CHAPTER 31 PRESENTATION OF STATISTICAL DATA

EXERCISE 122 Page 327

1. State whether data relating to the topics given are discrete or continuous:

(a) The amount of petrol produced daily, for each of 31 days, by a refinery.

(b) The amount of coal produced daily by each of 15 miners.

(c) The number of bottles of milk delivered daily by each of 20 milkmen.

(d) The size of 10 samples of rivets produced by a machine.

(a) Continuous – could be any amount of petrol.

(b) Continuous – could be any amount of coal.

(c) Discrete – can only be a whole number of bottles of milk.

(d) Continuous – could be any size of rivet.

2. State whether data relating to the topics given are discrete or continuous:

(a) The number of people visiting an exhibition on each of 5 days.

(b) The time taken by each of 12 athletes to run 100 metres.

(c) The value of stamps sold in a day by each of 20 post offices.

(d) The number of defective items produced in each of 10 one-hour periods by a machine.

(a) Discrete – can only be a whole number of people.

(b) Continuous – could be any time taken.

(c) Discrete – can only be a whole number of stamps.

(d) Discrete – can only be a whole number of defective items.

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EXERCISE 123 Page 330

1. The number of vehicles passing a stationary observer on a road in six ten-minute intervals is as
shown. Draw a pictogram to represent these data.

Period of Time 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Vehicles 35 44 62 68 49 41

If one symbol is used to represent 10 vehicles, working correct to the nearest 5 vehicles, gives 3.5,
4.5, 6, 7, 5 and 4 symbols respectively, as shown below.

2. The number of components produced by a factory in a week is as shown below:

Day Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri

Number of
Components 1580 2190 1840 2385 1280

Show these data on a pictogram.

If one symbol represents 200 components, working correct to the nearest 100 components gives:

Mon 8, Tues 11, Wed 9, Thurs 12 and Fri 6.5

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3. For the data given in Problem 1 above, draw a horizontal bar chart.

A horizontal bar chart is shown below.

4. Present the data given in Problem 2 above on a horizontal bar chart

A horizontal bar chart is shown below.

5. For the data given in Problem 1 above, construct a vertical bar chart.

A horizontal bar chart is shown below.

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6. Depict the data given in Problem 2 above on a vertical bar chart.

A vertical bar chart is shown below.

7. A factory produces three different types of components. The percentages of each of these

components produced for three, one-month periods are as shown below. Show this information on

percentage component bar charts and comment on the changing trend in the percentages of the

types of component produced.

Month 1 2 3
Component P 20 35 40
Component Q 45 40 35
Component R 35 25 25

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The information is shown on the percentage component bar chart below.

It is seen that P increases by 20% at the expense of Q and R.

8. A company has five distribution centres and the mass of goods in tonnes sent to each centre

during four, one-week periods, is as shown.

Week 1 2 3 4
Centre A 147 160 174 158
Centre B 54 63 77 69
Centre C 283 251 237 211
Centre D 97 104 117 144
Centre E 224 218 203 194

Use a percentage component bar chart to present these data and comment on any trends.

Week 1: Total = 147 + 54 + 283 + 97 + 224 = 805

147 54
100%  18% 100%  7%
A = 805 , B = 805 , C  35%, D  12%, E  28%
Week 2: Total = 160 + 63 + 251 + 104 + 218 = 796

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 160 63
 100%  20% 100%  8%
A = 796 , B = 796 , C  32%, D  13%, E  27%
Week 3: Total = 174 + 77 + 237 + 117 + 203 = 808
174 77
100%  22%  100%  10%
A = 808 , B = 808 , C  29%, D  14%, E  25%
Week 4: Total = 158 + 69 + 211 + 144 + 194 = 776
158 69
 100%  20% 100%  9%
A = 776 , B = 776 , C  27%, D  19%, E  25%
A percentage component bar chart is shown below.

From the above percentage component bar chart, it is seen that there is little change in centres A

and B, there is a reduction of around 8% in centre C, an increase of around 7% in centre D

and a reduction of about 3% in centre E.

9. The employees in a company can be split into the following categories:

managerial 3, supervisory 9, craftsmen 21, semi-skilled 67, others 44

Show these data on a pie diagram.

Number of employees = 3 + 9 + 21 + 67 + 44 = 144

1
360   2.5
1 employee corresponds to 144

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Hence, 3 employees corresponds to 3 × 2.5 = 7.5º, 9 employees corresponds to 9 × 2.5 = 22.5º.

Similarly, 21, 67, and 44 employees correspond to 52.5º, 167.5 and 110, respectively

A pie diagram is therefore a circle of any radius, subdivided into sectors having angles of 7.5,

22.5, 52.5, 167.5 and 110 respectively, as shown below.

10. The way in which an apprentice spent his time over a one-month period is as follows:

drawing office 44 hours, production 64 hours, training 12 hours, at college 28 hours.

Use a pie diagram to depict this information.

Total hours = 44 + 64 + 12 + 28 = 148

44 64
 360  107  360  156
Drawing office, D = 148 , Production, P = 148 ,
12 28
 360  29  360  68
Training, T = 148 , College, C = 148
A pie chart to depict this information is shown below.

11. (a) With reference to Figure 85.5, determine the amount spent on labour and materials to produce

1650 units of the product.

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 (b) If in year 2 of Figure 85.4, 1% corresponds to 2.5 dwellings, how many bungalows are sold in

that year

(a) Each product costs £2. Hence, 1650 units will cost £2 × 1650 = £3300

54
(Labour + materials) represents (36º + 18º = 44º) of 360º, i.e. 360 of total

54 54
 £3300
Hence, labour and material costs = 360 of £3300 = 360 = £495

(b) In year 2, bungalows account for 7 + 28 = 35% of annual sales.

If 1% corresponds to 2.5 dwellings, then

number of bungalows sold = 35 × 2.5 = 87.5 = 88 correct to nearest whole number

12. (a) If the company sell 23 500 units per annum of the product depicted in Figure 85.5, determine

the cost of their overheads per annum.

(b) If 1% of the dwellings represented in year 1 of Figure 85.4 corresponds to 2 dwellings, find

the total number of houses sold in that year.

126
100%  35%
(a) Overheads = 360 of total costs.

Cost per unit = £2, hence total income per annum = 23500 × 2 = £47000

35
 47000
Cost of overheads per annum = 35% of £47000 = 100 = £16450

(b) Percentage of houses sold in year 1 = 22 + 32 + 15 = 69%

If 1% corresponds to 2 dwellings then the number of houses sold = 69 × 2 = 138 houses

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EXERCISE 124 Page 336

1. The mass in kilograms, correct to the nearest one-tenth of a kilogram, of 60 bars of metal are as

shown. Form a frequency distribution of about 8 classes for these data.

39.8 40.1 40.3 40.0 40.6 39.7 40.0 40.4 39.6 39.3
39.6 40.7 40.2 39.9 40.3 40.2 40.4 39.9 39.8 40.0
40.2 40.1 40.3 39.7 39.9 40.5 39.9 40.5 40.0 39.9
40.1 40.8 40.0 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.1 40.0 40.2 39.9
39.7 39.8 40.4 39.7 39.9 39.5 40.1 40.1 39.9 40.2
39.5 40.6 40.0 40.1 39.8 39.7 39.5 40.2 39.9 40.3

The range of values is 39.3 – 40.8. With 8 classes therefore the classes chosen are 39.3 – 39.4, 39.5

0 39 6, and so on. A tally diagram is shown below with 8 classes.

A frequency distribution is shown below.

Class Class mid-point Frequency

39.3 - 39.4 39.35 1
39.5 - 39.6 39.55 5
39.7 - 39.8 39.75 9
39.9 – 40.0 35.95 17
40.1 – 40.2 40.15 15
40.3 – 40.4 40.35 7
40.5 – 40.6 40.55 4
40.7 – 40.8 40.75 2
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2. Draw a histogram for the frequency distribution given in the solution of Problem 1.

A histogram for the frequency distribution given in the solution of Problem 1 is shown below.

3. The information given below refers to the value of resistance in ohms of a batch of 48 resistors of

similar value. Form a frequency distribution for the data, having about 6 classes and draw a

frequency polygon and histogram to represent these data diagramatically.

21.0 22.4 22.8 21.5 22.6 21.1 21.6 22.3

22.9 20.5 21.8 22.2 21.0 21.7 22.5 20.7
23.2 22.9 21.7 21.4 22.1 22.2 22.3 21.3
22.1 21.8 22.0 22.7 21.7 21.9 21.1 22.6
21.4 22.4 22.3 20.9 22.8 21.2 22.7 21.6
22.2 21.6 21.3 22.1 21.5 22.0 23.4 21.2

The range is from 20.5 to 23.4, i.e. range = 23.4 – 20.5 = 2.9

2.9  6  0.5 hence, classes of 20.5 – 20.9, 21.0 – 21.4, and so on are chosen as shown in the
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frequency distribution below.

A frequency polygon is shown below where class mid-point values are plotted against frequency

values. Class mid-points occur at 20.7, 21.2, 21.7, and so on.

The histogram for the above frequency distribution is shown below.

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4. The time taken in hours to the failure of 50 specimens of a metal subjected to fatigue failure tests

are as shown. Form a frequency distribution, having about 7 classes and unequal class intervals,

for these data.

28 22 23 20 12 24 37 28 21 25
21 14 30 23 27 13 23 7 26 19
24 22 26 3 21 24 28 40 27 24
20 25 23 26 47 21 29 26 22 33
27 9 13 35 20 16 20 25 18 22

There is no unique solution, bur one solution is:

The range of values is 3 – 47. With 7 classes chosen are shown in the tally diagram below.

A frequency distribution is shown below.

Class Frequency Upper Lower Class Height of

class class range rectangle
boundary boundary
1 - 10 3 10.5 0.5 10 3
10 = 0.3
11 - 19 7 19.5 10.5 9 7
9 = 0.78
20 - 22 12 22.5 19.5 3 12
3 =4
23 - 25 11 25.5 22.5 3 11
3 = 3.67
26 - 28 10 28.5 25.5 3 10
3 = 3.33

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 29 - 38 5 38.5 28.5 10 5
10 = 0.5
39 - 48 2 48.5 38.5 10 2
10 = 0.2

5. Form a cumulative frequency distribution and hence draw the ogive for the frequency distribution

given in the solution to Problem 3.

A cumulative frequency distribution is shown below.

Class Frequency Upper class boundary Cumulative frequency

Less than
20.5 – 20.9 3 20.95 3
21.0 – 21.4 10 21.45 13
21.5 – 21.9 11 21.95 24
22.0 – 22.4 13 22.45 37
22.5 – 22.9 9 22.95 46
23.0 – 23.4 2 23.45 48

An ogive for the above frequency distribution is shown below.

6. Draw a histogram for the frequency distribution given in the solution to Problem 4.

From the frequency distribution in Problem 4, the histogram is shown below.

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7. The frequency distribution for a batch of 50 capacitors of similar value, measured in microfarads,

is:
10.5–10.9 2, 11.0–11.4 7, 11.5–11.9 10,
12.0–12.4 12, 12.5–12.9 11, 13.0–13.4 8

Form a cumulative frequency distribution for these data.

A cumulative frequency distribution for the data is shown in the table below

Class Frequency Upper class Cumulative frequency

boundary less than
10.5 – 10.9 2 10.95 2
11.0 – 11.4 7 11.45 9
11.5 – 11.9 10 11.95 19
12.0 – 12.4 12 12.45 31
12.5 – 12.9 11 12.95 42
13.0 – 13.4 8 13.45 50

8. Draw an ogive for the data given in the solution of Problem 7.

An ogive, i.e. a graph of cumulative frequency against upper class boundary values, having co-

ordinates given in the above answer to Problem 7 is shown below

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9. The diameter in millimetres of a reel of wire is measured in 48 places and the results are as shown.

2.10 2.29 2.32 2.21 2.14 2.22

2.28 2.18 2.17 2.20 2.23 2.13
2.26 2.10 2.21 2.17 2.28 2.15
2.16 2.25 2.23 2.11 2.27 2.34
2.24 2.05 2.29 2.18 2.24 2.16
2.15 2.22 2.14 2.27 2.09 2.21
2.11 2.17 2.22 2.19 2.12 2.20
2.23 2.07 2.13 2.26 2.16 2.12

(a) Form a frequency distribution of diameters having about 6 classes.

(b) Draw a histogram depicting the data.

(c) Form a cumulative frequency distribution.

(d) Draw an ogive for the data.

(a) Range = 2.34 – 2.05 = 0.29

0.29  6  0.5, hence classes of 2.05 - 2.09, 2.10 -2.14, and so on are chosen, as shown in the

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 frequency distribution below.

(b) A histogram depicting the data is shown below.

(c) A cumulative frequency distribution is shown below.

Class Frequency Upper class boundary Cumulative frequency

Less than
2.05 – 2.09 3 2.095 3
2.10 – 2.14 10 2.145 13
2.15 – 2.19 11 2.195 24
2.20 – 2.24 13 2.245 37
2.25 – 2.29 9 2.295 46
2.30 – 2.34 2 2.345 48

(d) An ogive for the above data is shown below.

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