2

When Dc is small, sin Dc/2 may be taken approximately equal to Dc/2 radians. Hence, for
Small diploma curves (flat curves).

R*Dc/2* pi/180= s/2

Or R = s/Dc* 180/p … (2.2)

Comparing equations (2.1) and (2.2), we discover for flat curves, arc definition and chord
definitions supply identical degree of curve. As in railroads level bends are utilized, harmony
definition is liked.

Degree for railway curves - 1˚ to 6˚

Degree for highway curves - 1˚ to 20˚

7
CHAPTER 3 METHODS FOR SETTING OUT SIMPLE
CIRCULAR CURVES
The methods of setting out curves may also be divided in two classes according to the
instrument employed.

1. Linear or chain and tape method:-Linear methods are these in which the curve is set out
with chain and tape only.

2. Angular or instrumental method: - instrumental methods are these in which theodolite with
or without a chain are employed to set out curve.

 Location of tangents (by linear method)

Surveyor is furnished with a working plan upon which the standard alignment of tangents is
shown in relation to the traverse controlling the survey of that area. Knowing the offsets to
positive factors on each the tangents, the tangents can be staked on the floor by means of tape
measurements.

 Location of tangents (by angular method)

1. Having fixed the instructions of tangents, produce them so as to meet at the point of
intersection (𝑉�)
2. Set up a theodolite at the intersection factor (𝑉�) and measure the angle of intersection
(𝜙�). Find the deflection angle (Δ)
3. Calculate the tangent lengths from the formula, 𝑇� = 𝑅� tan Δ
4. Locate 𝑇�1 by way of measuring the tangent size backward along the again tangent from
the factor of intersection (𝑉�)
5. Similarly, hit upon 𝑇�2 via measuring the equal distance ahead alongside the forward
tangent from (𝑉�)
 Peg interval:-
It is the standard practice to restore pegs at equal interval on the curve as alongside the
straight. The interval between the peg is generally 20 to 30 m. strictly speaking this
interval ought to be measured as the arch intercept between them. Anyway as it is
fundamentally estimated along the harmony, the bend comprise of arrangement of a
harmony instead of circular segments . In other words, the length of the chord is expect to
be equal to be that of the arc. In order that the difference in length between the arc and
chord may be negligible, the length of the chord ought to not be more than 1/20th of the
radius of the curve. The size of unit chord (peg interval) is, therefore, 30m for flat curve,

8
 20m for sharp curve, and 10 m or less for very sharp curve. When the curve is of a small
radius, the peg interval are considered to be alongside the arc and the length of the
corresponding chords are calculated to come across the pegs
.
 Location of tangent points :-

To come across the tangent point T1 and T2 proceed as follows:-

1. Having fixed the direction of the tangents, produce them so as to meet at the point B.

2. Set up the theodolite at the intersection point B and measure the angle of intersection
T1BT2. Find the deflection attitude Ø from the relation I + Ø =1800

3. Calculate the tangent size from the

i.e. Tangent size = BT1 = BT2 = OT1 tan(Ø/2) = R tan(Ø/2)

4. Locate T1 by way of measuring the tangent length backward alongside the rear tangent AB
from the intersection point B.

5. Similarly, stumble on the T2 through measuring the equal distance along the ahead tangent
BC from B.

9
3.1 Linear Method
1) By ordinates or offset from Long chord.

2) by balances or ordinates from the long chord

3) By offset from tangent.

i) Radial method.

ii) Perpendicular method.

4) By offset from chord produced.

3.1.1 by offsets or ordinates from the long chord

In this method, long chord is divided into an even quantity of equal parts. Taking centre of
long chord as origin, for various values of x, the perpendicular offsets are calculated to the
curve and the curve is set in the field by using driving pegs at those offsets.

R – radius of the curve

L – length of lengthy chord

O0 – mid-ordinate

Ox – ordinate at distance x from the mid-point of lengthy chord

Ordinate at distance x = Ox = E¢O – DO

= √𝑅2� − �𝑥2�- √𝑅2� − � (𝐿/2)2�……..3

The above expression holds proper for x-values on either side of D, considering the fact that
CD is symmetric axis.

10
Procedure:-

To set out the curve,

I. Separation the long harmony into a much number of equivalent parts.

II. ii. Set out the offsets as calculated from formula 3 at each of the points of division,
accordingly obtaining the required factors on the curve. Since the curve is
symmetrical alongside ED, the offsets for the right half of the curve will be same
as these for the left half.

3.1.2 By successive bisections of arcs

In this method, points on a curve are placed by means of bisecting the chords and erecting the
perpendiculars at the mid-point

Opposite balance at center of long harmony (D) is

CD = R – R cos Δ/2 = R (1- cos Δ/ 2)

Let D1 be the center of T1C. At that point Perpendicular balance

C1D1 = R( 1 – cos Δ/4 )

Additionally, C2D2 = R( 1 – cos Δ/8 )

11
3.1.3 By offset from tangent
The curve can be set out by offset from the tangent .if the deflection angle and radius of
curvature both are small .

 The offset from the tangent can be two types

1) Radial offsets

2) Perpendicular offsets.

1) Radial counterbalances

Let, bull = Radial counterbalance PN at any

Separation x along he digression.
T1 p = x
From Δ T1 P O ,
Use pythagorous
(PO)^2 = T1O^2 + T1 P^2
Or then again (PN+NO) ^2= T1O^2 + T1 P^2
(Ox+R)^2= R^2+ x^2
(Ox+R) =√ R^2 + x^2
Bull = √ R^2 + x^2- R

Figure 4 setting out by Radial

counterbalances

12
2) Perpendicular offsets.

Let, DN = Ox =offset

Perpendicular to the tangent

T1D =x= Measured along the

Tangent, Drawn NN1 parallel to the tangent.

ΔN1NO, use pythagorous

N1O^2= NO^2 + NN1^2

(R – Ox) ^2 = R^2 + x^2

(R – Ox) = √ R^2 + x ^2

Ox = √ R ^2 + x^2 – R

Figure 5 setting out by perpendicular offset

Procedure to set curve

1. The separation x1,x2,x3 and so forth are estimated from the first digression point T1 along
the digression.
2. The opposite counterbalance compute, are raised with the help of an optical square at the
relating point.
3. At the point when the separations 'x' increment the balance turns out to be as well huge to
set out precisely.
4. In such case, the main issue position of the bend may be set out from a third digression
drawn through pinnacle of the curve.
5. This technique is helpful just for little curve.

13
3.1.4 By offset from chord produced. (By deflection angle)
This technique is a lot of helpful for setting long bends. In this technique, a point on the bend
is fixed by taking counterbalance from the digression taken at the back purpose of a harmony.

At the point when the curve is long, this strategy is helpful (for the most part Highway)

At the point when the theodolite isn't accessible

Let, T1 L1 = T1L =initial sub-chord

= C1, L, M, N. Point on the curved

LM = C2, MN = C3 and so forth

T1x = back digression

<L1T1L = δ = deflection angle of first chord

L1L = O1 = first offset

M2M = O2 = Second offset

N2N = L1L = O1 = T1 L δ … I

Now, Figure 6 setting out by offset from chord

produced
Since T1x is the digression to the hover at T1 angle

T1 O L = 2 < L1T1L = 2 δ

T1L = R2 .δ

δ = T1 L/2R …..II

Subbing the estimation of the δ in Eqn in - I We get

Curve L1L = O1 = T1 L .(T1 L/2R )

= T1 L2/2R

Taking arc T1 L =chord T1 L (practically)

O1 = C1/2R …..III

O2 = C2/2R (C1+ C2) …..VI

O3 = C3/2R (C2+ C3) …..V

The keep going on the counterbalance given

On = Cn/2R (Cn+ Cn+1) …..III

14
 procedure for setting out the curve
1. Locate Δ locate the out change point T1 Δ T2.
2. Calculate the length of first sub-harmony (c ) so first peg is the fall station.
3. Measure the length T1 Δ similarly as with the assistance of chain is at T1 presently T1 Δ 1
= C = length of the primary sub-harmony.
4. with T1 as focus and T1 Δ 1 as the span ,swing the chain to such an extent that the curve
L1L = figure balance O1.
5. Now fig.the point L on the curve.
6. With zero of the chain at Δ,spread the chain along T1 L also, pull .it straight towards M2
the separation ΔM 2 = C Length typical harmony.
7. With zero of the chain at station L and ΔM 2 as radious swinging the chain to point M . To
such an extent that M2M = O2 = length of second balance .fix point on the curve.
8. Spread the chain along MN and rehash the above advance till the purpose of intersection
(T2) is reached.

Example 1 ; Two streets having a deviation edge of 45° at zenith point V are to be joined by a
200 m span round bend. In the event that the chainage of zenith point is 1839.2 m, figure
essential information to set the bend by:

(an) Ordinates from long harmony at 10 m stretch

(b) Strategy for cut to get each eighth point on curve

(C) spiral and opposite balances from each full station of 30 m along tangent.

(d) Balances from harmony delivered.

solution:

R = 200 m Δ = 45°

Length of tangent= 200 tan 45/2 = 82.84 m.

Chainage of T1 = 1839.2 – 82.84 = 1756.36 m.

Length of curve = R *45 * pi/180 = 157.08 m

Chainage of forward tangent T2

= 1756.36 + 157.08 = 1913.44 m.

15
 (a) By offset from long chord:

Separation of DT = L/2 = R sin Δ2 = 200 sin 45/2

= 76.54

Measuring 'x' from D,

y = √ R^2 – x^2 - √ R^2 - (L/2)^2

At x = 0

O0 = √ (200 – √ 200^2) - 76.542 = 200 – 184.78 = 15.22 m

O1 = √ (200^2 –10^2) – 184.78 = 14.97 m

O2 = √ (200^2 –20^2) – 184.78 = 14.22 m

O3 = √ (200^2 – 30^2) – 184.78 = 12.96 m

O4 = √ (200^2 – 40^2) – 184.78 = 11.18 m

O5 = √ (200^2 – 50^2) – 184.78 = 8.87 m

O6 = √ (200^2 – 60^2) – 184.78 = 6.01 m

O7 = √ (200^2 – 70^2) – 184.28 = 2.57 m

At T1, O = 0.00

16
(b) By successive bisections of arcs: Referring to Fig

Central ordinate at D = R (1 –cosΔ/2) = 200 (1 – cos 45/2 ) = 15.22

Ordinate at D1 = R( 1- cosΔ/ 4 ) = 200( 1- cos 45/4 )= 3.84 m

Ordinate at D2 = R( 1-cosΔ/ 8 ) = 200 (1 – cos 45/8) = 0.96 m

(c) Offsets from tangent:

Ox = √ R^2 + √ x^2 – R

Chainage of T1 = 1756.36 m

For 30 m chain, it is at

= 58 chains + 16.36 m. ,x1 = 30 – 16.36 = 13.64 , x2 = 43.64 m , x3 = 73.64 m

Furthermore, the latter is at x4 = tangent length = 82.84 m

O1 = √ 200^2 + √ 13.64^2 – 200 = 0.46 m

O2 = √ 200^2 + √ 43.64^2 – 200 = 4.71 m

O3 = √ 200^2 + √ 73.64^2 – 200 = 13.13 m

O4 = √ 200^2 + √ 82.84^2 – 200 = 16.48 m

(d) Offsets from chord produced:

Length of first sub-harmony = 13.64 m = C1

Length of ordinary harmony = 30 m = C2

Since length of chain is 157.08 m, C3 = C4 = C5 = 30 m

Chainage of forward digression = 1913.44 m

= 63 chains + 23.44 m

Length of last chord = 23.44 m = Cn = C6

O1 = C^2 /2R = 13. 64^ 2 /2*200 = 0.47 m

O2 =C2(C1+C2)/2R=30 (30+13. 64 )/2* 200 = 3.27 m

O3 = C1/2R= 30/2 *200 = 4.5 m = O4 = O5

O6 = Cn/2R (Cn+ Cn+1)=23 .44 (23 .44 +30 )/2* 200 = 3.13 m

17
3.2 Angular method (instrumental method)
Coming up next are the rakish strategies which can be utilized for setting circular curves:

(I) Rankine method for deflection angle .

(ii) Two-theodolite method

(iii) Tacheometric method

In these strategies straight just as rakish estimations are utilized. Subsequently, the assessor
needs chain/tape and instruments to gauge edges. Theodolite is the normally utilized
instrument.

3.2.1 Rankine method for deflection angle

In this technique the curve is set out by the distracting angles(often called the deflection
angle) with a theodolite and a chain or tape a deflection angle to any point on the bend is the
edge between the digression at purpose of bend (PC) and the line joining that point to PC (D).
Hence, alluding to Fig d1 is the redirection point of An and d1 + d2 is the avoidance edge of
B. In this technique focuses on the bend are situated by redirection edges and the harmony
lengths. The equation for ascertaining diversion edges of different harmonies can be
determined as demonstrated as follows:

Let A, B, C … be focuses on the bend. The harmony lengths T1A, AB, BC… be C1, C2,
C3… and d1, d2, d3… extraneous points, which of the progressive harmonies make with
individual digressions. D1, D2, D3… be deflection angle.

<VA1A = <A1T1A +<A1AT1 = δ1 + δ1 = 2δ1

From the property of circular curve

<T1OA =<VA1A = 2δ1

Chord length = C1 = R* 2δ1, if δ1 is in radians

= R * 2δ 1 *p /180, if δ1 is in degrees.

δ1 =C1/2R * 180/p degrees … ( a)

=C1/2R* 180/p*60m= 1718.87

1718.87* C1/R minute

δ2 = 1718.87 C2/R minute

Δ1 = Deflection edge of AB = δ1

18
For the second chord

Δ2 = VT1B = Δ1 + δ2 = δ1 + δ2

Likewise, Δn = δ1 + δ2 + δ3… + δn = Δn–1 + δn

In this way, the deflection angle of any chord is equivalent to the deflection angle for the past
chord in addition to the extraneous angle of that chord.

Note that if the level of curve is D for standard length s,

s = RD * p / 180 or R = s/ D*180/ p … (b)

In the event that the level of a curve is given, from conditions (a) and (b) deflection angle can
be found. Setting the theodolite at purpose of curve (T1), deflection angle Δ1 is set and chord
length C1 is estimated along this line to find A. At that point avoidance point D2 is set and B
is situated by setting AB = C2. The method is kept on lying the full curve.

3.2.2 Two-theodolite method

This method is utilized when the ground isn't great for precise tying e g unpleasant ground It
depends on the way that edge between the digression and the harmony is equivalent to the
edge which that harmony subtends in the contrary portion In this strategy, two theodolites are
utilized, one at the purpose of bend (PC for example at T1) what's more, another at the
purpose of intersection (PT for example at T2). For a point on the bend diversion edge with
back digression and forward digression are determined. The theodolites are set at PC and PT
to peruse these edges and concurrent running is made to get the point on the bend. Let, D, E,
and so forth be the point on the curve The angle Δ 1 between the digression T 1 B and the
harmony T1D= BT D =T1T2D Additionally, the point BT1E ==∆2= T1T2E, the absolute
digressive or diversion edges ∆ 1 ,,∆ 2 ,,∆ 3 being determined as in the main technique

19
Method to set out the curve:

1. Set up theodolite over T 1 and another over T 2

2. Set the vernier of each instrument to zero
3. Direct the instrument at T 1 to the going bar at the purpose of crossing point B and cut up
it
4. Direct the instrument at T 2 to the main digression point T 1 and cut up it
5. Set the vernier of every one of the instrument to peruse the avoidance point ∆ 1 Thus the
view of the instrument at T 1 is coordinated along the T 1 D and that of the other
instrument at T 2 along T 2 D Their place of convergence gives the necessary point on the
bend .
6. Move the running bar until it is cut up by the line of sight of the two instruments,
accordingly finding the point D on the curve.

To get the second point on the curve, set the vernier of every one of the instruments to the
subsequent redirection edge ∆ 2 and continue as in the past In the event that the principal
digression point T 1 can't be located from the instrument at T 2 the extending bar at the
purpose of crossing point B might be located The methodology will be then be as per the
following

1. With the two plates of the subsequent instrument clasped at zero, divide the sign at B.
2. Discharge the vernier plate and swing the telescope (through 360 0 ø/2 consequently
coordinating the view along T 2 T 1.
3. To acquire the principal point on the bend, set the vernier to the first avoidance edge ∆ 1
the vernier perusing will at that point be (360 0 ø/2 ))++∆ 1 rather than ∆ 1 as in the
primary case.
4. The remainder of the method is actually equivalent to previously Rather than locating the
convergence point B, any point K in the forward heading of the digression line T 2 C
might be utilized
 In this case, in any case, the point through which the telescope has to be turned,
subsequent to having the sign at K with the two plates clipped at zero, is equivalent to 180
0 ø/2 The line of collimation is subsequently coordinated along the line T 2 T 1 To acquire
the first point on the bend, the vernier perusing must be 180 0 ø/2 ))++∆ 1 It will see that
in this technique no chain or tape is utilized to fix the focuses on the bend, however they
are situated by the crossing point of the lines of seeing the two instruments The technique
is basic and exact, yet it is costly, since two assessors furthermore, two instruments are
required to utilize this technique.
20
3.2.3 Tacheometric method
In the event that the territory is harsh, straight estimations might be supplanted by the
tacheometric estimations. The lengths of harmony T1A, T1B … might be determined from
the recipe 2R sin D1, 2R sin D2 … and so forth. At that point the particular staff blocks s1, s2,
… might be determined from the formula.
D =f / I s cos^2 θ+ ( f + d) cos θ
= ks cos^2 θ + C cos θ
Procedure to set the curve
1. Set the theodolite at T1.
2. With vernier perusing zero sight the sign at V and clasp the lower plate.
C1 = 20 – 13.42 = 6.58 m
Length of curve = R *Δ *p/180
= 250 *50 * p/180 = 218.17 m
Chainage of T2 = Chainage of T1 + Length of curve
= 3333.42 + 218.17 = 3551.59 m
Peg span, C = 20 m
Pegs will be at 3360, 3380, 3400, 3420, 3440, 3460, 3480, 3500, 3520, 3540 what's more,
3551.59.
for example No. of normal curves = 10
what's more, length of last sub-harmony Cn = 3551.59 – 3540 Cn = 11.59 m
Diversion angles:
δ1 = C1/ R *1718.87 = 6 .58/250 * 1718.87 = 45.24′ = 45′14″
δ = C/ R* 1718.87 = 20 /250 *1718.87 = 137.51′= 2° 17′30″
δn =Cn/R *1718.87 = 11 .59/250 * 1718.87 = 79.687′ = 1°19′41″
Deflection angle required are classified bellow

21
CHAPTER 4 REFERENCE
1. SETTING OUT SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE BY ORDINATES FROM LONG
CHORD. (n.d.). Retrieved July 01, 2020, from
http://arunprasadvarathan.blogspot.com/
2. Top 4 Linear Methods of Setting out Curves: Surveying. (2017, March 15). Retrieved
July 01, 2020, from https://www.engineeringenotes.com/surveying/curves/
3. What are the elements of a simple circular curve? (n.d.). Retrieved July 01, 2020, from
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-elements-of-a-simple-circular-curve
4. Curves: Definition and Types: Curves: Surveying. (2017, March 15). Retrieved July
01, 2020, from https://www.engineeringenotes.com/
5. Math Insight. (n.d.). Retrieved July 01, 2020, from
https://mathinsight.org/definition/simple_curve
6. Washington State Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Retrieved July 01, 2020, from
https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/
7. Curves: Types, Simples, Closed, Algebraic, Concepts, Videos, Examples. (2020, April
20). Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.toppr.com

22