3 ' 2

f ( x )=x +cos x → f ( x ) =3 x −sinx

' '
( x e x ) =x ' e x + ( e x ) x
Let u=u(x)
( sin u )' =cos u .u'
Ex: y= √ x 3−4 x
2
dy 1 ' 3 x −4
. ( x −4 x ) =
3
=
dx 2 √ x −4 x
3
2 √ x 3−4 x

Chain rule

f =f (u )
u=u ( x )
df df du
= .
dx du dx
Ex: Let f ( u )=sin ( u+1 )
4
u=x +2 x
df
=?
dx
Solve:
df
f ( u )=sin ( u+1 ) →
=cos ( u+1 )
du
4 du 3
u=x +2 x → =4 x +2
dx

df df du
= . =cos ( u+1 )∗( 4 x +2 ) =¿
3
dx du dx
¿ cos ( x 4+ 2 x +1 )∗(4 x 3+ 2)
Ex:

y=3 x + 4
x=2 → y=10
x=? ? ? y=5
1
5=3 x + 4 →3 x=1 → x=
3
y−4
y=3 x + 4 → x=
3
y−4
f
−1
( y )=
3
inverse function of y=3 x + 4

Ex1: f ( x )=sin x
f ( x )=arcsin x inverse function of sinx
−1

Ex2: f ( x )=e → f ( x )=ln x

x −1

Finding an inverse function is not an easy task.

Derivative of an inverse function?
x dy x
y=e → =e
dx
dx 1 1
= =
dy e x y

dx 1
x=ln y → =
dy y
 For the equation x + 2 xy −3 y =0,
2 2

a. Find the equation of the tangent line at the point

(1,1).
b. Find the equation of the normal to the tangent line
at the point (1,1).
c. At what other point does the normal line in b.
intersect the graph of the equation?

Tangent line at M ( a , f ( a ) ):

'
y=f ( a ) ( x−a ) + f (a)
How to find f ' (a) when f is an implicit function?
2 2
x + 2 xy −3 y =0
Differentiate two sides with respect to x
(x ¿ ¿ 2+2 xy−3 y 2)' x =0 ¿
Method 2:

Let F ( x , y )=0
'
dy −F x
=
dx F 'y
Ex: x 2+ 2 xy −3 y 2=0
2 2
F ( x , y )=x + 2 x y−3 y

'
F x =2 x+ 2 y (fixed y, xem y la hang so)
'
F y =2 x−6 y (fixed x, xem x la hang so)
'
dy −F x −2 x+2 y
= =
dx F 'y 2 x−6 y

dy
dx | x=1 , y=1
=
−2∗1+2∗1
2∗1−6∗1
=1

Tangent line at M(1,1):

y=1 ( x−1 ) +1
y=x
dy
Ex: Let x y + y −4 x +5 y =x y −1. Find
3 2 6 3 2 4
dx ??
Solve
3 2 6 3 2 4
x y + y −4 x +5 y =x y −1

3 2 6 3 2 4
→ x y + y −4 x+ 5 y −x y +1=0

3 2 6 3 2 4
F ( x , y )=x y + y −4 x +5 y −x y +1
' 2 2 4
F x =3 x y −4−2 x y
' 3 5 2 3 2
F y =2 y x +6 y +15 y −4 y x
'
dy −F x
2 2 4
−3 x y −4−2 x y
= =
dx F 'y 2 y x 3 +6 y 5 +15 y 2−4 y 3 x 2
Type equation here .
Exercise

ln ( x+ h )−ln x 1
L=lim =( ln x )' =
h →0 h x
1
→ x=2 e , L=
2e
A. -3 B. 0 C. 1.5 D. 3
Hint:
8a) h ( x )=f ( g ( x ) ) → h' ( x )=f ' ( g ( x ) ) g' ( x )
h ( 1 )=f ( g ( 1 ) ) . g ( 1 )=f ( 2 ) .6=5.6=30
' ' ' '

H=g ∘ f ( x )=g ( f ( x ) ) → H ( x )=g ( f ( x ) ) . f ' ( x )

' '
 H (1 )=g ( f ( 1 ) ) . f ( 1 )=g ( 3 ) .4=9.4=36
' ' ' '

'
( )
' u
Note: √ u =
2 √u

b.) F=√ x+ √ y −4
' 1 ' 1
F x= ; F y=
;
2 √x 2√y
'
dy −F x −1
= ' = :
1
=
√y
dx F y 2 √ x 2 √ y √ x

Hint: a) f ' ( x )=g' ( sin 2 x ) . ( sin2 x )' =g' ( sin 2 x ) . 2 cos 2 x

Ex: Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume
increases at a rate of 100 cm3/s.
How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when the diameter is 50
cm?

4 3
V= π r
3

Assumptions:
dV
+ volume increases at a rate of 100 cm3/s: dt
=100

+ diameter is 50 cm: r =25

dr
=?
dt
dV 2
=4 π r
dr
Applying the chain rule:
dV dV dr 2 dr
= . → 100=4 π r .
dt dr dt dt
dr 100
=
dt 4 π r 2
At the time r =25
dr 100
=
dt 4 π 252
Ex: A ladder 10 ft long rests against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the
ladder slides away from the wall at a rate of 1 ft/s, how fast is the top of
the ladder sliding down the wall when the bottom of the ladder is 6 ft
from the wall?
14)

14’) A cube’s edge of length s is growing according to the

equation s=2t + 1 where t is measured in second and s is measured
2

in meters. How fast (in m /s ¿ is the cube’s volume increasing at

3

the time when t =1s?

Keyword: How fast ~ derivative: dao ham
3
V = ( 2t +1 )
2

dV
|
dt t=1
=?

| ( )
3
dV m
Ans: dt
=108
s
t=1
Each side of a square is increasing at a rate of 7 cm/s. At what rate is
the area of the square increasing when the area of the square is 25
2
cm ?

Hint:
15. x 2+ y 2=25
Differentiate, with respect to t, two sides
dx dy
2x +2 y =0(1)
dt dt
dy
One has: dt
=6

y=4 → x=√ 25−42=3

dx dx
From (1) one has: 2.3 dt +2.4 .6=0 → dt =−8

2 dA dx
14. A=x →
dt
=2 x ….
dt

2 2 2 dz dx dy
z =x + y → 2 z =2 x +2 y
dt dt dt
x=5 , y=12 → z =√ 5 +12 =13
2 2

dz dz 46
13 =5.2+12.3=46 → =
dt dt 13
 f ( x )= √ x
f ( 4 )=2
f ( 4.01 )=√ 4.01=? ? ?
Tangent line to the graph of f ( x )= √ x at x=4
1
L ( x ) = y= x +1
4
1
L ( 4.01 )= ∗4.01+ 1=2.0025
4

So, the tangent line is linear approximation.

Linearization ~ linear approximation ~ tangent line

y=f ' ( a ) ( x−a ) + f ( a )

1 1
a) a=2 → f ( 2 )= =
√2+2 2
' −1
f ( a )=
16

−1 1 −1 5
Linearization y=
16
( x−2 )+ → y=
2 16
x+
8

Velocity: v ( t )=s' ( t ) ;
Acceleration: a ( t )=v ' ( t )=s ' ' (t )
'
s ( t )=3cos t+ 4 sin t
''
a ( t )=s ( t )=−3 cos t+ 4 sin t
a ( 3 )=−3 cos 3+ 4 sin 3
APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

1. Extrema (minima and maxima)

Global (absolute) minimum/maximum: giá trị nhỏ nhất/lớn

nhất

Local (relative) minimum/maximum: cực tiểu/ cực đại

Fermat theorem: If x0 is an extremum of f and f ' (x 0) exists, then
f ( x )=0 .
'
0

How to find local extrema of y=f (x )???

+ Calculate f '

+ Solve the equation f =0 → critical numbers (điểm tới hạn)

'

(những điểm làm cho đạo hàm =0 hoặc không xác định)

+ Investigate the sign of derivative to determine local

minimum/maximum.
Ex: Find local extrema of 3 2
y=x −3 x +3
+ y '=3 x −6 x
2

+ y =0 → 3 x −6 x=0
' 2

x=0 → y=3
x=2 → y=−1

the local maximum value of y is 3 when x= 0

the local minimum value of y is -1 when x= 2
Method:
+ Tính đạo hàm y '
+ Giải phương trình y =0 để tìm critical numbers
'

So sanh f(critical numbers) voi f(a), f(b)

+ Nhận xét.
Example

' 2
[ x=1
b) f ( x )=3 x −3=0 → x=−1(removed )

f ( 0 )=5
f ( 3 )=23
f ( 1 ) =3
min f (x)=3 ,max f ( x )=23
[ 0 ,3 ] [ 0 ,3 ]
 '
f ( x )=x √ 4−x + ( √ 4−x ) x
' ' 2 2

2
−2 x x
¿ √ 4−x + √
2 2
. x= 4−x −
2 √ 4−x 2 √ 4−x 2
2
x
f =0 → √ 4−x −
' 2
=0
√ 4−x 2
2
√ 4−x 2= x 2
√ 4−x
2 2
4−x =x
x =2 → x= √2 x=−√ 2∉ [−1 , 2](removed)
2

f (−1 )=−√ 3 f ( √ 2 )=2 f ( 2 )=0

max f =2 ; min f =− √3
[ −1 , 2] [ −1 , 2]

Critical numbers: điểm tới hạn (điểm tại đó đạo hàm =0

hoặc không xác định)
'
( x−1 )' ( x 2−x +1 ) −( x 2−x+ 1 ) ( x−1 )
b) '
f ( x )=
( x 2−x +1 )
2

( x 2−x+1 )−( 2 x−1 ) ( x −1 )

¿ 2
( x 2−x+ 1 )
2
−x + 2 x
¿ 2
( x 2−x+1 )
' 2
f ( x )=0 →−x +2 x=0 → x =0 , x =2
 Mean value Theorem
f ( b )−f (a)
There exists a number c ∈(a ; b) such that f ' ( c )=
b−a

In particular, if f ( a )=f ( b ) , we have Rolle Theorem:

There exists a number c ∈(a ; b) such that f ' ( c )=0

Example:

' 1
a) f =x √ x+2+ ( √ x +2 ) x =√ x +2+
' '
x
2 √ x +2
1 2 ( x+2 )+ x
√ x+ 2+ x=0 → =0
2 √ x+2 2 √ x +2
−4
→ 2 x + 4+ x=0 → x=
3

Chú ý: Các số c thỏa kết luận của Rolle (mean value) Theorem [a, b] thì
c ≠ a và c ≠ b

Find all the numbers c that satisfy the conclusion of Rolle Theorem?
f ( x )=3 x +5 x+5 , [ a , b ] with f ( a )=f (b)
2

5 −5 3
A. 0 B. -1 C. 6 D. 6 E. 4
a) Mean value of f on [-1; 1]:
f ( 1 )−f (−1) 10−6
= =2
1−−1 2
'
f =6 x+ 2
6 x +2=2
x=0 satifies the conclusion of MVT

f ( 3 )−f ( 0) e−6−1
b) 3−0
=
3
' −2 x
f =−2 e

−6
−2 x e −1
−2 e =
3

−6
−2 x 1−e
e =
6
−6
1−e
−2 x=ln
6

Calc từng phương án, cái nào ra 5 thì chọn

Exercises:

Note: Distance between A and B

2 2 2
A B =( x B −x A ) + ( y B− y A )