Composition of f and g

( f ∘ g ) ( x ) =f ( g ( x ) )

Ex: f ( x )=x −4 2
g ( x )=√ x+1

( f ∘ g ) ( x ) =f ( g ( x ) )=f ( √ x+1)
2
¿ ( √ x+ 1 ) −4
¿ x−3

( g ∘ f ) ( x ) =g ( f ( x ) )=g ( x 2−4 )
¿ √ ( x −4 ) +1= √ x −3
2 2

Example: Let f ( x )=3 x +1 ; g ( x )=sin x

( f ∘ g ) ( x ) =f ( g ( x ) )=f ( sin x ) =3 sin x +1
( g ∘ f ) ( x ) =g ( f ( x ) )=g ( 3 x+1 )
¿ sin(3 x +1)
( f ∘ f )( x )=f ( f ( x ) )=f ( 3 x +1 )
¿ 3 ( 3 x+1 )+1=9 x+ 4

Example: f ( x )= √ x 2 +3 x h ( x )=e x+2

( f ∘ h ) ( x )=¿
( h ∘ f ) ( x )=¿

( h ∘ h ) ( x ) =¿
Ex: Let f ( x )=x 3 + 4 x and h ( x )=2 x . Calculate (f ∘ h)(3)?

f ( h (3 ) )=f ( 6 )=240

1. Describe how a function changes under graph

translations.

y= √ x

y= √ x +1
y= √ x−2

y= √ x−1
 y= √ x +1

From the graph of y=f (x ), how do we obtain the graph of

y=f ( x−3 ) +8 ?

Solve: Shift up the graph of y=f ( x ) by 8 units; shift to the right by

3 units

From the graph of y=f (x ), how do we obtain the graph of

y=f ( x+ 5 ) +7?

Solve: Shift up the graph of y=f ( x ) by 7 units; shift to the left by 5

units

From the graph of y=f (x ), how do we obtain the graph of

y=f ( x+ 4 )+ 2?

Solve: Shift up the graph of y=f ( x ) by 2 units; shift to the left by 4

units
From the graph of y=f (x ), how do we obtain the graph of y=f ( x+ 1 )−4 ?

Solve: Shift down the graph of y=f ( x ) by 4 units; shift to the left by 1 units
Alternative problem:
From the graph of y=f ( x−3 ) +8, how do we obtain the graph of
y=f ( x )?

Solve: Shift down the graph y=f ( x−3 ) +8 by 8 units, shift to

the left the graph y=f ( x−3 ) +8 by 3 units

Similarly, consider the following problem:

 2. Compute the limit of a function using graphs and
limit laws, including the Squeeze's Theorem.

Given a function f ( x ) and a number a.

If x ≈ a ,we obtain that
f (x)≈ L

We say that L=lim f (x)

x →a

2
Ex: lim 3 x −5 x=−2
x →1
 x +4 1
Example: lim =
x −3 x +5 3
2
x →7
 2
x −4
lim 2
=4
x →2 x −3 x +2

lim ¿
2
−¿ x −4
x→ 2 2
=4 ¿
x −3 x+2

lim ¿
2
x −4
+¿
x→ 2 2 =4¿
x −3 x+2

2
x −4
lim 2
=4
x →2 x −3 x +2
 lim ¿
−¿
x→ 2 g (x)=3 ; +¿
lim ¿¿
x→ 2 g( x)=1→lim g(x) doesnot exist¿
x →2

lim ¿
−¿
x→ 5 g (x)=2 ; +¿
lim ¿¿
x→ 5 g (x)=2→lim g( x)=2 ¿
x →5

g ( 5 )=1
lim g (x)=2≠ g(5)
x →5
We say that g is not continuous at x=5.
 We say that f is continuous at x=a if and only if:

lim f (x )=f (a)

x →a

Otherwise, f is called discontinuous at x=a

Example: Find m such that the following function is continuous at x=1

{
x−1
if x ≠ 1
f ( x )= x 2−1
mif x =1
Solve:
+ f ( 1 ) =m
x−1 1
+ lim f (x )=lim 2 =
x →1 x →1 x −1 2

+ f is continuous at x =1
⇔ lim f ( x ) =f ( 1 )
x→ 1
1
⇔ m= .
2
 √ x +1−2 = 1
Example: lim 2 24
x →3 x −9

lim ¿ x2−1∨ ¿ ¿
x →1 x −1

lim ¿
x→ 1 ¿ x −1∨ ¿ =2 ¿¿
+¿ 2
x−1

lim ¿
x→ 1 ¿ x −1∨ ¿ =−2 ¿¿
−¿ 2
x−1

lim ¿ x2−1∨ ¿ ¿ does not exist.

x →1 x −1

EXERCISES
 a. D = (-1; +∞)
b. D = (0; +∞)
c. D = (1;+∞)
d. D=(3;+∞)

A. R B. ( 1 ;+∞ ) C. [−1; 1] D. (−1 ; 1)

Nhap ham so vao may tinh. Cal a va – a  so sanhket luan

5
a) Cal 5 duoc 25
Cal −5duoc

f (−x ) =−f ( x ) f is odd

2) From the graph of y=f (x ), how do we obtain the graph of y=f ( x−2 ) +5?
Solve: Shift up the graph of y=f ( x ) by 5 units; shift to the right by 2 units

Opposite problem:
From the graph of y=f ( x−2 ) +5, how do we obtain the graph of y=f ( x )?
Solve: Shift down the graph of y=f ( x ) by 5 units; shift to the left by 2 units

Similarly, consider the following problem:

a) Shift the graph f(x) to the right by 4 units
b) Shift up the graph f(x) by 3 units
c) Shift down the graph f(x) by 3 units, shift to the right by 2 units
d) Shift down the graph f(x) by 4 units, shift to the left by 5 units

e)

Hint: b)
( g ∘ f ) ( x ) =g ( f ( x ) )=g ( √ x )=√ 2−√ x
 f ( g ( 1 ) ) =f ( 6 )=5
g ( f ( 1 ) ) =g (3 )=2
( g ∘ f ) ( 6 )=g ( f ( 6 ) )=g ( 5 )=2
Find the numbers at which the function is discontinuous.
+ f ( 0 )=2∗02=0
lim ¿
+¿
x→ 0 f ( x ) = lim ¿¿
+¿ 2
x→0 2x =0¿

lim ¿
−¿
x→ 0 f ( x ) = lim
−¿
¿¿
x →0 ( x+2 )=2 ¿
Find the constant m that makes f continuous on R

a. b.

c. d.