CHAPTER 34 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIATION

EXERCISE 131 Page 356

1. If f(x) = 6x2 - 2x + 1 find f(0), f(1), f(2), f(-1) and f(-3)

2
f(0) = 6(0) – 2(0) + 1 = 1

2
f(1) = 6(1) – 2(1) + 1 = 5

2
f(2) = 6(2) – 2(2) + 1 = 24 – 4 + 1 = 21

2
f(- 1) = 6(- 1) – 2(- 1) + 1 = 9

2
f(- 3) = 6(- 3) – 2(- 3) + 1 = 54 + 6 + 1 = 61

2. If f(x) = 2x2 + 5x - 7 find f(1), f(2), f(- 1), f(2) - f(- 1)

2
f(1) = 2(1) + 5(1) - 7 = 0

2
f(2) = 2(2) + 5(2) - 7 = 8 + 10 - 7 = 11

2
f(- 1) = 2(- 1) + 5(- 1) - 7 = - 10

f(2) - f(- 1) = 11 - - 10 = 21

1
3. Given f(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 - 3x + 2 prove that f(1) = 7 f(2)

f(1) = 3(1)  2(1)  3(1)  2 = 4

3 2

f(2) = 3(2)  2(2)  3(2)  2 = 24 + 8 – 6 + 2 = 28

3 2

1
Hence, f(1) = 7 f(2)

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 539

EXERCISE 132 Page 357

1. Plot the curve f(x) = 4x2 - 1 for values of x from x = -1 to x = +4. Label the co-ordinates (3, f(3))

and (1, f(1)) as J and K, respectively. Join points J and K to form the chord JK. Determine the

gradient of chord JK. By moving J nearer and nearer to K determine the gradient of the tangent of

the curve at K.

The curve of f(x) = 4x  1 is shown below.

2

f (3)  f (1) 35  3 32
 
Gradient of chord JK = 3 1 2 2 = 16

f (2)  f (1) 15  3 12
 
If, say, J is the point (2, f(2)) then gradient of chord JK = 2 1 1 1 = 12

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 540

 f (1.1)  f (1) 3.84  3 0.84
 
If, say, J is a point (1.1, f(1.1)) then gradient of chord JK = 1.1  1 0.1 0.1 = 8.4

If, say, J is a point (1.01, f(1.01)) then gradient of chord JK

f (1.01)  f (1) 3.0804  3 0.0804

 
= 1.01  1 0.01 0.01 = 8.04

Thus, as J moves closer and closer to point K the gradient of the chord approaches nearer and nearer

to the value 8. Thus the gradient of the tangent to the curve at K is 8

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 541

EXERCISE 133 Page 360

1. Differentiate y = 7x4 with respect to x

dy
4
 (7)  4x 3  3
If y = 7x then dx = 28x

2. Differentiate y = x  x with respect to x

2

dy
2
If y = 2x + 1 then dx

3. Differentiate y = x  x with respect to x

2

dy
 2x  1
If y = x  x then dx
2

4. Differentiate y = 2x  5x  6 with respect to x

3

dy
 6x 2  5
If y = 2x  5x  6 then dx
3

1
5. Differentiate y = x with respect to x

1 dy 1
 x 1   x 2  2
If y = x then dx = x

6. Differentiate y = 12 with respect to x

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 542

 dy
0
If y = 12 then dx

1
x
7. Differentiate y = x 2 with respect to x

1 dy 2
x 2 2
 1  (2x 3 ) 3
If y = x = x - x then dx =1+ x

8. Differentiate y = 3x  2x  5x  x  1 with respect to x

5 4 3 2

dy
 15x4  8x 3  15x 2  2x
If y = 3x 
5
2x  5x 4
x  1 3
then dx
2

2
3
9. Differentiate y = x with respect to x

2 dy 6
3
 2x 3  (2)  3x 4   6x 4  4
If y = x then dx = x

10. Differentiate y = 4x(1 – x) with respect to x

dy
2
 4  8x
If y = 4x(1 – x) = 4x – 4 x then dx

11. Differentiate y = x with respect to x

dy 1  12 1 1
1
 x  1
dx 2
If y = x  x2 then 2x 2 = 2 x

12. Differentiate y = t 3 with respect to x

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 543

 dy 3 12 3
3
 t  t
If y = t3  t 2
then dt 2 = 2

1
3
13. Differentiate y = 6 + x with respect to x

1 dy 3
3
 6  x 3  0   3x 4   4
If y = 6 + x then dt = x

1 1

14. Differentiate y = 3x - x x with respect to x

1
1 1 1 
  3x  1  x  3x  x 2  x 1
1

x x
If y = 3x - x2

dy  1  1 1  3 1 1 1 1
 3    x 2   x 2  3  1 x  2  x 2 3 3
 3 
dt x2 x2
then  2  2 = 2x 2
= 2 x 3

15. Differentiate y = (x + 1)2 with respect to x

If y = (x + 1)2 = (x  1)(x  1)  x  x  x  1  x  2x  1
2 2

dy
 2x  2
then dx

16. Differentiate y = x + 3 x with respect to x

dy 1  12 3 3
1
 1  (3) x  1  1 1
dx 2
If y = x  3 x  x  3x 2x 2 = 2 x
2
then

17. Differentiate y = (1 - x)2 with respect to x

If y = (1 - x)2 = (1  x)(1  x)  1  x  x  x  1  2x  x
2 2

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 544

 dy
 2  2x
then dx or 2x - 2

5 1
2

18. Differentiate y = x x 7 + 2 with respect to x

7
dy  7  92 
  5   2x     x   0
5 1 2
 3
  2  5x  x  2
2
x 2
x 7 dx  2 
If y = then

10 7 10 7
 3
 9  3
x
= 2x 2 = x 2 x9

19. Differentiate y = 3(t - 2)2 with respect to x

3  t  2   3  t 2  4t  4   3t 2  12t  12
2

If y =

dy
  3  2t   12  0
then dt = 6t - 12

 x  2
2

20. Differentiate y = x with respect to x

 x  2
2
(x  2)(x  2) x 2  2x  2x  4 x 2  4x  4 x 2 4x 4
       x  4  4x 1
If y = x x x x x x x

dy 4
 1  0  4x 2 2
then dx =1- x

21. Find the gradient of the following curves at the given points.

(c) y = x  3x  7 at x = 0
2 3
(a) y = 3x at x = 1 (b) y = x at x = 9

1 1
(d) y = x at x = 4 (e) y = x at x = 2 (f) y = (2x + 3)(x – 1) at x = - 2

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 545

 dy
2
 6x
(a) If y = 3x then gradient, dx

When x = 1, gradient = 6(1) = 6

dy 1  12 1 1
1
 x  1 
dx 2 2 x
(b) If y = x  x 2 then gradient, 2x 2
1 1 1

When x = 9, gradient = 2 9 2(3) = 6

dy
 3x 2  3
(c) If y = x 
3
3x  7 then gradient, dx

When x = 0, gradient = 0 + 3 = 3

1
1 1  dy 1 3 1 1
 1 x 2  x 2  3 
x dx 2 2 x3
(d) If y = x2 then gradient, 2x 2
1 1 1
  3 
When x = 4, gradient = 2 43 2(2 ) = 16

1 dy 1
 x  1  x2   2
(e) If y = x then gradient, dx x
1 1
 2

When x = 2, gradient = 2 = 4

dy
 4x
(f) If y = (2x + 3)(x – 1) = 2x  2x  3x  3  2x  x  3 then gradient, dx
2 2
+1

When x = - 2, gradient = 4(- 2) + 1 = - 8 + 1 = - 7

22. Differentiate f(x) = 6x2 - 3x + 5 and find the gradient of the curve at (a) x = - 1, and (b) x = 2

Gradient = f (x) = 12x – 3

(a) When x = - 1, gradient = 12(- 1) – 3 = - 15

(b) When x = 2, gradient = 12(2) – 3 = 21

23. Find the differential coefficient of y = 2x3 + 3x2 - 4x - 1 and determine the gradient of the curve

at x = 2.

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 546

 dy
 6x 2  6x  4
Gradient = dx

6  2   6(2)  4
2

When x = 2, gradient = = 24 + 12 – 4 = 32

24. Determine the derivative of y = - 2x3 + 4x + 7 and determine the gradient of the curve at x = - 1.5

dy
 2  3x 2   4  0
= 6x  4
2
dx

dy
 6x 2  4
Gradient = dx and when x = - 1.5,

6  1.5   4  6(2.25)  4  13.5  4

2

gradient = = - 9.5

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 547

EXERCISE 134 Page 362

1. Differentiate with respect to x:

(a) y = 4 sin 3x (b) y = 2 cos 6x

dy
  4  (3cos 3x)
(a) If y = 4 sin 3x then dx = 12 cos 3x

dy
  2  (6sin 6x)
(b) If y = 2 cos 6x then dx = - 12 sin 6x

2. Given f() = 2 sin 3 - 5 cos 2, find f ´()

If f() = 2 sin 3 - 5 cos 2, f ´() = (2)(3 cos 3θ) - (5)( - 2sin 2θ)

= 6 cos 3θ + 10 sin 2θ

1 
y  2 cos x
3. Find the gradient of the curve 2 at x = 2

1
y  2 cos x
Since 2

dy  1 1  1
 2   sin x    sin x
gradient = dx  2 2  2

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 548

  1  
 sin  .    sin
When x = 2 , gradient = 2 2 4 = - 0.707


4. Find the gradient of the curve y  3sin 2x at x = 3

Since y  3sin 2x
dy
 3  2 cos 2x   6 cos 2x
gradient = dx
    2 
6 cos  2    6 cos  
When x = 3 , gradient =  3  3  =-3

5. An alternating current is given by i = 5 sin 100t amperes, where t is the time in seconds.

 di 
 i.e. 
Determine the rate of change of current  dt  when t = 0.01 seconds.

di
 (5)(100 cos100t)
Rate of change of current = dt = 500 cos 100t A/s

and when t = 0.01 s, rate of change of current = 500 cos(100  0.01) = 500 cos 1 = 270.2 A/s

(Note that cos 1 means the cosine of 1 radian)

6. v = 50 sin 40t volts represents an alternating voltage where t is the time in seconds. At a time of

 dv 
 i.e. 
20  10-3 seconds, find the rate of change of voltage  dt  .

dv
 (50)(40 cos 40t)  2000 cos 40t
Rate of change of voltage = dt V/s

3 3
When t = 20 10 , rate of change of voltage = 2000 cos(40  20  10 ) = 2000 cos 0.8

= 1393.4 V/s

(Note that cos 0.8 means the cosine of 0.8 radian)

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 549

7. If f(t) = 3 sin(4t + 0.12) - 2 cos(3t - 0.72) determine f ´(t)

f (t) = (3)[4 cos(4t + 0.12)] – (2)[-3 sin(3t – 0.72)]

= 12 cos(4t + 0.12) + 6 sin(3t – 0.72)

EXERCISE 135 Page 364

2
2x
1. Differentiate with respect to x: (a) y = 5e3x (b) y = 7e

dy
 (5)  3e3x 
(a) If y  5e
3x 3x
then dx = 15e

dy  2  4
y
2 2
 e2x     2e 2x    e 2x  42x
then dx  7  7
2x
(b) If 7e 7 = 7e

2. Given f() = 5 ln 2 - 4 ln 3, determine f ´()

1 1 5 4 1
   4   
If f() = 5 ln 2 - 4 ln 3, f ´() = 5         = 

3. If f(t) = 4 ln t + 2, evaluate f ´(t) when t = 0.25

4 4
0
If f(t) = 4 ln t + 2 then f (t) = t = t

4 4

When t = 0.25, f (t) = t 0.25 = 16
© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 550
 1 1
y  2e x  ln 2x
4. Find the gradient of the curve 4 at x = 2 correct to 2 decimal places

1
y  2e x  ln 2x
Since 4

dy 11 1
 2e x     2e x 
Gradient = dx 4x 4x
1 1
1
2e 2   2e 2  0.5
1 1
4 
When x = 2 , gradient = 2

= 2.7984 = 2.80, correct to 2 decimal places

dy 5
3x
5. Evaluate dx when x = 1, given y = 3e4x - 2e + 8 ln 5x. Give the answer correct to 3 significant
figures.

5 5
y  3e 4x  3x
 8ln 5x  3e 4x  e 3x  8ln 5x
Since 2e 2

dy 5 1
 (3)  4e 4x      3e 3x   (8)  
then dx 2 x

15 3x 8 15 8
12e 4x  e  12e 4x  3x 
= 2 x = 2e x

dy 15 8
 12e 4  3   655.178  0.3734  8  663.55
and when x = 1, dx 2e 1
= 664, correct to 3 significant figures

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 551

EXERCISE 136 Page 364

1. Find the gradient of the curve y  2x  3x  x  4 at the points (a) (0, 4) (b) (1, 8)
4 3

dy
 8x 3  9x 2  1
Gradient = dx

(a) At the point (0, 4), x = 0, gradient = 8(0)  9(0)  1 = - 1

3 2

(b) At the point (1, 8), x = 1, gradient = 8(1)  9(1)  1 = 16

3 2

2 2
2
 2 ln x  2(cos 5x  3sin 2x)  3x
2. Differentiate with respect to x: y = x e

2 2
2
 2 ln x  2(cos 5x  3sin 2x)  3x
Since y = x e

2 3x
= 2x  2 ln x  2 cos 5x  6sin 2x)  2e

dy 2
 4x 3   10sin 5x  12 cos 2x  6e 3x
then dx x

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 552

 4 2 6
 3
  10sin 5x  12cos 2x  3x
= x x e

EXERCISE 137 Page 365

d2 y d3 y
2 3
1. If y = 3x4 + 2x3 - 3x + 2 find (a) dx (b) dx

dy d2 y
 12x 3  6x 2  3 2
 36x 2  12x
(a) If y = 3x4 + 2x3 - 3x + 2 then dx and dx

d3 y
3
 72x  12
(b) dx

1 d2 y d3 y
2 3
2. If y = 4x2 + x find (a) dx (b) dx

1 dy d2y 2
 8x  x  2 3x 8 3
1
If y = 4x + x = 4x + x then dx
2 2
and dx = 8  2e =
2
x

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 553

 2 1 3
3
3. (a) Given f(t) = 5 t2 - t + t - t + 1 determine f ´´(t)

(b) Evaluate f ´´(t) when t = 1

1
2 2 1 3 2 2 3 1
t  3   t  1  t  t  3t  t 2  1
(a) f(t) = 5 t t 5

4 1 1
t  3t 4  3t 2  t 2
f (t) = 5 2

4 5 3 1  32 4  12  6  1
 12t  6t  t 5
f (t) = 5 4 = 5 t t3 4 t3

4 12 6 1 4 1
 5 3   12  6 
(b) When t = 1, f (t) = 5 (1) (1) 4 1 5 4 = - 4.95
3

d2 y
2
4. If y = 3 sin 2t + cos t , find dx

dy
 (3)(2 cos 2t)  sin t  6 cos 2t  sin t
If y = 3 sin 2t + cos t then dx
d2y

and dx 2 (6)(- 2 sin 2t) - cos t = - 12 sin 2t – cos t

2

4. If f (θ) = 2 ln 4 , show that f ´´(θ) = 2

1 2
f '()  (2)     21
If f (θ) = 2 ln 4 then  

2

and f ''()  2 =
2
2

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 554

EXERCISE 138 Page 366

1. An alternating current, i amperes, is given by i = 10 sin 2ft, where f is the frequency in hertz and t

the time in seconds. Determine the rate of change of current when t = 12 ms, given that f = 50 Hz.

Current, i = 10 sin 2ft

di
 (10)(2f ) cos 2ft  (10)(2 50) cos 2 50 12 10 3 
Rate of change of current, dt
= - 2542 A/s

2. The luminous intensity, I candelas, of a lamp is given by I = 8  10-4 V2, where V is the voltage.

Find (a) the rate of change of luminous intensity with voltage when V = 100 volts, and (b) the

voltage at which the light is increasing at a rate of 0.5 candelas per volt.

(a) The rate of change of luminous intensity with voltage,

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 555

 dI
 (8 104 )(2V)  (8 10 4 )  2 100 
dV = 0.16cd / V

dI
 (6 104 )(2V) 4
(b) dV hence, 0.5 = (8 10 )(2V)

0.5
4
from which, voltage, V = 8 10  2 = 312.5 V

3. The voltage across the plates of a capacitor at any time t seconds is given by v = V e-t/CR, where V,

C and R are constants. Given V = 200 volts, C = 0.10  10-6 farads and R = 2 MΩ find

(a) the initial rate of change of voltage, and (b) the rate of change of voltage after 0.2 s

dv  1   CRt

t  V e
(a) If v = V e , then dt  CR 
CR

dv  1  0
 (200)   6 6 
e
Initial rate of change of voltage, (i.e. when t = 0), dt  0.10  10  2 10 

200
= - 0.20 = - 1000 V/s
dv  V   CRt 0.2
200  0.20
   e   e
(b) When t = 0.2 s, dt  CR  0.20 = - 367.9 V/s

4. The pressure p of the atmosphere at height h above ground level is given by p = p0 e-h/c, where p0 is

the pressure at ground level and c is a constant. Determine the rate of change of pressure with

height when p0 = 1.013  105 Pascals and c = 6.05  104 at 1450 metres.

h


Pressure, p = p0 e
c

dp  1  hc   1
1450

 (p 0 )   e    1.013 10   

5 6.05104
e 
 6.05  10
4
dh  c  
Rate of change of pressure with height,
= - 1.635 Pa/m

© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 556