UEMX 3813 HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION

TABLES/CHARTS FOR REFERENCE

I. GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS (PG 2-6)

II. PAVEMENT DESIGN (PG 7-32)
III. ASPHALT CONCRETE MIX DESIGN (PG 33-34)
IV. HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE
(PG 35-56)

Prepared By,
Dr. Khoo Hooi Ling
Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Science
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)
1
SECTION I. GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS

2
 Table I.1 Stopping Sight Distance

Metric
Brake Braking Stopping sight
Design reaction distance distance
speed distance on level Calculated Design
(km/h) (m) (m) (m) (m)
20 13.9 4.6 18.5 20
30 20.9 10.3 31.2 35
40 27.8 18.4 46.2 50
50 34.8 28.7 63.5 65
60 41.7 41.3 83.0 85
70 48.7 56.2 104.9 105
80 55.6 73.4 129.0 130
90 62.6 92.9 155.5 160
100 69.5 114.7 184.2 185
110 76.5 138.8 215.3 220
120 83.4 165.2 248.6 250
130 90.4 193.8 284.2 285

Table I.2 Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Stopping Sight Distance

Metric
Design Stopping Rate of vertical
speed sight curvature, K*
(km/h) distance (m) Calculated Design
20 20 0.6 1
30 35 1.9 2
40 50 3.8 4
50 65 6.4 7
60 85 11.0 11
70 105 16.8 17
80 130 25.7 26
90 160 38.9 39
100 185 52.0 52
110 220 73.6 74
120 250 95.0 95
130 285 123.4 124

3
Table I.3 Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves Based on Stopping Sight Distance

Metric
Design Stopping Rate of vertical
speed sight curvature, K*
(km/h) distance (m) Calculated Design
20 20 2.1 3
30 35 5.1 6
40 50 8.5 9
50 65 12.2 13
60 85 17.3 18
70 105 22.6 23
80 130 29.4 30
90 160 37.6 38
100 185 44.6 45
110 220 54.4 55
120 250 62.8 63
130 285 72.7 73

Table I.4 Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Passing Sight Distance

Metric
Design Stopping Rate of
speed sight vertical
(km/h) distance (m) curvature, K*
30 200 46
40 270 84
50 345 138
60 410 195
70 485 272
80 540 338
90 615 438
100 670 520
110 730 617
120 775 695
130 815 769

4
Table I.5 Minimum Radius Using Limiting Values of e and fs

Metric
Design Limiting Calculated Rounded
speed Maximum values of Total radius, radius,
(km/h) e (%) fs (e/100 1 fs) Rv (m) Rv (m)
20 4.0 0.18 0.22 14.3 15
30 4.0 0.17 0.21 33.7 35
40 4.0 0.17 0.21 60.0 60
50 4.0 0.16 0.20 98.4 100
60 4.0 0.15 0.19 149.1 150
70 4.0 0.14 0.18 214.2 215
80 4.0 0.14 0.18 279.8 280
90 4.0 0.13 0.17 375.0 375
100 4.0 0.12 0.16 491.9 490

20 6.0 0.18 0.24 13.1 15

30 6.0 0.17 0.23 30.8 30
40 6.0 0.17 0.23 54.7 55
50 6.0 0.16 0.22 89.4 90
60 6.0 0.15 0.21 134.9 135
70 6.0 0.14 0.20 192.8 195
80 6.0 0.14 0.20 251.8 250
90 6.0 0.13 0.19 335.5 335
100 6.0 0.12 0.18 437.2 435
110 6.0 0.11 0.17 560.2 560
120 6.0 0.09 0.15 755.5 755
130 6.0 0.08 0.14 950.0 950

20 8.0 0.18 0.28 12.1 10

30 8.0 0.17 0.25 28.3 30
40 8.0 0.17 0.25 50.4 50
50 8.0 0.16 0.24 82.0 80
60 8.0 0.15 0.23 123.2 125
70 8.0 0.14 0.22 175.3 175
80 8.0 0.14 0.22 228.9 230
90 8.0 0.13 0.21 303.6 305
100 8.0 0.12 0.20 393.5 395
110 8.0 0.11 0.19 501.2 500
120 8.0 0.09 0.17 666.6 665
130 8.0 0.08 0.18 831.3 830

5
Table I.5 (Continued) Minimum Radius Using Limiting Values of e and fs

Metric
Design Limiting Calculated Rounded
speed Maximum values of Total radius, radius,
(km/h) e (%) fs (e/100 1 fs) Rv (m) Rv (m)
20 10.0 0.18 0.28 11.2 10
30 10.0 0.17 0.27 26.2 25
40 10.0 0.17 0.27 46.6 45
50 10.0 0.16 0.26 75.7 75
60 10.0 0.15 0.25 113.3 115
70 10.0 0.14 0.24 160.7 160
80 10.0 0.14 0.24 209.9 210
90 10.0 0.13 0.23 277.2 275
100 10.0 0.12 0.22 357.7 360
110 10.0 0.11 0.21 453.5 455
120 10.0 0.09 0.19 596.5 595
130 10.0 0.08 0.18 738.9 740

20 12.0 0.18 0.30 10.5 10

30 12.0 0.17 0.29 24.4 25
40 12.0 0.17 0.29 43.4 45
50 12.0 0.16 0.28 70.3 70
60 12.0 0.15 0.27 104.9 105
70 12.0 0.14 0.26 148.3 150
80 12.0 0.14 0.26 193.7 195
90 12.0 0.13 0.25 255.0 255
100 12.0 0.12 0.24 327.9 330
110 12.0 0.11 0.23 414.0 415
120 12.0 0.09 0.21 539.7 540
130 12.0 0.08 0.20 665.0 665

6
SECTION II. PAVEMENT DESIGN

7
 Table II.1 One-Layer Elastic Function Values

Function A
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2 3 4
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.90050 0.89748 0.88679 0.86126 0.78797 0.43015 0.09645 0.02787 0.00856 0.00211 0.00084
0.2 0.80388 0.79824 0.77884 0.73483 0.63014 0.38269 0.15433 0.05251 0.01680 0.00419 0.00167
0.3 0.71265 0.70518 0.68316 0.62690 0.52081 0.34375 0.17964 0.07199 0.02440 0.00622 0.00250
0.4 0.62861 0.62015 0.59241 0.53767 0.44329 0.31048 0.18709 0.08593 0.03118
0.5 0.55279 0.54403 0.51622 0.46448 0.38390 0.28156 0.18556 0.09499 0.03701 0.01013 0.00407
0.6 0.48550 0.47691 0.45078 0.40427 0.33676 0.25588 0.17952 0.10010
0.7 0.42654 0.41874 0.39491 0.35428 0.29833 0.21727 0.17124 0.10228 0.04558
0.8 0.37531 0.36832 0.34729 0.31243 0.26581 0.21297 0.16206 0.10236
0.9 0.33104 0.32492 0.30669 0.27707 0.23832 0.19488 0.15253 0.10094
1 0.29289 0.28763 0.27005 0.24697 0.21468 0.17868 0.14329 0.09849 0.05185 0.01742 0.00761
1.2 0.23178 0.22795 0.21662 0.19890 0.17626 0.15101 0.12570 0.09192 0.05260 0.01935 0.00871
1.5 0.16795 0.16552 0.15877 0.14804 0.13436 0.11892 0.10296 0.08048 0.05116 0.02142 0.01013
2 0.10557 0.10453 0.10140 0.09647 0.09011 0.08269 0.07471 0.06275 0.04496 0.02221 0.01160
2.5 0.07152 0.07098 0.06947 0.06698 0.06373 0.05974 0.05555 0.04880 0.03787 0.02143 0.01221
3 0.05132 0.05101 0.05022 0.04886 0.04707 0.04487 0.04241 0.03839 0.03150 0.01980 0.01220
4 0.02986 0.02976 0.02907 0.02832 0.02802 0.02749 0.02651 0.02490 0.02193 0.01592 0.01109
5 0.01942 0.01938 0.01835 0.01573 0.01249 0.00949
6 0.01361 0.01307 0.01168 0.00983 0.00795
7 0.01005 0.00976 0.00894 0.00784 0.00661
8 0.00772 0.00755 0.00703 0.00635 0.00554
9 0.00612 0.00600 0.00566 0.00520 0.00466
10 0.00477 0.00465 0.00438 0.00397

8
 Table II.1 (Continued) One-Layer Elastic Function Values (Continued)

Function A (Continued)
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 5 6 8 10 12 14
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.00042
0.2 0.00083 0.00048 0.00200
0.3
0.4
0.5 0.00209 0.00118 0.00530 0.00025 0.00014 0.00009
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 0.00393 0.00226 0.00097 0.00050 0.00029 0.00018
1.2 0.00459 0.00269 0.00115
1.5 0.00548 0.00325 0.00141 0.00073 0.00043 0.00027
2 0.00659 0.00399 0.00180 0.00094 0.00056 0.00036
2.5 0.00732 0.00463 0.00214 0.00115 0.00068 0.00043
3 0.00770 0.00505 0.00242 0.00132 0.00079 0.00051
4 0.00768 0.00536 0.00282 0.00160 0.00099 0.00065
5 0.00708 0.00527 0.00298 0.00179 0.00113 0.00075
6 0.00628 0.00492 0.00299 0.00188 0.00124 0.00084
7 0.00548 0.00445 0.00291 0.00193 0.00130 0.00091
8 0.00472 0.00398 0.00276 0.00189 0.00134 0.00094
9 0.00409 0.00353 0.00256 0.00184 0.00133 0.00096
10 0.00352 0.00326 0.00241

9
 Table II.1 (Continued) One-Layer Elastic Function Values (Continued)

Function B
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.09852 0.10140 0.11138 0.13424 0.18796 0.05388 -0.07899 -0.02672 -0.00845 -0.00210 -0.00084
0.2 0.18857 0.19306 0.20772 0.23524 0.25983 0.08513 -0.07759 -0.04448 -0.01593 -0.00412 -0.00166
0.3 0.28362 0.26787 0.28018 0.29483 0.27257 0.10757 -0.04316 -0.04999 -0.02166 -0.00599 -0.00245
0.4 0.32016 0.32259 0.32748 0.32273 0.26925 0.12404 -0.00766 -0.04535 -0.02522
0.5 0.35777 0.35752 0.35323 0.33106 0.26236 0.13591 0.02165 -0.03455 -0.02651 -0.00991 -0.00388
0.6 0.37831 0.37531 0.36308 0.32822 0.25411 0.14440 0.04457 -0.02101
0.7 0.38487 0.37962 0.36072 0.31929 0.24638 0.14986 0.06209 -0.00702 -0.02329
0.8 0.38091 0.37408 0.35133 0.30699 0.23779 0.15292 0.07530 0.00614
0.9 0.36962 0.36275 0.33734 0.29299 0.22891 0.15404 0.08507 0.01795
1 0.35355 0.34553 0.32075 0.27819 0.21978 0.15355 0.09210 0.02814 -0.01005 -0.01115 -0.00608
1.2 0.31485 0.30730 0.28481 0.24836 0.20113 0.14915 0.10002 0.04378 0.00023 -0.00995 0.00632
1.5 0.25602 0.25025 0.23338 0.20694 0.17368 0.13732 0.10193 0.05745 0.01385 -0.00669 0.00600
2 0.17889 0.18144 0.16644 0.15198 0.13375 0.11331 0.09254 0.06371 0.02836 0.00028 0.00410
2.5 0.12807 0.12633 0.12126 0.11327 0.10298 0.09130 0.07869 0.06022 0.03429 0.00661 0.00130
3 0.09487 0.09394 0.09099 0.08635 0.08033 0.07325 0.06551 0.05354 0.03511 0.01112 0.00157
4 0.05707 0.05666 0.05562 0.05383 0.05145 0.04773 0.04532 0.03995 0.03066 0.01515 0.00595
5 0.03772 0.03760 0.03384 0.02474 0.01522 0.00810
6 0.02666 0.02468 0.01968 0.01380 0.00867
7 0.01980 0.01868 0.01577 0.01204 0.00842
8 0.01526 0.01459 0.01279 0.01034 0.00779
9 0.01212 0.01170 0.01054 0.00888 0.00705
10 0.00924 0.00879 0.00764 0.00631

10
 Table II.1 (Continued) One-Layer Elastic Function Values (Continued)

Function B (Continued)
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 5 6 8 10 12 14
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 -0.00042
0.2 -0.00083 -0.00024 -0.00010
0.3
0.4
0.5 -0.00199 -0.00116 -0.00049 -0.00250 -0.00140 -0.00009
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 -0.00344 -0.00210 -0.00092 -0.00048 -0.00028 -0.00018
1.2 -0.00378 -0.00236 -0.00107
1.5 -0.00401 -0.00265 -0.00126 -0.00068 -0.00040 -0.00026
2 -0.00371 -0.00278 -0.00148 -0.00084 -0.00050 -0.00033
2.5 -0.00271 -0.00250 -0.00156 -0.00094 -0.00059 -0.00039
3 -0.00134 -0.00192 -0.00151 -0.00099 -0.00065 -0.00046
4 0.00155 -0.00029 -0.00109 -0.00094 -0.00068 -0.00050
5 0.00371 0.00132 -0.00043 -0.00070 -0.00068 -0.00049
6 0.00496 0.00254 0.00028 -0.00037 -0.00047 -0.00045
7 0.00547 0.00332 0.00093 -0.00002 -0.00029 -0.00037
8 0.00554 0.00372 0.00141 0.00035 -0.00008 -0.00025
9 0.00533 0.00386 0.00178 0.00066 0.00012 -0.00012
10 0.00501 0.00382 0.00199

11
 Table II.1 (Continued) One-Layer Elastic Function Values (Continued)

Function C
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 -0.04926 -0.05142 -0.05903 -0.07708 -0.12108 0.02247 0.12007 0.04475 0.01536 0.00403
0.2 -0.09429 -0.09755 -0.10872 -0.12977 -0.14552 0.02419 0.14896 0.07892 0.02951 0.00796
0.3 -0.13181 -0.13484 -0.14415 -0.15023 -0.12990 0.01988 0.13394 0.09816 0.04148 0.01169
0.4 -0.16008 -0.16188 -0.16519 -0.15985 -0.11168 0.01292 0.11014 0.10422 0.05067
0.5 -0.17889 -0.17835 -0.17497 -0.15625 -0.09833 0.00483 0.08730 0.10125 0.05690 0.01824
0.6 -0.18915 -0.18633 -0.17336 -0.14934 -0.08967 -0.00304 0.06731 0.09313
0.7 -0.19244 -0.18831 -0.17393 -0.14147 -0.08409 -0.01061 0.05028 0.08253 0.06129
0.8 -0.19046 -0.18481 -0.16784 -0.13393 -0.08066 -0.01744 0.03582 0.07114
0.9 -0.18481 -0.17841 -0.16024 -0.12664 -0.07828 -0.02337 0.02359 0.05993
1 -0.17678 -0.17050 -0.15188 -0.11995 -0.07634 -0.02843 0.01331 0.04939 0.05429 0.02726
1.2 -0.15742 -0.15117 -0.13467 -0.10763 -0.07289 -0.03575 -0.00245 0.03107 0.04522 0.02791
1.5 -0.12801 -0.12277 -0.11101 -0.09145 -0.06711 -0.04124 -0.01702 0.01088 0.03154 0.02652
2 -0.08944 -0.08491 -0.07976 -0.06925 -0.05560 -0.04144 -0.02687 -0.00782 0.01267 0.02070
2.5 -0.06403 -0.06068 -0.05839 -0.05259 -0.04522 -0.03605 -0.02800 -0.01536 0.00103 0.01340
3 -0.04744 -0.04560 -0.04339 -0.04089 -0.03642 -0.03130 -0.02587 -0.01748 -0.00528 0.00792
4 -0.02854 -0.02737 -0.02562 -0.02585 -0.02421 -0.02112 -0.01964 -0.01586 -0.00956 0.00038
5 -0.01886 -0.01810 -0.01568 -0.00939 -0.00293
6 -0.01333 -0.01118 -0.00819 -0.00405
7 -0.00990 -0.00902 -0.00678 -0.00417
8 -0.00763 -0.00699 -0.00552 -0.00393
9 -0.00607 -0.00423 -0.00452 -0.00353
10 -0.00381 -0.00373 -0.00314

12
 Table II.1 (Continued) One-Layer Elastic Function Values (Continued)

Function C (Continued)
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 4 5 6 8 10 12 14
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.00164 0.00082
0.2 0.00325 0.00164 0.00094 0.00039
0.3 0.00483
0.4
0.5 0.00778 0.00399 0.00231 0.00098 0.00050 0.00029 0.00018
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 0.01333 0.00726 0.00433 0.00188 0.00098 0.00057 0.00036
1.2 0.01467 0.00824 0.00501 0.00221
1.5 0.01570 0.00933 0.00585 0.00266 0.00141 0.00083 0.00039
2 0.01527 0.01013 0.00321 0.00327 0.00179 0.00107 0.00069
2.5 0.00987 0.00707 0.00569 0.00209 0.00128 0.00083
3 0.01030 0.00888 0.00689 0.00392 0.00232 0.00145 0.00096
4 0.00492 0.00602 0.00561 0.00389 0.00254 0.00168 0.00155
5 -0.00128 0.00329 0.00391 0.00341 0.00250 0.00177 0.00127
6 -0.00079 0.00129 0.00234 0.00272 0.00227 0.00173 0.00130
7 -0.00180 -0.00004 0.00113 0.00200 0.00193 0.00161 0.00128
8 -0.00225 -0.00077 0.00029 0.00134 0.00157 0.00143 0.00120
9 -0.00235 -0.00118 -0.00027 0.00082 0.00124 0.00122 0.00110
10 -0.00233 -0.00137 -0.00630 0.00040

13
 Table II.1 (Continued) One-Layer Elastic Function Values (Continued)

Function F
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2 3
0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 -0.34722 -0.22222 -0.12500 -0.05556
0.1 0.45025 0.44794 0.43981 0.41954 0.35789 0.03817 -0.20800 -0.17612 -0.10950 -0.05151
0.2 0.40194 0.39781 0.38294 0.34823 0.26215 0.05466 -0.11165 -0.13381 -0.09441 -0.04750
0.3 0.35633 0.35094 0.34508 0.29016 0.20503 0.06372 -0.05346 -0.09768 -0.08010 -0.04356
0.4 0.31431 0.30801 0.28681 0.24469 0.17086 0.06848 -0.01818 -0.06835 -0.06684
0.5 0.27639 0.26997 0.24890 0.20937 0.14752 0.07037 0.00388 -0.04529 -0.05479 -0.03595
0.6 0.24275 0.23444 0.21667 0.18138 0.13042 0.07068 0.01797 -0.02479
0.7 0.21327 0.20762 0.18956 0.15903 0.11740 0.06963 0.02704 -0.01392 -0.03469
0.8 0.18765 0.18287 0.16679 0.14053 0.10604 0.06774 0.03277 -0.00365
0.9 0.16552 0.16158 0.14747 0.12528 0.09664 0.06533 0.03619 0.00408
1 0.14645 0.14280 0.12395 0.11225 0.08850 0.06256 0.03819 0.00984 -0.01367 -0.01994
1.2 0.11589 0.11360 0.10460 0.09449 0.07486 0.05670 0.03913 0.01716 -0.00452 -0.01491
1.5 0.08398 0.08196 0.07719 0.06918 0.05919 0.04804 0.03686 0.02177 0.00413 -0.00879
2 0.05279 0.05348 0.04994 0.04614 0.04162 0.03593 0.03029 0.02197 0.01043 -0.00189
2.5 0.03576 0.03673 0.03459 0.03263 0.03014 0.02762 0.02406 0.01927 0.01188 0.00198
3 0.02566 0.02586 0.02255 0.02595 0.02263 0.02097 0.01911 0.01623 0.01144 0.00396
4 0.01493 0.01536 0.01412 0.01259 0.01386 0.01331 0.01256 0.01134 0.00912 0.00508
5 0.00971 0.01011 0.00905 0.00700 0.00475
6 0.00680 0.00675 0.00538 0.00409
7 0.00503 0.00483 0.00428 0.00346
8 0.00386 0.00380 0.00350 0.00291
9 0.00306 0.00374 0.00291 0.00247
10 0.00267 0.00246 0.00213

14
 Table II.1 (Continued) One-Layer Elastic Function Values (Continued)

Function F (Continued)
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 4 5 6 8 10 12 14
0 -0.03125 -0.02000 -0.01389 -0.00781 -0.00500 -0.00347 -0.00255
0.1 -0.02961 -0.01917
0.2 -0.02798 -0.01835 -0.01295 -0.00742
0.3 -0.02636
0.4
0.5 -0.02320 -0.01590 -0.00154 -0.00681 -0.00450 -0.00318 -0.00237
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 -0.01591 -0.01209 -0.00931 -0.00587 -0.00400 -0.00289 -0.00219
1.2 -0.01337 -0.01068 -0.00844 -0.00550
1.5 -0.00995 -0.00870 -0.00723 -0.00495 -0.00353 -0.00261 -0.00201
2 -0.00546 -0.00589 -0.00544 -0.00410 -0.00307 -0.00233 -0.00183
2.5 -0.00226 -0.00364 -0.00386 -0.00332 -0.00263 -0.00208 -0.00166
3 -0.00010 -0.00192 -0.00258 -0.00263 -0.00223 -0.00183 -0.00150
4 0.00209 0.00026 -0.00076 -0.00148 -0.00153 -0.00137 -0.00120
5 0.00277 0.00129 0.00031 -0.00066 -0.00096 -0.00099 -0.00093
6 0.00278 0.00170 0.00088 -0.00010 -0.00053 -0.00066 -0.00070
7 0.00258 0.00178 0.00114 0.00027 -0.00020 -0.00041 -0.00049
8 0.00229 0.00174 0.00125 0.00048 0.00003 -0.00020 -0.00033
9 0.00203 0.00163 0.00124 0.00062 0.00020 -0.00005 -0.00019
10 0.00176 0.00149 0.00126 0.00070

15
 Table II.1 (Continued) One-Layer Elastic Function Values (Continued)

Function H
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2 3
0 2.0 1.97987 1.91751 1.80575 1.62553 1.27319 0.93676 0.71185 0.51671 0.33815
0.1 1.80998 1.79018 1.72886 1.61961 1.44711 1.18107 0.92670 0.70888 0.51627 0.33794
0.2 1.63961 1.62068 1.56242 1.46001 1.30614 1.09996 0.90098 0.70074 0.51382 0.33726
0.3 1.48806 1.47044 1.40979 1.32442 1.19210 1.02740 0.86726 0.68823 0.50966 0.33638
0.4 1.35407 1.33802 1.28963 1.20822 1.09555 0.96202 0.83042 0.67238 0.50412
0.5 1.23607 1.22176 1.17894 1.10830 1.01312 0.90298 0.79308 0.65429 0.49278 0.33293
0.6 1.13238 1.11998 1.08350 1.02154 0.94120 0.84917 0.75653 0.63469
0.7 1.04131 1.03037 0.99794 0.91049 0.87742 0.80030 0.72143 0.61442 0.48061
0.8 0.96125 0.95175 0.92386 0.87928 0.82136 0.75571 0.68809 0.59398
0.9 0.89072 0.88251 0.85856 0.82616 0.77950 0.71495 0.65677 0.57361
1 0.82843 0.85005 0.80465 0.76809 0.72587 0.67769 0.62701 0.55364 0.45122 0.31877
1.2 0.72410 0.71882 0.70370 0.67937 0.64814 0.61187 0.57329 0.51552 0.43013 0.31162
1.5 0.60555 0.60233 0.57246 0.57633 0.55559 0.53138 0.50496 0.46379 0.39872 0.29945
2 0.47214 0.47022 0.44512 0.45656 0.44502 0.43202 0.41702 0.39242 0.35054 0.27740
2.5 0.38518 0.38403 38098 0.37608 0.36940 0.36155 0.35243 0.33698 0.30913 0.25550
3 0.32457 0.32403 0.32184 0.31887 0.31464 0.30969 0.30381 0.29364 0.27453 0.23487
4 0.24620 0.24588 0.24820 0.25128 0.24168 0.23932 0.23668 0.23164 0.22188 0.19908
5 0.19805 0.19785 0.19455 0.18450 0.17080
6 0.16554 0.16326 0.15750 0.14868
7 0.14217 0.14077 0.13699 0.13097
8 0.12448 0.12352 0.12112 0.11680
9 0.11079 0.10989 0.10854 0.10548
10 0.09900 0.09820 0.09510

16
 Table II.1 (Continued) One-Layer Elastic Function Values (Continued)

Function H (Continued)
Depth Offset (r/a)
(z/a) 4 5 6 8 10 12 14
0 0.25200 0.20045 0.16626 0.12576 0.09918 0.08346 0.07023
0.1 0.25184 0.20081
0.2 0.25162 0.20072 0.16688 0.12512
0.3 0.25124
0.4
0.5 0.24996 0.19982 0.16668 0.12493 0.09996 0.08295 0.07123
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 0.24386 0.19673 0.16516 0.12394 0.09952 0.08292 0.07104
1.2 0.24070 0.19520 0.16369 0.12350
1.5 0.23495 0.19053 0.16199 0.12281 0.09876 0.08270 0.07064
2 0.22418 0.18618 0.15846 0.12124 0.09792 0.08196 0.07026
2.5 0.21208 0.17898 0.15395 0.11928 0.09700 0.08115 0.06980
3 0.19977 0.17154 0.14919 0.11694 0.09558 0.08061 0.06897
4 0.17640 0.15596 0.13864 0.11172 0.09300 0.07864 0.06848
5 0.15575 0.14130 0.12785 0.10585 0.08915 0.07675 0.06695
6 0.13842 0.12792 0.11778 0.09990 0.08562 0.07452 0.06522
7 0.12404 0.11620 0.10843 0.09387 0.08197 0.07210 0.06377
8 0.11176 0.10600 0.09976 0.08848 0.07800 0.06928 0.06200
9 0.10161 0.09702 0.09234 0.08298 0.07407 0.66780 0.05976
10 0.09290 0.08980 0.08300 0.07710

17
Table II.2 Axle-Load Equivalency Factors for Flexible Pavements, Single Axles,
and TSI = 2.5

Axle Pavement structural number (SN)

load
(kips) 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
4 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002
6 0.011 0.017 0.017 0.013 0.010 0.009
8 0.032 0.047 0.051 0.041 0.034 0.031
10 0.078 0.102 0.118 0.102 0.088 0.080
12 0.168 0.198 0.229 0.213 0.189 0.176
14 0.328 0.358 0.399 0.388 0.360 0.342
16 0.591 0.613 0.646 0.645 0.623 0.606
18 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
20 1.61 1.57 1.49 1.47 1.51 1.55
22 2.48 2.38 2.17 2.09 2.18 2.30
24 3.69 3.49 3.09 2.89 3.03 3.27
26 5.33 4.99 4.31 3.91 4.09 4.48
28 7.49 6.98 5.90 5.21 5.39 5.98
30 10.3 9.5 7.9 6.8 7.0 7.8
32 13.9 12.8 10.5 8.8 8.9 10.0
34 18.4 16.9 13.7 11.3 11.2 12.5
36 24.0 22.0 17.7 14.4 13.9 15.5
38 30.9 28.3 22.6 18.1 17.2 19.0
40 39.3 35.9 28.5 22.5 21.1 23.0
42 49.3 45.0 35.6 27.8 25.6 27.7
44 61.3 55.9 44.0 34.0 31.0 33.1
46 75.5 68.8 54.0 41.4 37.2 39.3
48 92.2 83.9 65.7 50.1 44.5 46.5
50 112.0 102.0 79.0 60.0 53.0 55.0

18
 Table II.3 Axle-Load Equivalency Factors for Flexible Pavements, Tandem Axles, and TSI = 2.5

Axle load Pavement structural number (SN) Axle load Pavement structural number (SN)
(kips) 1 2 3 4 5 6 (kips) 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 48 5.08 4.80 4.25 3.98 4.17 4.49
4 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 50 6.12 5.76 5.03 4.64 4.86 5.28
6 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 52 7.33 6.87 5.93 5.38 5.63 6.17
8 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 54 8.72 8.14 6.95 6.22 6.47 7.15
10 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.006 56 10.3 9.6 8.1 7.2 7.4 8.2
12 0.015 0.024 0.023 0.018 0.014 0.013 58 12.1 11.3 9.4 8.2 8.4 9.4
14 0.026 0.041 0.042 0.033 0.027 0.024 60 14.2 13.1 10.9 9.4 9.6 10.7
16 0.044 0.065 0.070 0.057 0.047 0.043 62 16.5 15.3 12.6 10.7 10.8 12.1
18 0.070 0.097 0.109 0.092 0.077 0.070 64 19.1 17.6 14.5 12.2 12.2 13.7
20 0.107 0.141 0.162 0.141 0.121 0.110 66 22.1 20.3 16.6 13.8 13.7 15.4
22 0.160 0.198 0.229 0.207 0.180 0.166 68 25.3 23.3 18.9 15.6 15.4 17.2
24 0.231 0.273 0.315 0.292 0.260 0.242 70 29.0 26.6 21.5 17.6 17.2 19.2
26 0.327 0.370 0.420 0.401 0.364 0.342 72 33.0 30.3 24.4 19.8 19.2 21.3
28 0.451 0.493 0.548 0.534 0.495 0.470 74 37.5 34.4 27.6 22.2 21.3 23.6
30 0.611 0.648 0.703 0.695 0.658 0.633 76 42.5 38.9 31.1 24.8 23.7 26.1
32 0.813 0.843 0.889 0.887 0.857 0.834 78 48.0 43.9 35.0 27.8 26.2 28.8
34 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.08 80 54.0 49.4 39.2 30.9 29.0 31.7
36 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 82 60.6 55.4 43.9 34.4 32.0 34.8
38 1.75 1.73 1.69 1.68 1.70 1.73 84 67.8 61.9 49.0 38.2 35.3 38.1
40 2.21 2.16 2.06 2.03 2.08 2.14 86 75.7 69.1 54.5 42.3 38.8 41.7
42 2.76 2.67 2.49 2.43 2.51 2.61 88 84.3 76.9 60.6 46.8 42.6 45.6
44 3.41 3.27 2.99 2.88 3.00 3.16 90 93.7 85.4 67.1 51.7 46.8 49.7
46 4.18 3.98 3.58 3.40 3.55 3.79

19
 Table II.4 Axle-Load Factors for Flexible Pavements, Triple Axles, TSI = 2.5

Axle load Pavement structural number (SN) Axle load Pavement structural number (SN)
(kips) 1 2 3 4 5 6 (kips) 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 48 0.979 1.015 1.072 1.069 1.033 1.005
4 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 50 1.17 1.20 1.24 1.25 1.22 1.20
6 0.0006 0.0007 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 52 1.40 1.41 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.41
8 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 54 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66
10 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 56 1.95 1.93 1.90 1.90 1.91 1.93
12 0.005 0.007 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.003 58 2.29 2.25 2.17 2.16 2.20 2.24
14 0.008 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.006 60 2.67 2.60 2.48 2.44 2.51 2.58
16 0.012 0.019 0.018 0.013 0.011 0.010 62 3.09 3.00 2.82 2.76 2.85 2.95
18 0.018 0.029 0.028 0.021 0.017 0.016 64 3.57 3.44 3.19 3.10 3.22 3.36
20 0.027 0.042 0.042 0.032 0.027 0.024 66 4.11 3.94 3.61 3.47 3.62 3.81
22 0.038 0.058 0.060 0.048 0.040 0.036 68 4.71 4.49 4.06 3.88 4.05 4.30
24 0.053 0.078 0.084 0.068 0.057 0.051 70 5.38 5.11 4.57 4.32 4.52 4.84
26 0.072 0.103 0.114 0.095 0.080 0.072 72 6.12 5.79 5.13 4.80 5.03 5.41
28 0.098 0.133 0.151 0.128 0.109 0.099 74 6.93 6.54 5.74 5.32 5.57 6.04
30 0.129 0.169 0.195 0.170 0.145 0.133 76 7.84 7.37 6.41 5.88 6.15 6.71
32 0.169 0.213 0.247 0.220 0.191 0.175 78 8.83 8.28 7.14 6.49 6.78 7.43
34 0.219 0.266 0.308 0.281 0.246 0.228 80 9.92 9.28 7.95 7.15 7.45 8.21
36 0.279 0.329 0.379 0.352 0.313 0.292 82 11.1 10.4 8.8 7.9 8.2 9.0
38 0.352 0.403 0.461 0.436 0.393 0.368 84 12.4 11.6 9.8 8.6 8.9 9.9
40 0.439 0.491 0.554 0.533 0.487 0.459 86 13.8 12.9 10.8 9.5 9.8 10.9
42 0.543 0.594 0.661 0.644 0.597 0.567 88 15.4 14.3 11.9 10.4 10.6 11.9
44 0.666 0.714 0.781 0.769 0.723 0.692 90 17.1 15.8 13.2 11.3 11.6 12.9
46 0.811 0.854 0.918 0.911 0.868 0.838

20
Table II.5 Cumulative Percent Probabilities of Reliability, R, of the Standard Normal Distribution, and Corresponding ZR

R 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9.5 9.9
90 -1.282 -1.341 -1.405 -1.476 -1.555 -1.645 -1.751 -1.881 -2.054 -2.326 -2.576 -3.080
80 -0.842 -0.878 -0.915 -0.954 -0.994 -1.036 -1.080 -1.126 -1.175 -1.227 -1.253 -1.272
70 -0.524 -0.553 -0.583 -0.613 -0.643 -0.675 -0.706 -0.739 -0.772 -0.806 -0.824 -0.838
60 -0.253 -0.279 -0.305 -0.332 -0.358 -0.385 -0.412 -0.440 -0.468 -0.496 -0.510 -0.522
50 0 -0.025 -0.050 -0.075 -0.100 -0.125 -0.151 -0.176 -0.202 -0.228 -0.241 -0.251

Table II.6 Structural-Layer Coefficients

Pavement component Coefficient

Wearing surface
Sand-mix asphaltic concrete 0.35
Hot-mix asphaltic concrete 0.44
Base
Crushed stone 0.14
Dense-graded crushed stone 0.18
Soil cement 0.20
Emulsion/aggregate-
bituminous 0.30
Portland cement/aggregate 0.40
Lime-pozzolan/aggregate 0.40
Hot-mix asphaltic concrete 0.40
Subbase
Crushed stone 0.11

21
Chart II.1 AASHTO road test thickness index vesus axle loads

22
Chart II.2 Design chart for flexible pavements based on the use of mean values for each input (AASHTO)

23
Chart II.3 Thickness design Nomograph (JKR, Malaysia)

24
 Table II.7 Axle-Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid Pavements, Single Axles, and TSI = 2.5

Axle load Slab thickness,D (inches)

(kips) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
4 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
6 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.01 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
8 0.039 0.035 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
10 0.097 0.089 0.084 0.082 0.081 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080
12 0.203 0.189 0.181 0.176 0.175 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.173
14 0.376 0.360 0.347 0.341 0.338 0.337 0.336 0.336 0.336
16 0.634 0.623 0.610 0.604 0.601 0.599 0.599 0.599 0.598
18 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
20 1.51 1.52 1.55 1.57 1.58 1.58 1.59 1.59 1.59
22 2.21 2.20 2.28 2.34 2.38 2.40 2.41 2.41 2.41
24 3.16 3.10 3.22 3.36 3.45 3.50 3.53 3.54 3.55
26 4.41 4.26 4.42 4.67 4.85 4.95 5.01 5.04 5.05
28 6.05 5.76 5.92 6.29 6.61 6.81 6.92 6.98 7.01
30 8.16 7.67 7.79 8.28 8.79 9.14 9.35 9.46 9.52
32 10.8 10.1 10.1 10.7 11.4 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.7
34 14.1 13.0 12.9 13.6 14.6 15.4 16.0 16.4 16.5
36 18.2 16.7 16.4 17.1 18.3 19.5 20.4 21.0 21.3
38 23.1 21.1 20.6 21.3 22.7 24.3 25.6 26.4 27.0
40 29.1 26.5 25.7 26.3 27.9 29.9 31.6 32.9 33.7
42 36.2 32.9 31.7 32.2 34.0 36.3 38.7 40.4 41.6
44 44.6 40.4 38.8 39.2 41.0 43.8 46.7 49.1 50.8
46 54.5 49.3 47.1 47.3 49.2 52.3 55.9 59.0 61.4
48 66.1 59.7 56.9 56.8 58.7 62.1 66.3 70.3 73.4
50 79.4 71.7 68.2 67.8 69.6 73.3 78.1 83.0 87.1

25
 Table II.8 Axle-Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid Pavements, Tandem Axle, and TSI = 2.5

Axle load Slab thickness,D (inches)

(kips) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
4 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
6 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
8 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
10 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012
12 0.031 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025
14 0.057 0.052 0.049 0.048 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047
16 0.097 0.089 0.084 0.082 0.081 0.081 0.080 0.080 0.080
18 0.155 0.143 0.136 0.133 0.132 0.131 0.131 0.131 0.131
20 0.234 0.220 0.211 0.206 0.204 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.203
22 0.340 0.325 0.313 0.308 0.305 0.304 0.303 0.303 0.303
24 0.475 0.462 0.450 0.444 0.441 0.440 0.439 0.439 0.439
26 0.644 0.637 0.627 0.622 0.620 0.619 0.618 0.618 0.618
28 0.855 0.854 0.852 0.850 0.850 0.850 0.849 0.849 0.849
30 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
32 1.43 1.44 1.47 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51
34 1.82 1.82 1.87 1.92 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.97 1.97
36 2.29 2.27 2.35 2.43 2.48 2.51 2.52 2.52 2.53
38 2.85 2.80 2.91 3.03 3.12 3.16 3.18 3.20 3.20
40 3.52 3.42 3.55 3.74 3.87 3.94 3.98 4.00 4.01
42 4.32 4.16 4.30 4.55 4.74 4.86 4.91 4.95 4.96
44 5.26 5.01 5.16 5.48 5.75 5.92 6.01 6.06 6.09
46 6.36 6.01 6.14 6.53 6.90 7.14 7.28 7.36 7.40

26
Table II.8 (Continued) Axle-Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid Pavements, Tandem Axle, and TSI = 2.5 (Continued)

Axle load Slab thickness,D (inches)

(kips) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
48 7.64 7.16 7.27 7.73 8.21 8.55 8.75 8.86 8.92
50 9.11 8.50 8.55 9.07 9.68 10.14 10.42 10.58 10.66
52 10.8 10.0 10.0 10.6 11.3 11.9 12.3 12.5 12.7
54 12.8 11.8 11.7 12.3 13.2 13.9 14.5 14.8 14.9
56 15.0 13.8 13.6 14.2 15.2 16.2 16.8 17.3 17.5
58 17.5 16.0 15.7 16.3 17.5 18.6 19.5 20.1 20.4
60 20.3 18.5 18.1 18.7 20.0 21.4 22.5 23.2 23.6
62 23.5 21.4 20.8 21.4 22.8 24.4 25.7 26.7 27.3
64 27.0 24.6 23.8 24.4 25.8 27.7 29.3 30.5 31.3
66 31.0 28.1 27.1 27.6 29.2 31.3 33.2 34.7 35.7
68 35.4 32.1 30.9 31.3 32.9 35.2 37.5 39.3 40.5
70 40.3 36.5 35.0 35.3 37.0 39.5 42.1 44.3 45.9
72 45.7 41.4 39.6 39.8 41.5 44.2 47.2 49.8 51.7
74 51.7 46.7 44.6 44.7 46.4 49.3 52.7 55.7 58.0
76 58.3 52.6 50.2 50.1 51.8 54.9 58.6 62.1 64.8
78 65.5 59.1 56.3 56.1 57.7 60.9 65.0 69.0 72.3
80 73.4 66.2 62.9 62.5 64.2 67.5 71.9 76.4 80.2
82 82.0 73.9 70.2 69.6 71.2 74.7 79.4 84.4 88.8
84 91.4 82.4 78.1 77.3 78.9 82.4 87.4 93.0 98.1
86 102.0 92.0 87.0 86.0 87.0 91.0 96.0 102.0 108.0
88 113.0 102.0 96.0 95.0 96.0 100.0 105.0 112.0 119.0
90 125.0 112.0 106.0 105.0 106.0 110.0 115.0 123.0 130.0

27
 Table II.9 Axle-Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid Pavements, Triple Axles, and TSI = 2.5

Axle load Slab thickness,D (inches)

(kips) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003
6 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
8 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
10 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
12 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
14 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016
16 0.033 0.030 0.029 0.028 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.027
18 0.053 0.048 0.045 0.044 0.044 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043
20 0.080 0.073 0.069 0.067 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066
22 0.116 0.107 0.101 0.099 0.098 0.097 0.097 0.097 0.097
24 0.163 0.151 0.144 0.141 0.139 0.139 0.138 0.138 0.138
26 0.222 0.209 0.200 0.195 0.194 0.193 0.192 0.192 0.192
28 0.295 0.281 0.271 0.265 0.263 0.262 0.262 0.262 0.262
30 0.384 0.371 0.359 0.354 0.351 0.350 0.349 0.349 0.349
32 0.490 0.480 0.468 0.463 0.460 0.459 0.458 0.458 0.458
34 0.616 0.609 0.601 0.596 0.594 0.593 0.592 0.592 0.592
36 0.765 0.762 0.759 0.757 0.756 0.755 0.755 0.755 0.755
38 0.939 0.941 0.946 0.948 0.950 0.951 0.951 0.951 0.951
40 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18
42 1.38 1.38 1.41 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46
44 1.65 1.65 1.70 1.74 1.77 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78
46 1.97 1.96 2.03 2.09 2.13 2.15 2.16 2.16 2.16

28
Table II.9(Continued) Axle-Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid Pavements, Triple Axles, and TSI = 2.5 (Continued)

Axle load Slab thickness,D (inches)

(kips) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
48 2.34 2.31 2.40 2.49 2.55 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.60
50 2.76 2.71 2.81 2.94 3.02 3.07 3.09 3.10 3.11
52 3.24 3.15 3.27 3.44 3.56 3.62 3.66 3.68 3.68
54 3.79 3.66 3.79 4.00 4.16 4.26 4.30 4.33 4.34
56 4.41 4.23 4.37 4.63 4.84 4.97 5.03 5.07 5.09
58 5.12 4.87 5.00 5.32 5.59 5.76 5.85 5.90 5.93
60 5.91 5.59 5.71 6.08 6.42 6.64 6.77 6.84 6.87
62 6.80 6.39 6.50 6.91 7.33 7.62 7.79 7.88 7.93
64 7.79 7.29 7.37 7.82 8.33 8.70 8.92 9.04 9.11
66 8.90 8.28 8.33 8.83 9.42 9.88 10.17 10.33 10.42
68 10.1 9.4 9.4 9.9 10.6 11.2 11.5 11.7 11.9
70 11.5 10.6 10.6 11.1 11.9 12.6 13.0 13.3 13.5
72 13.0 12.0 11.8 12.4 13.3 14.1 14.7 15.0 15.2
74 14.6 13.5 13.2 13.8 14.8 15.8 16.5 16.9 17.1
76 16.5 15.1 14.8 15.4 16.5 17.6 18.4 18.9 19.2
78 18.5 16.9 16.5 17.1 18.2 19.5 20.5 21.1 21.5
80 20.6 18.8 18.3 18.9 20.2 21.6 22.7 23.5 24.0
82 23.0 21.0 20.3 20.9 22.2 23.8 25.2 26.1 26.7
84 25.6 23.3 22.5 23.1 24.5 26.2 27.8 28.9 29.6
86 28.4 25.8 24.9 25.4 26.9 28.8 30.5 31.9 32.8
88 31.5 28.6 27.5 27.9 29.4 31.5 33.5 35.1 36.1
90 34.8 31.5 30.3 30.7 32.2 34.4 36.7 38.5 39.8

29
Chart II. 4 Segment 1 of the design chart for rigid pavement based on the use of mean values for each input variable
(ASSTHO)

30
 Chart II. 4 (continued) Segment 2 of the
design chart for rigid pavements based on the
use of mean values for each input variable

31
Table II.10 Relationship between California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Modilus of
Subgrade Reaction, k

CBR k, lb/in³
2 100
10 200
20 250
25 290
40 420
50 500
75 680
100 800

Table II.11 Proportion of Directional W18 Assumed to Be in the Design Lane

Proportion of Directional
Number of directional W18 in the Design Lane
lanes (PDL)
1 1.00
2 0.80-1.00
3 0.60-0.80
4 0.50-0.75

32
SECTION III. ASPHALT CONCRETE MIX
DESIGN

33
 Table III.1 Asphalt Institute Criteria for Marshall Mix Design

Traffic Level
Light Medium Heavy

Compaction 35 50 75
(blows)
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Stability, kN 3.34 -- 5.34 -- 8.01 --
Flow, 0.25 mm 8 18 8 16 8 14
Air voids, % 3 5 3 5 3 5
VMA, % Use criteria in Table III.2
VFA, % 70 80 65 78 65 75

Table III.2 Minimum Percent Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA)

Minimum VMA, Percent

Nominal Maximum Particle Design Air Voids
Size 3.0 4.0 5.0
2.36 mm (No. 8) 19.0 20.0 21.0
4.75 mm (No. 4) 16.0 17.0 18.0
9.5 mm (3/8 in) 14.0 15.0 16.0
12.5 mm (1/2 in) 13.0 14.0 15.0
19.0 mm (3/4 in) 12.0 13.0 14.0
25.0 mm (1.0 in) 11.0 12.0 13.0

34
SECTION IV. HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND LEVEL
OF SERVICE

35
 Table IV.1 LOS Criteria for Basic Freeway Segments

LOS
Criterion
A B C D E
FFS = 75 mi/h
Maximum density (pc/mi/In) 11 18 26 35 45
Average speed (mi/h) 75.0 74.8 70.6 62.2 53.3
Maximum v/c 0.34 0.56 0.76 0.90 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 820 1350 1830 2170 2400
FFS = 70 mi/h
Maximum density (pc/mi/In) 11 18 26 35 45
Average speed (mi/h) 70.0 70.0 68.2 61.5 53.3
Maximum v/c 0.32 0.53 0.74 0.90 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 770 1260 1770 2150 2400
FFS = 65 mi/h
Maximum density (pc/mi/In) 11 18 26 35 45
Average speed (mi/h) 65.0 65.0 64.6 59.7 52.2
Maximum v/c 0.30 0.50 0.71 0.89 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 710 1170 1680 2090 2350
FFS = 60 mi/h
Maximum density (pc/mi/In) 11 18 26 35 45
Average speed (mi/h) 60.0 60.0 60.0 57.6 51.1
Maximum v/c 0.29 0.47 0.68 0.88 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 660 1080 1560 2020 2300
FFS = 55 mi/h
Maximum density (pc/mi/In) 11 18 26 35 45
Average speed (mi/h) 55.0 55.0 55.0 54.7 50.0
Maximum v/c 0.27 0.44 0.64 0.85 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 600 990 1430 1910 2250

36
 Table IV.1(Continued) LOS Criteria for Basic Freeway Segments (Continued)

LOS
Criterion
A B C D E
FFS = 120 km/h
Maximum density (pc/km/In) 7 11 16 22 28
Average speed (km/h) 120.0 120.0 114.6 99.6 85.7
Maximum v/c 0.35 0.55 0.77 0.92 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 840 1320 1840 2200 2400
FFS = 110 km/h
Maximum density (pc/km/In) 7 11 16 22 28
Average speed (km/h) 110.0 110.0 108.5 97.2 83.9
Maximum v/c 0.33 0.51 0.74 0.91 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 770 1210 1740 2135 2350
FFS = 100 km/h
Maximum density (pc/km/In) 7 11 16 22 28
Average speed (km/h) 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.8 82.1
Maximum v/c 0.30 0.48 0.70 0.90 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 700 110 1600 2065 2300
FFS = 90 km/h
Maximum density (pc/km/In) 7 11 16 22 28
Average speed (km/h) 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.1 80.4
Maximum v/c 0.28 0.44 0.64 0.87 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 630 990 1440 1955 2250

37
Chart IV.1. Basic freeway segment speed-flow curves and level-of-service criterion

38
Table IV.2 Relationship between Free-Flow Speed and Capacity on Basic Freeway
Segments

Free-flow Capacity Free-flow speed Capacity

speed (mi/h) (pc/h/In) (km/h) (pc/h/In)
75 2400 120 2400
70 2400 110 2350
65 2350 100 2300
60 2300 90 2250
55 2250

Table IV.3 Adjustment for Lane Width

Lane width (ft) Reduction in free-flow speed, fLW (mi/h)

12 0.0
11 1.9
10 6.6
Lane width (m) Reduction in free-flow speed, fLW (km/h)
3.6 0.0
3.5 1.0
3.4 2.1
3.3 3.1
3.2 5.6
3.1 8.1
3.0 10.6

39
 Table IV.4 Adjustment for Right (Left) Shoulder Lateral Clearance

Right (Left)-shoulder Reduction in free-flow speed, fLC (mi/h), lanes in one direction
lateral clearance (ft) 2 3 4 ≥5
≥6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1
4 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.2
3 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.3
2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.4
1 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5
0 3.6 2.4 1.2 0.6
Right (Left)-shoulder Reduction in free-flow speed, fLC (km/h), lanes in one direction
lateral clearance (m) 2 3 4 ≥5
≥ 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.5 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.2
1.2 1.9 1.3 0.7 0.4
0.9 2.9 1.9 1.0 0.6
0.6 3.9 2.6 1.3 0.8
0.3 4.8 3.2 1.6 1.1
0.0 5.8 3.9 1.9 1.3

Table IV.5 Adjustment for Number of Lanes on Urban Freeways

Number of lanes Reduction in free-flow speed, fN

(one direction) mi/h km/h
≥5 0.0 0.0
4 1.5 2.4
3 3.0 4.8
2 4.5 7.3

40
 Table IV.6 Adjustment for Interchange Density

Interchanges per Reduction in free-flow Interchanges per Reduction in free-flow

mile speed, fID (mi/h) kilometer speed, fID (km/h)
≤ 0.50 0.0 ≤0.3 0.0
0.75 1.3 0.4 1.1
1.00 2.5 0.5 2.1
1.25 3.7 0.6 3.9
1.50 5.0 0.7 5.0
1.75 6.3 0.8 6.0
≥ 2.00 7.5 0.9 8.1
1.0 9.2
1.1 10.2
≥1.2 12.1

Table IV.7 Passenger Car Equivalents (PCEs) for Extended Freeway Segments

Type of terrain
Factor
Level Rolling Mountainous
ET (trucks and buses) 1.5 2.5 4.5
ER(RVs) 1.2 2.0 4.0

41
 Table IV.8 Passenger Car Equivalents (ET) for trucks and Buses on Specific Upgrades

Upgrade Length Length Percentage of trucks and buses

(%) (mi) (km) 2 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 25
<2 All All 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
≥ 2-3 0.0-0.25 0.0-0.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.25-0.50 > 0.4-0.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.50-0.75 > 0.8-1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.75-1.00 > 1.2-1.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 1.00-1.50 > 1.6-2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 1.50 > 2.4 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 3-4 0.00-0.25 0.0-0.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.25-0.50 > 0.4-0.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.50-0.75 > 0.8-1.2 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 0.75-1.00 > 1.2-1.6 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 1.00-1.50 > 1.6-2.4 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 1.50 > 2.4 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 4-5 0.0-0.25 0.0-0.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.25-0.50 > 0.4-0.8 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 0.50-0.75 > 0.8-1.2 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 0.75-1.00 > 1.2-1.6 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
> 1.00 > 1.6 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0

42
 Table IV.8(Continued) Passenger Car Equivalents (ET) for trucks and Buses on Specific Upgrades (Continued)

Upgrade Length Length Percentage of trucks and buses

(%) (mi) (km) 2 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 25
> 5-6 0.00-0.25 0.0-0.4 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.35-0.30 > 0.4-0.5 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 0.30-0.50 > 0.5-0.8 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 0.50-0.75 > 0.8-1.2 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
> 0.75-1.00 > 1.2-1.5 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
> 1.00 > 1.6 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
>6 0.00-0.25 0.0-0.4 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 0.25-0.30 > 0.4-0.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 0.30-0.50 > 0.5-0.8 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 0.50-0.75 > 0.8-1.2 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0
> 0.75-1.00 > 1.2-1.6 6.0 5.5 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5
> 1.00 > 1.6 7.0 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.0

43
 Table IV.9 Passenger Car Equivalents (ER) for RVs on Specific Upgrades

Upgrade Length Length Percentage of RVs

(%) (mi) (km) 2 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 25
<2 All All 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
≥ 2-3 0.00-0.50 0.0-0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
> 0.50 > 0.8 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2
> 3-4 0.00-0.25 0.0-0.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
> 0.25-0.50 > 0.4-0.8 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.50 > 0.8 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5
> 4-5 0.00-0.25 0.0-0.4 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.25-0.50 > 0.4-0.8 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 0.50 > 0.8 4.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0
>5 0.00-0.25 0.0-0.4 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5
> 0.25-0.50 > 0.4-0.8 6.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0
> 0.50 > 0.8 6.0 4.5 4.0 4.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.0

44
Table IV.10 Passenger Car Equivalents (ET) for trucks and Buses on Specific
Downgrades

Downgrade Length Length Percentage of trucks

(%) (mi) (km) 5 10 15 20
<4 All All 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
4-5 ≤4 ≤ 6.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
4-5 >4 > 6.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5
> 5-6 ≤4 ≤ 6.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 5-6 >4 > 6.4 5.5 4.0 4.0 3.0
>6 ≤4 ≤ 6.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
>6 >4 > 6.4 7.5 6.0 5.5 4.5

45
 Table IV.11 LOS Criteria for Multilane Highways

Free-flow LOS
speed Criterion A B C D E
60 mi/h Maximum density (pc/mi/In) 11 18 26 35 40
Average speed (mi/h) 60.0 60.0 59.4 56.7 55.0
Maximum v/c 0.30 0.49 0.70 0.90 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 660 1080 1550 1980 2200
55 mi/h Maximum density (pc/mi/In) 11 18 26 35 41
Average speed (mi/h) 55.0 55.0 54.9 52.9 51.2
Maximum v/c 0.29 0.47 0.68 0.88 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 600 990 1430 1850 2100
50 mi/h Maximum density (pc/mi/In) 11 18 26 35 43
Average speed (mi/h) 50.0 50.0 50.0 48.9 47.5
Maximum v/c 0.28 0.45 0.65 0.86 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 550 900 1300 1710 2000
45 mi/h Maximum density (pc/mi/In) 11 18 26 35 45
Average speed (mi/h) 45.0 45.0 45.0 44.4 42.2
Maximum v/c 0.26 0.43 0.62 0.82 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 490 810 1170 1550 1900

46
 Table IV.11(Continued) LOS Criteria for Multilane Highways (Continued)

Free-flow LOS
speed Criterion A B C D E
100 km/h Maximum density (pc/km/In) 7 11 16 22 25
Average speed (km/h) 100.0 100.0 98.4 91.5 88.0
Maximum v/c 0.32 0.50 0.72 0.92 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 700 1100 1575 2015 2200
90 km/h Maximum density (pc/km/In) 7 11 16 22 26
Average speed (km/h) 90.0 90.0 89.8 84.7 80.8
Maximum v/c 0.30 0.47 0.68 0.89 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 630 990 1435 1860 2100
80 km/h Maximum density (pc/km/In) 7 11 16 22 27
Average speed (km/h) 80.0 80.0 80.0 77.6 74.1
Maximum v/c 0.28 0.44 0.64 0.85 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 560 880 1280 1705 2000
70 km/h Maximum density (pc/km/In) 7 11 16 22 28
Average speed (km/h) 70.0 70.0 70.0 69.6 67.9
Maximum v/c 0.26 0.41 0.59 0.81 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/In) 490 770 1120 1530 1900

47
Chart IV.2. Multilane highway speed-flow curves and level-of-service criteria

48
Table IV.12 Relationship between Free-flow Speed and Capacity on Multilane Highway
Segments

Free-flow speed
mi/h km/h Capacity (pc/h/In)
60 100 2200
55 90 2100
50 80 2000
45 70 1900

Table IV.13 Adjustment for Lateral Clearance

Reduction in free-flow Reduction in free-flow

Total Total
speed (mi/h) speed (km/h)
lateral lateral
clearance* Four-lane Six-lane clearance* Four-lane Six-lane
(ft) highways highways (m) highways highways
12 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0
10 0.4 0.4 3.0 0.6 0.6
8 0.9 0.9 2.4 1.5 1.5
6 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.1
4 1.8 1.7 1.2 3.0 2.7
2 3.6 2.8 0.6 5.8 4.5
0 5.4 3.9 0.0 8.7 6.3

Table IV.14 Adjustment for Median Type

Reduction in free-flow speed

Median Type (mi/h) (km/h)
Undivided highways 1.6 2.6
Divided highways (including TWLTLs) 0.0 0.0

49
 TableIV.15 Adjustment for Access-Point Frequency

Reduction in Reduction in
Access points/ free-flow speed Access points/ free-flow speed
mile (mi/h) kilometer (km/h)
0 0.0 0 0.0
10 2.5 6 4.0
20 5.0 12 8.0
30 7.5 18 12.0
≥ 40 10.0 ≥ 24 16.0

Table IV.16 Adjustment for Lane Width and Shoulder Width

Reduction in free-flow speed (mi/h)

Shoulder width (ft)
Lane width (ft) ≥0<2 ≥2<4 ≥4<6 ≥6
9 < 10 6.4 4.8 3.5 2.2
≥ 10 < 11 5.3 3.7 2.4 1.1
≥ 11 < 12 4.7 3.0 1.7 0.4
≥ 12 4.2 2.6 1.3 0.0
Reduction in free-flow speed (km/h)
Shoulder width (m)
Lane width (m) ≥ 0.0 < 0.6 ≥ 0.6 < 1.2 ≥ 1.2 < 1.8 ≥ 1.8
2.7 < 3.0 10.3 7.7 5.6 3.5
≥ 3.0 < 3.3 8.5 5.9 3.8 1.7
≥ 3.3 < 3.6 7.5 4.9 2.8 0.7
≥ 3.6 6.8 4.2 2.1 0.0

50
 Table IV.17 Grade Adjustment Factor for Average Travel Speed (ATS) and Percent
Time Spent Following (PTSF)

Range of Average travel speed Percent time spent following

two-way flow Level Rolling Level Rolling
rates (pc/h) terrain terrain terrain terrain
0-600 1.00 0.71 1.00 0.77
> 600-1200 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.94
>1200 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

Table IV.18 Passenger Car Equivalents for Heavy Vehicles for Average Travel Speed
(ATS) and Percent Time Spent Following (PTSF)

Range of Average travel speed Percent time spent following

two-way flow rates Level Rolling Level Rolling
Vehicle type (pc/h) terrain terrain terrain terrain
Trucks and 0 - 600 1.7 2.5 1.1 1.8
buses,ET > 600 - 1200 1.2 1.9 1.1 1.5
> 1200 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.0
RVs, ER 0 - 600 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0
> 600 - 1200 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0
> 1200 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

51
 Table IV.19 Adjustment for Effect of No Passing Zones on Average Travel Speed

Two-way Reduction in average travel speed (mi/h) Reduction in average travel speed (km/h)
flow rate, No-passing zones (%) No-passing zones (%)
vp (pc/h)
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
200 0.0 0.6 1.4 2.4 2.6 3.5 0.0 1.0 2.3 3.8 4.2 5.6
400 0.0 1.7 2.7 3.5 3.9 4.5 0.0 2.7 4.3 5.7 6.3 7.3
600 0.0 1.6 2.4 3.0 3.4 3.9 0.0 2.5 3.8 4.9 5.5 6.2
800 0.0 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.7 3.0 0.0 2.2 3.1 3.9 4.3 4.9
1000 0.0 1.1 1.6 2.9 2.2 2.6 0.0 1.8 2.5 3.2 3.6 4.2
1200 0.0 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.1 0.0 1.3 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.4
1400 0.0 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.7 0.0 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.7
1600 0.0 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.5 0.0 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.4
1800 0.0 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.0 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.8 2.1
2000 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.8
2200 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.7
2400 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7
2600 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6
2800 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4
3000 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3
3200 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1

52
 Table IV.20 Adjustment for Combined Effect of Directional Distribution of Traffic and Percentage of No-Passing
Zones on Percent Time Spent Following

Two-way No-passing zones (%) No-passing zones (%)

Two-way
flow rate, flow rate,
vp (pc/h) 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
vp (pc/h)
Directional split = 50/50 Directional split = 70/30
≤ 200 0.0 10.1 17.2 20.2 21.0 21.8 ≤ 200 2.8 13.4 19.1 24.8 25.2 25.5
400 0.0 12.4 19.0 22.7 23.8 24.8 400 1.1 12.5 17.3 22.0 22.6 23.2
600 0.0 11.2 16.0 18.7 19.7 20.5 600 0.0 11.6 15.4 19.1 20.0 20.9
800 0.0 9.0 12.3 14.1 14.5 15.4 800 0.0 7.7 10.5 13.3 14.0 14.6
1400 0.0 3.6 5.5 6.7 7.3 7.9 1400 0.0 3.8 5.6 7.4 7.9 8.3
2000 0.0 1.8 2.9 3.7 4.1 4.4 ≥ 2000 0.0 1.4 4.9 3.5 3.9 4.2
2600 0.0 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.4 Directional split = 80/20
3200 0.0 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 ≤ 200 5.1 17.5 24.3 31.0 31.3 31.6
Directional split = 60/40 400 2.5 15.8 21.5 27.1 27.6 28.0
≤ 200 1.6 11.8 17.2 22.5 23.1 23.7 600 0.0 14.0 18.6 23.2 23.9 24.5
400 0.5 11.7 16.2 20.7 21.5 22.2 800 0.0 9.3 12.7 16.0 16.5 17.0
600 0.0 11.5 15.2 18.9 19.8 20.7 1400 0.0 4.6 6.7 8.7 9.1 9.5
800 0.0 7.6 10.3 13.0 13.7 14.4 ≥ 2000 0.0 2.4 3.4 4.5 4.7 4.9
1400 0.0 3.7 5.4 7.1 7.6 8.1 Directional split = 90/10
2000 0.0 2.3 3.4 3.6 4.0 4.3 ≤ 200 5.6 21.6 29.4 37.2 37.4 37.6
≥ 2600 0.0 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.2 400 2.4 19.0 25.6 32.2 32.5 32.8
600 0.0 16.3 21.8 27.1 27.6 28.0
800 0.0 10.9 14.8 18.6 19.0 19.4
≥ 1400 0.0 5.5 7.8 10.0 10.4 10.7

53
 Table IV.21 LOS Criterion for Class 1 Two-Lane Highways

Percent time spent following Average travel speed (ATS)

LOS (PTSF) mi/h km/h
A ≤ 35 > 55 > 90
B ≤ 50 > 50 > 80
C ≤ 65 > 45 > 70
D ≤ 80 > 40 > 60
E > 80 ≤ 40 ≤ 60

Table IV.22 LOS Criteria for Class II Two-Lane Highways

Percent time spent following

LOS (PTSF)
A ≤ 40
B ≤ 55
C ≤ 70
D ≤ 85
E > 85

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Chart IV.3 Highest 100 hourly volumes over a one-year period for a typical roadway

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