Lecture 06 Analysis and Design of RC Slabs

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Lecture-06
Analysis and Design of
Slab Systems
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1
Topics Addressed
 Organization of the lecture
 Analysis & design of one way slab system
 Analysis & design of one way joist system
 Analysis & design of two way slab system with beams
 Analysis & design of two way slab system without beams

(flat plate & flat slabs)
 Analysis & design of two way joist system
1
Organization of the Lecture
 Analysis & design of one way slab system

 The ACI code approximate method of analysis called as strip
method is used for the analysis of one way slabs. This topic
has already been covered in BSc lectures 3 & 4, Please
download the same from the website.
 Analysis & design of one way joist system

 This topic will be covered in this lecture.
 Analysis & design of two way slab system with beams

 The ACI code approximate method of analysis called as
moment coefficient method is generally used for the analysis
of two way slabs supported on stiff beams or walls. This topic
has been covered in BSc lecture 4, please download the same
from the website.
2
 Analysis & design of two way slab system without beams

(flat plate & flat slabs)
 The ACI code approximate method of analysis called as
Direct Design Method (DDM) is used for the analysis of flat
plates and flat slabs. This topic has been covered in BSc
lecture 5. The students can download the same from the
website. However this topic will also be quickly discussed in
this lecture.
 Please note that DDM can also be used for the analysis of two way slabs with beams.
However as the application of this method to such systems is relative difficult
therefore these systems are generally analyzed using moment coefficient method
instead of DDM, provided that beams are relatively stiff.
 Analysis & design of two way joist system

 This topic will be discussed in this lecture.
3
 Therefore in this lecture, only the following topics will be

discussed.
 Analysis & design of one way joist system
 Analysis & design of two way slab system without beams (flat
plate & flat slabs)
 Analysis & design of two way joist system
Analysis & design of one way

joist system
4
Contents
 General
 Characteristics
 Basic Steps
 Serviceability Requirements
 Example
General
 Joist: T-beams called joists are formed by creating void
spaces in what otherwise would be a solid slab.
 Joist Construction: Joist construction consists of a

monolithic combination of regularly spaced ribs and a top slab
(T beam or Joist) arranged to span in one direction or two
orthogonal directions.
Rib
5
General
 ACI code 8.11 contains provisions for joist construction aimed
at facilitating the analysis and design of joist system as
compared to regular slab beam system.
 A structural system will be however called as joist system if

the pan width (clear spacing between ribs) is less than or
equal to 30 inches (ACI 8.11.3).
General
 If the system does not fulfill the requirements of joist system

then it shall be designed as regular slab beam system which
means that slab shall be designed for flexure and beam shall be
designed for flexure and shear.
6
Characteristics
 Suitable for long spans
 Economical range: 30 ft – 50 ft
Characteristics
 Pan voids reduce dead load.
 Electrical/mechanical equipment can be placed between joists.
 Clear, unobstructed tenant space.
 Less effect of vibrations due to stiffer system.
 Standard forms for the void spaces between ribs are either 20 or
30 inches wide, and 8, 10, 12, 16, or 20 inches deep.
7
Characteristics
 Economical for buildings such as apartment houses, hotels, and

hospitals, where the live loads are fairly small and the spans
comparatively long.
 Forms are tapered in cross section generally at a slope of 1 to 12

to facilitate removal.
Basic Steps for Structural Design
 Step No. 01 (Sizes): Sizes of all structural and non structural

elements are decided.
 Step No. 02 (Loads): Loads on structure are determined based

on occupational characteristics and functionality.
 Step No. 03 (Analysis): Effect of loads are calculated on all

structural elements.
 Step No. 04 (Design): Structural elements are designed for the

respective load effects following code provisions.
8
 Sizes:
 Depth of joist: Same table as used for one way slabs can be used to
find depth of joist.
 l = Span length (same as for solid one way slab)
 The depth of the joist includes the slab depth.
 Sizes:
 Width of joist:
 Minimum width of rib = Depth of rib/3.5 but not less than 4″.
 Depth of slab
 Minimum slab thickness = clear distance between ribs/12 but not less than 2″.
9
 Loads:
 One way Joist systems are usually designed for gravity loading
(U = 1.2D + 1.6L).
 The joist is analyzed for load (per running foot) over a width
equal to the center to center spacing between the joists as
shown:
b
 Analysis:
 For the purpose of analysis, a single T shaped joist is
considered.
10
 Analysis:
 ACI approximate analysis is applicable.
Uniformly distributed load (L/D 3)
Prismatic
 1.2n n members
Two or more spans

 Analysis:
wu
Integral with Simple

support support
n n n
Positive
1/14 1/16 1/11 Moment
x w  2
u n
Spandrel
support 1/24 1/10* 1/11 1/11 1/10* 0 Negative
Moment
Column
1/16 *1/9 (2 spans) x wun2
support
* 1/12 (for all spans with ln < 10 ft)

Note: For simply supported slab, M = wul2/8, where l = span length (ACI 8.7).
11
 Design:
 Design of joist for flexure:
 Design of one way joist is just like design of a beam.
 Design:
 Flexural Reinforcement Placement in joist
 Reinforcement for the joists usually consists of two bars in the positive
bending region, with one bar discontinued where no longer needed or bend
up to provide a part of negative steel requirement over the supporting
girder.
 One way joists are generally proportioned with the concrete providing all of
the shear strength, with no shear reinforcement used.
12
 Design:
Slab Main Reinforcement
(located at mid depth): As
required by flexural demand but
≥ ACI 7.12 (shrinkage reinf.)
For Joist negative bending: As

required by flexural demand ≥
ACI 10.5.1 (Minimum
reinforcement for flexural
members)
For Joist positive bending: As required
by flexural demand but ≥ ACI 10.5.1
(Minimum reinforcement for flexural
members)
 Design:
 Skin reinforcement
 ACI 10.6.7 states that if the effective depth d of a beam or joist exceeds 36
inches, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be provided as per ACI section
10.6.7.
13
 Design:
 Maximum Spacing Requirement for flexural reinforcement in slab
 If spacing is obtained by flexural demand than compare spacing with:
 Least of 3h or 18” (ACI 7.6.5)
 If shrinkage reinforcement is governing than compare spacing with:

 Least of 5h or 18” (ACI 7.12.2.2)
 Design:
 Design for Shear
 If Vu ≥ ΦVc, then shear capacity shall be increased either by
increasing rib depth or width or by providing single legged shear
reinforcement.
 If Vu < ΦVc the section is safe against shear. Even minimum

reinforcement as required for the beams with [ΦVc/2 < Vu < ΦVc] is
not required as per ACI 11.5.5.1.
14
 Design:
 ACI 11.5.5.1: Minimum shear reinforcement — A minimum area of
shear reinforcement shall be provided in all reinforced concrete
flexural members (prestressed and nonprestressed) where factored
shear force Vu exceeds one-half the shear strength provided by
concrete ΦVc, except:
 (a) Slabs and footings;
 (b) Concrete joist construction defined by 8.11;
 (c) Beams with total depth not greater than 10 inches.,
 Design:
 For joist construction, contribution of concrete to shear

strength Vc shall be permitted to be 10 percent more than that
specified in Chapter 11.
 Critical shear demand section shall be at a distance “d” from

the face of the support.
15
Example
 Determine the required depth and reinforcement for the one-

way joist system shown next. The joists are 6 inches wide and
are spaced 36 inches c/c. The slab is 3.5 inches thick.
 fc′ = 4000 psi ; fy = 60,000 psi
 Service Live Load (LL) = 60 psf
 Superimposed Dead Load (SDL) = 64 psf
 Width of spandrel beams = 20 inches ; Width of interior beams = 36 inches
 Columns: interior = 18  18 inches ; exterior = 16  16 inches
 Story height (typical) = 13 ft
Example
Plan View
Section A-A
16
Example
 Solution:
 Step No 01: Sizes
 l/18.5 = 30  12/18.5 = 19.5″ ; Use 19.5″ deep joist (16 + 3.5″)
 d = 19.5 – 0.75″ clear cover – ½ bar dia. (Assuming #8 bar) = 18.25″
 Width of the joist = 6″ > (rib depth/ 3.5 = 16/3.5 = 4.57″), OK.
Example
 Solution: b =36″
3.5″
 Step No 02: Loads
16″ 19.5″
 Area of rib (A) = 616 = 96 in2
 Dead Load of rib = Aγc = (96/144)0.15

6″
= 0.10 kip/ft
 Per foot dead load of slab = 0.15  (3.5  36)/144 = 0.131 kip/ft
 Per foot superimposed dead load on slab = 0.064  36/12 = 0.192 kip/ft
 Per foot live load on 36″ width = 0.060  36/12 = 0.18 kip/ft
 wu = 1.2DL+1.6LL=1.2(0.10+0.131+0.192)+1.60.18 = 0.795 kip/ft
17
Example
 Solution:
 Step No 03: Analysis

wu
Integral with
support
n n n
Positive
1/14 1/16 1/16 Moment
x w  2
u n
Spandrel
support 1/24 1/10 1/11 1/11 1/11 1/11 Negative
Moment
x wun2
Example
 Solution:
 Step No 03: Analysis

0.795 kip/ft
27.5 ' 27 '

12.34 12.34
10.93 Vu,ext = 9.72
Vu,int = 11.18
SFD (kip)
12.57 12.34
42.94 36.22
BMD (k-ft)
25.05
52.68 52.68 52.68
60.12
18
Example
 Solution:
 Step No 04: Design

 Design of joist for shear:
 Vu, ext = 9.72 kips ; Vu, int = 11.18 kips
 ΦVc = 1.10Φ2√ (fc′)bd
= 1.10  0.75  2  √ (4000)  6  18.25/1000 = 11.42 kips
 ΦVc > Vu, ext and Vu, int,OK
Example
 Solution:

 Design for positive moment (42.94 kip-ft)

 beff = 36″ (c/c spacing between joists)
 Check if joist is to be designed as rectangular beam or T-beam.
 Assume a = hf = 3.5″
As = Mu/ {Φfy(d–a/2)}=(42.9412)/ {0.9×60×(18.25–3.5/2)}= 0.57 in2
 Re-calculate “a”:
a = Asfy/ (0.85fc′beff) = 0.57 × 60/ (0.85 × 4 × 36) = 0.27″ < hf
 Therefore design joist as rectangular beam.
After trials, As = 0.53 in2 (2 #5 bars, 0.6 in2)
19
Example
 Solution:

 Design for exterior negative moment (25.05 kip-ft)
 b = 6″ (bottom width of joist) ; h = 19.5″ ; d = 18.25″
 After trials, As = 0.31 in2
 Asmin = (3√ (fc′)/fy)bd ≥ (200/fy)bd = 0.365 in2 , governs
 Therefore, As = 0.365 in2
 Distribute bars uniformly in top slab:
 As = 0.365/ 3 = 0.121 in2/ft (#3 @ 10″ c/c)
Example
 Solution:

 Design for interior negative moment (60.12 kip-ft)
 b = 6″ (bottom width of joist) ; h = 19.5″ ; d = 18.25″
 After trials, As = 0.78 in2
 Asmin = (3√ (fc′)/fy)bd ≥ (200/fy)bd = 0.365 in2
 Therefore, As = 0.78 in2
 Distribute bars uniformly in top slab:
 As = 0.78/ 3 = 0.26 in2/ft (#3 @ 5″ c/c)
20
Example
 Solution:

ln = 2.5′
 Design of slab for flexure:
 The slab reinforcement normal to the ribs is often located at mid-depth

of the slab to resist both positive and negative moments.
 wu = 1.2 (0.044+0.064)+1.6*0.06 =0.23 ksf
 Over the support, negative moment coefficient of 1/12 will be used.
 Mu = wuln2/12 = 0.23  2.52/12 = 0.12 ft-kip (1.44 in-kip)
 After trials, As = 0.015 in2/ft
 Asmin = 0.0018  12  3.5 = 0.08 in2/ft, governs (#3 @ 16.5″ c/c)
Example
 Solution:

 Design of slab for flexure:
 Maximum spacing allowed for temperature steel reinforcement :
 5hf = 5 × 3.5 = 17.5″
 18″
 Finally provide #3 @ 16″ c/c.
21
Example
 Solution:
 Step No 05: Drafting

#3 @ 5″ c/c
#3 @ 10″ c/c A #3 @ 16″ c/c
ln /4 = 6′-9″ ln /3 = 9′-3″ ln /3 = 9′-0″
3.5″
ln = 27.5′ ln = 27′
Beam
A
2 #5 bars in joist
Example
 Solution:
 Step No 05: Drafting #3 @ 16″ c/c, at mid depth

(shrinkage & temperature)
#3 @ 10″ c/c
(Main –ve)
2 #5 bars
(Main +ve)
Section A-A
22
Analysis and Design of Two-way Slab

System without Beams
(Flat Plates and Flat Slabs)
45
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
 There are two sections under this topic

 Section – I: Flexural Analysis of Two-Way Slab System
without Beams (Direct Design Method)
 Section – II: Shear Design for Two-Way Slab System

without Beams (Flat Plates and Flat Slabs)
23
Contents of Section-1
 Introduction to Direct Design Method (DDM)
 Steps in Direct Design Method (DDM).
 Detailing of Flexural Reinforcement
 Summary of Direct Design Method (DDM)
 Example
Introduction to DDM
 General:
 In the moment coefficient method of analysis used for slabs with
beams, the system is analyzed panel by panel.
 In DDM, frames rather than panels are analyzed.
Exterior Frame
Interior Frame
Interior Frame
Exterior Frame
24
Introduction to DDM
 General:
 For complete analysis of slab system frames, are analyzed in E-
W and N-S directions.
E-W Frames
N-S Frames
Introduction to DDM
 Limitations (ACI 13.6.1):

 Though DDM is useful for analysis of slabs, specially without beams,
the method is applicable with some limitations as discussed next.
25
Introduction to DDM
 Limitations (ACI 13.6.1):
Uniformly distributed loading (L/D ≤ 2)
1 ≥21 /3 1
Three or more spans
2 Rectangular slab
panels (2 or less:1) Column offset
≤ 2 /10
Steps in DDM
 Step 01: Sizes
 ACI table 9.5 (c) are used for finding the slab thickness.
26
Steps in DDM
 Step 02: Loads
 The slab load is calculated in usual manner.
Steps in DDM
 Step 03: Analysis
• Step I: Marking E-W Frame (Interior Frame)
Panel Centerline Half width of panel

Interior Frame l2 on one side
Col Centerline
Half width of panel
l1 on other side
Panel Centerline
According to ACI 13.6.2.3: Where the transverse span of panels on either side of the
centerline of supports varies, l2 shall be taken as the average of adjacent transverse spans.
27
Steps in DDM
• Step I: Marking E-W Frame (Exterior Frame)
h2/2
l2 Half width of panel

Exterior Frame on one side
l1
l2 = Panel width/2 +h2/2
Steps in DDM
• Step II: a) Marking Column Strip (For Interior Frame)

b) Marking Middle Strip (For Interior Frame)
l2 M.S/2
Half Column strip CS/2
C.S
CS/2
M.S/2
CS/2 = Least of l1/4 or l2/4

ln
l1
28
Steps in DDM
• Step II: a) Marking Column Strip (For Interior Frame)

b) Marking Middle Strip (For Interior Frame)
l2 5′
Half Column Strip 5′
10′
5′
5′
For l1 = 25′ and l2 = 20′, CS
and MS widths are given as
follows: ln
CS/2 = Least of l1/4 or l2/4

l1
l2/4 = 20/4 = 5′
Steps in DDM
• Step II: a) Marking Column Strip (For Exterior Frame)

b) Marking Middle Strip (For Exterior Frame)
h/2
CS Min. Panel Width/4
MS l2
CS = Min. Panel Width/4 + ½ (Col.

Size)
MS = l2 - CS
For Given Frame:

CS and MS widths are given as ln
follows:
l2 = ½ (20) + ½ (14/12) = 10.58
l1
CS = (20/4) + ½ (14/12) = 5.58
MS = 10.58 – 5.58 = 5′
29
Steps in DDM
 Step III: Calculate Static Moment (Mo) for interior span of frame.
wu 2 n2 Span of frame

Mo =
8 Mo
ln l2
Steps in DDM
 Step IV: Longitudinal Distribution of Static Moment (Mo).
M − = 0.65Mo M+
M + = 0.35Mo M− M−
30
Steps in DDM
 Step V: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.
M − = 0.65Mo 0.60M +
0.75M − 0.75M −
M + = 0.35Mo
Steps in DDM
 Step VI: Calculate Static Moment (Mo) for exterior span of frame.
wu 2 n2 Span of frame

Mo =
8 Mo
ln l2
31
Steps in DDM
 Step VII: Longitudinal distribution of static moment (Mo).
Mext − = 0.26Mo Mext

+
M ext+ = 0.52Mo Mext − Mint−
Mint- = 0.70Mo
Steps in DDM
 Step VIII: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.
Mext- = 0.26Mo
1.00Mext− 0.75Mint−
0.60Mext
M ext+ = 0.52Mo +
Mint- = 0.70Mo
32
Steps in DDM
 Step 03: Analysis (Summary)
 Distribution factors for longitudinal & Lateral Distribution to column and middle
strips.
Mext- = 0.26Mo
Mext+ = 0.52Mo
1.00Mext− 0.75Mint− 0.60M+
Mint- = 0.70Mo 0.60Mext 0.75M− 0.75M−
+
M- = 0.65Mo
M+ = 0.35Mo
Detailing of flexural reinforcement
 Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement requirement for slab

systems without beams:
 Maximum spacing (ACI 13.3.2):
smax = 2 hf in each direction.
 Minimum Reinforcement (ACI 7.12.2.1):
Asmin = 0.0018 bhf for grade 60.
Asmin = 0.002 bhf for grade 40 and 50.
33
 Reinforcement placement: In case of two way slabs supported on

beams, short-direction bars are normally placed closer to the top
or bottom surface of the slab, with the larger effective depth
because of greater moment in short direction.
 Reinforcement placement: However in the case of flat

plates/slabs, the long-direction negative and positive bars, in both
middle and column strips, are placed closer to the top or bottom
surface of the slab, respectively, with the larger effective depth
because of greater moment in long direction.
34
 Splicing: ACI 13.3.8.5 requires that all bottom bars within the column
strip in each direction be continuous or spliced with length equal to
1.0 ld. Splicing shall be provided in location where yielding is not
expected.
 Continuity of bars: At least two of the column strip bars in each

direction must pass within the column core and must be anchored
at exterior supports (ACI 13.3.8.5).
35
 Standard Bar Cut off Points (Practical Recommendation) for

column and middle strips both.
 Reinforcement at Exterior Corners:

l /5
 Reinforcement should be provided at
exterior corners in both the bottom and top
of the slab, for a distance in each direction
l /5
from the corner equal to one-fifth the

longer span of the corner panel as shown
in figure.
 The positive and negative reinforcement

should be of size and spacing equivalent to
that required for maximum positive l = longer clear span
moments (per foot of width) in the panel
(ACI 13.3.6)
36
Summary of Direct Design Method
 Decide about sizes of slab and columns. The slab depth can
be calculated from ACI table 9.5 (c).
 Find Load on slab (wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL)
 On given column plan of building, decide about location and

dimensions of all frames (exterior and interior)
 For a particular span of frame, find static moment (Mo =

wul2ln2/8).
Summary of Direct Design Method
 Find longitudinal distribution of static moment:

 Exterior span (Mext - = 0.26Mo; M ext + = 0.52Mo; Mint - = 0.70Mo)
 Interior span (Mint - = 0.65Mo; M int + = 0.35Mo)
 Find lateral Distribution of each longitudinal moment:

 100 % of Mext – goes to column strip
 60 % of Mext + and Mint+ goes to column strip
 75 % of Mint – goes to column strip
 The remaining moments goes to middle strips
 Design and apply reinforcement requirements (smax = 2hf)
37
Example
 Analyze the flat plate shown below using DDM. The slab supports a live
load of 144 psf. All columns are 14″ square. Take fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60
ksi.
 See BSc Lecture 5 for solution of this example.
25′ 25′ 25′ 25′
20′
20′
20′
Contents of Section-II
 General
 Various Design Options
 Example
38
General
 Punching Shear in Flat Plates

 Punching shear occurs at column support points in flat plates and flat slabs.
Shear crack
Punch Out
General
 Critical Section for Punching Shear
39
General
 Critical Section for Shear Design

 In shear design of flat plates, the critical section is an area taken at a
distance “d/2” from all face of the support.
Column Critical perimeter
Slab
Tributary Area, At
d/2 Slab thickness (h)
d/2 d = h − cover
General
 Punching Shear: Critical Perimeter, bo
c1,S d/2
c1,L
d/2
bo = 2(c1,S + d) + 2(c1,L + d)
40
General
c1,S d/2
d/2
c1,L
d/2
bo = 2(c1,S + d/2) + (c1,L + d)
General
c1,L
d/2
c1,S d/2
bo = (c1,S + d/2) + (c1,L + d/2)
41
General
 Punching Shear Demand (Vu): For Square Column
Critical Perimeter, bo:
bo = 4(c + d)
Area Contributing to Load l2

(Excluding Area of bo), At :
At = (l1  l2) – (c + d)2 / 144

[l1 & l2 are in ft. units and c & d are in
inches]
l1
Punching Shear Demand:
Vu = W u  At
General
 Capacity of Slab in Punching Shear:

 ΦVn = ΦVc + ΦVs
 ΦVc is least of:

 Φ4√ (fc′)bod
 Φ(2 + 4/βc) √ (fc′)bod
 Φ{(αsd/bo +2} √ (fc′)bod
βc = longer side of column/shorter side of column
αs = 40 for interior column, 30 for edge column, 20 for corner columns
42
Various Design Options
 When ΦVc ≥ Vu (Φ = 0.75): Nothing is required.
 When ΦVc < Vu, then we need to increase the punching shear capacity of the
slab.
 Punching shear capacity of the flat plates can be increased by either of the
following ways:
i. Increasing d ,depth of slab: This can be done by increasing the slab depth as a
whole or in the vicinity of column (Drop Panel)
ii. Increasing bo, critical shear perimeter: This can be done by increasing column size
as a whole or by increasing size of column head (Column capital)
iii. Increasing fc′ (high Strength Concrete)
 And/ or provide shear reinforcement (ΦVs) in the form of:

 Integral beams
 Bent Bars
 Shear heads
 Shear studs
43
 Drop Panels (ACI 9.5.3.2 and 13.3.7.1):
 Column Capital:
• ACI 13.1.2 requires the column capital should be oriented no greater than 450 to the axis of the
column.
• ACI 6.4.6 requires that the capital concrete be placed at the same time as the slab concrete. As a
result, the floor forming becomes considerably more complicated and expensive.
• The increased perimeter can be computed by equating Vu to ΦVc and simplifying the resulting
equation for b0
44
 Integral Beam and Bent Bars:

 In case of integral beam or bent bar reinforcement following must be
satisfied.
 ACI 11.12.3 requires the slab effective depth d to be at least 6 in., but not
less than 16 times the diameter of the shear reinforcement.
 When bent bars and integral beams are to be used, ACI 11.12.3 reduces
ΦVc by 2
 Integral Beams
 Integral Beams require the design of two main components:
i. Vertical stirrups
ii. Horizontal bars radiating outward from column faces.
Vertical Stirrups
Horizontal Bars
45
 Integral Beams (Vertical Stirrups)
Vertical stirrups are used in

conjunction with supplementary
horizontal bars radiating outward
in two perpendicular directions
from the support to form what are
termed integral beams contained
entirely within the slab thickness.
In such a way, critical perimeter

is increased
Increased
Vertical stirrups
Critical
For 4 sides, total stirrup area is 4 times
Perimeter, bo
individual 2 legged stirrup area
 Integral Beams (Horizontal Bars)
• How much should be the length of the horizontal

bars, lv
Critical Perimeter, bo
• lv can be determined using the critical perimeter
¾ (lv – c/2) bo
• Distance from the face of column to the boundary

of critical perimeter = ¾ (lv – c/2)
c
X = ¾ (lv – c/2)
X = ¾ (lv – c/2)
lv
R
bo = 4R + 4c
46
 Integral Beams
 For Square Column of Size “c”: Critical Perimeter,
bo
 bo = 4R + 4c ........ (1) ¾ (lv – c/2)
 R = √ (X 2 + X 2 ) = √ (2) X
c
 Eq (1) => bo = 4√ (2) X + 4c
putting value of lv : bo = 4√ (2){(3/4)(lv – c1/2)} + 4c

R
after simplification, we get: bo = 4.24 lv + 1.88c
 The above equation can be used for determining the X = ¾ (lv – c/2)
length up to which the horizontal bars should be extended
X = ¾ (lv – c/2)
beyond the face of column.
Example
 Design the flat plate as shown below for punching shear. The slab
supports a live load of 144 psf. All columns are 14″ square. Take fc′ = 4
ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
 See BSc Lecture 5 for solution of this example.
25′ 25′ 25′ 25′
20′
20′
20′
47
Two-Way Joist System
Contents
 General
 Behavior
 Characteristics
 Basic Steps for Structural Design
 Some Important Points
 Example
48
General
 A two-way joist system, or waffle slab, comprises evenly spaced

concrete joists spanning in both directions and a reinforced
concrete slab cast integrally with the joists.
Joist
General
 Like one-way joist system, a two way system will be called as

two-way joist system if clear spacing between ribs (dome width)
does not exceed 30 inches.
49
General
General
 The joists are commonly formed by using standard square “dome”

forms and the domes are omitted around the columns to form the
solid heads.
Solid Head
50
General
 Standard Dome Data: The dome for waffle slab can be of any size.
However the commonly used standard domes are discussed as follows:
 30-inch × 30-inch square domes with 3-inch flanges; from

which 6-inch wide joist ribs at 36-inch centers are formed:
these are available in standard depths of 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and
20 inches.
 19-inch × 19-inch square domes with 2 ½-inch flanges, from

which 5-inch wide joist ribs at 24-inch centers are formed.
These are available in standard depths of 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16
inches.
General
 Standard Dome Data
51
Behavior
 The behavior of two-way joist slab is similar to a two way flat

Slab system.
Characteristics
 Dome voids reduce dead load.
 Attractive ceiling (waffle like appearance).
 Electrical fixtures can be placed in the voids.
 Particularly advantageous where the use of longer spans and/or

heavier loads are desired without the use of deepened drop
panels or supported beams.
52
 Step No. 01 (Sizes): Sizes of all structural and non structural

elements are decided.
 Step No. 02 (Loads): Loads on structure are determined based

on occupational characteristics and functionality.
 Step No. 03 (Analysis): Effect of loads are calculated on all

structural elements.
 Step No. 04 (Design): Structural elements are designed for the

respective load effects following code provisions.
 Sizes
 Minimum Joist Depth
 For Joist depth determination, waffle slabs are considered as flat slab
(ACI 13.1.3, 13.1.4 & 9.5.3).
 The thickness of equivalent flat slab is taken from table 9.5 (c).
 The thickness of slab and depth of rib of waffle slab can be then
computed by equalizing the moment of inertia of equivalent flat slab to
that of waffle slab.
 However since this practice is time consuming, tables have been

developed to determine the size of waffle slab from equivalent flat slab
thickness.
53
 Sizes
 Minimum Joist Depth
 Equivalent Flat Slab Thickness
 ACI 318-05 – Sect. 9.5.3
 Sizes
 Minimum Joist Depth
 Slab and rib depth from equivalent flat slab thickness
Table 01: Waffle flat slabs (19" × 19" voids at 2'-0")-Equivalent thickness
Rib + Slab Depths (in.) Equivalent Thickness te (in.)
8+3 8.89
8+4½ 10.11
10 + 3 10.51
10 + 4 ½ 11.75
12 + 3 12.12
12 + 4 ½ 13.38
14 + 3 13.72
14 + 4 ½ 15.02
16 + 3 15.31
16 + 4 ½ 16.64
Reference: Table 11-2 of CRSI Design Handbook 2002.
Note: Only first two columns of the table are reproduced here.
54
 Sizes
 Minimum Joist Depth
 Slab and rib depth from equivalent flat slab thickness
Table 02: Waffle flat slabs (30" × 30" voids at 3'-0")-Equivalent thickness
8+3 8.61
8+4½ 9.79
10 + 3 10.18
10 + 4 ½ 11.37
12 + 3 11.74
12 + 4 ½ 12.95
14 + 3 13.3
14 + 4 ½ 14.54
16 + 3 14.85
16 + 4 ½ 16.12
20 + 3 17.92
20 + 4 ½ 19.26
Reference: Table 11-2 of CRSI Design Handbook 2002.
Note: Only first two columns of the table are reproduced here.
 Sizes
 Minimum Width of Rib
 ACI 8.11.2 states that ribs shall be not less than 4 inches in width.
 Maximum Depth of Rib

 ACI 8.11.2 also states that ribs shall have a depth of not more than 3 ½ times
the minimum width of rib.
 Minimum Slab Thickness

 ACI 8.11.6.1 states that slab thickness shall be not less than one-twelfth the
clear distance between ribs, nor less than 2 inch.
55
 Sizes
 Solid Head
 Dimension of solid head on either side of column centerline is equal to l/6.
 The depth of the solid head is equal to the depth of the combined depth of ribs
and top slab.
 Loads
 Floor dead load for two-way joist with certain dome size, dome depth can be
calculated from the table shown for two options of slab thicknesses (3 inches and 4 ½
inches).
Table 03: Standard Dome Dimensions and other Data

Floor Dead Load (psf) per slab
Dome Depth Volume of Void thickness
Dome Size
(inches) (ft3)
3 inches 4 ½ inches
8 3.98 71 90
10 4.92 80 99
12 5.84 90 109
30 inches
14 6.74 100 119
16 7.61 111 129
20 9.3 132 151
8 1.56 79 98
10 1.91 91 110
19 inches 12 2.25 103 122
14 2.58 116 134
16 2.9 129 148
Reference: Table 11-1, CRSI Design Handbook 2002
56
 Loads
 Floor dead load (wdj) for two-way joist can
also be calculated as follows:
Volume of solid: 36″
Vsolid = (36  36  11)/1728 = 8.24 ft3 3″
Volume of void: 8″
Vvoid = (30  30  8)/1728 = 4.166 ft3
Total Load of joists per dome: 30″

wdj = (Vsolid – Vvoid)  γconc
= ( 8.24 – 4.166)  0.15 = 0.61 kips/ dome
Total Load of joists per sq. ft:

wdj/ (dome area) = 0.61/ (3  3) = 0.0679 ksf
= 68 psf ≈ 71 psf (from table 03)
The difference is because sloped ribs are not considered.
Plan

 Loads
 Loads in an interior span of a two way joist system can be
calculated as follows:
a a
wdj
wsj wsj
b a a
l2
ln
W sh = W sj + W dj
ln
W sj = W sh - W dj
l1 W sh = Dead load of solid head
W dj = Dead load of joist
a = b/2 – c/2 – half joist width W sj = Dead load of solid head excluding joist
57
 Loads
 Factored loads can be calculated as: wuj = 1.2 wdj + 1.6wL
1.2 wsj 1.2 wsj

 If wL = live load (load/area)
 wdj = dead load of joists, then

a a
ln
 Factored load due to joists (wj)
wuj = 1.2 wdj + 1.6wL
 Factored load due to wsj ln
wusj = 1.2 wsj
Where, wsj = (wdsh –wdj) l2 b
 Analysis
 ACI code allows use of DDM for analysis of waffle slabs (ACI R13.1).
In such a case, waffle slabs are considered as flat slabs, with the
solid head acting as drop panels (ACI 13.1.3).
58
 Analysis
 Static moment calculation for DDM analysis:
wuj
wusj wusj
ln a a
ln
Moj ln
Mosj
l2 b
Moj = wujl2ln2/8 Mosj = wusjba2/2
Mo = Moj + Mosj
 Design
 Design for Flexure
 The design of waffle slab for flexure is done like solid slab design.
59
 Design Slab Reinforcement (located at

mid depth): As required by flexural
 Placement of Flexural Reinforcement demand but ≥ ACI 7.12 (shrinkage
reinf.), with max spacing least of 5h
or 18”
For Main Negative Reinforcement:

Each joist rib contains two bottom bars. As required by flexural demand but ≥
Straight bars are supplied over the column ACI 7.12 (shrinkage reinf.), with max
centerlines for negative factored moment. spacing least of 2h or 18”
For Main Positive Reinforcement: As

required by flexural demand but ≥ ACI
7.12 (shrinkage reinf.)
 Design
 Design for punching shear
 The solid head shall be checked against punching shear.
 The critical section for punching shear is taken at a section d/2

from face of the column, where d is the effective depth at solid
head.
60
Two-Way Joist
 Design
 Design for Beam Shear
 Beam shear is not usually a problem in slabs including waffle slabs.
However for completion of design, beam shear may also be checked.
Beam shear can cause problem in case where larger spans and heavier
loads with relatively shallow waffle slabs are used.
 The critical section for beam shear is taken at a section d from face of
the column, where d is the effective depth at solid head.
 For joist construction, contribution of concrete to shear strength Vc shall

be permitted to be 10 percent more than that specified in Chapter 11.
 If required, one or two single legged stirrups are provided in the rib to
increase the shear capacity of waffle slab.
121
Some Important Points

 For layouts that do not meet the standard 2-feet and 3-feet
modules, it is preferable that the required additional width be
obtained by increasing the width of the ribs framing into the solid
column head.
61
Some Important Points

 The designer should sketch out the spacing for a typical panel
and correlate with the column spacing as a part of the early
planning.
Example
 Design the slab system of hall shown in figure as waffle slab,

according to ACI 318. Use Direct Design Method for slab
analysis.
 fc′ = 4 ksi
 fy = 60 ksi
 Live load = 100 psf
62
Example
 Solution:
 A 108′ × 144′ building, divided into twelve (12) panels, supported at
their ends on columns. Each panel is 36′ × 36′.
 The given slab system satisfies all the necessary limitations for Direct
Design Method to be applicable.
Example
 Step No 01: Sizes

 Columns
 Let all columns be 18″ × 18″.
 Slab
 Adopt 30″ × 30″ standard dome.
 Minimum equivalent flat slab thickness (hf) can be found using ACI Table 9.5 (c):
 Exterior panel governs. Therefore,
hf = ln/33
ln = 36 – (2 × 18/2)/12 = 34.5′
hf = (34.5/33) × 12 = 12.45″
63
Example
 Slab
 The closest depth of doom that will fulfill the requirement of equivalent thickness of
flat slab equal to 12.45″ is 12 in. with a slab thickness of 4 ½ in. for a dome size of
30-in.
Table: Waffle flat slabs (30" × 30" voids at 3'-0")-Equivalent thickness

8+3 8.61
8+4½ 9.79
10 + 3 10.18
10 + 4 ½ 11.37
12 + 3 11.74
12 + 4 ½ 12.95
14 + 3 13.3
14 + 4 ½ 14.54
16 + 3 14.85
16 + 4 ½ 16.12
20 + 3 17.92
20 + 4 ½ 19.26
Example
l = 36′-0″ = 432″
 Step No 01: Sizes Standard module = 36″  36″
 Planning of Joist layout No. of modules in 36′-0″:

n = 432/36 = 12
Joist width = 6”
Planning:
First joist is placed on interior column
centerline with progressive placing of
other joists towards exterior ends of
panel. To flush the last joist with external
column, the width of exterior joist comes
out to be 15″ (6″+Column size /2) as
shown in plan view.
64
Example

 Solid Head
 Solid head dimension from column centerline = l/6 = 36/6 = 6′
 Total required length of solid head= 2  6 = 12′
 As 3′  3′ module is selected, therefore 4 voids including joist width will make an interior
solid head of 12.5′  12.5′. (Length of solid head = c/c distance between rib + rib width )
 Depth of the solid head = Depth of standard module = 12 + 4.5 = 16.5′′
c/c between ribs= 4x3 = 12′
Rib width= 3+3 inches
Total = 12′ +0.5′

=12.5′
Example
 Step No 02: Loads

 Floor (joist) dead load (wdj) = 109 psf = 0.109 ksf
Table: Standard Dome Dimensions and other Data

Floor Dead Load (psf) per slab
Volume of Void thickness
Dome Size Dome Depth (in.)
(ft3)
3 inches 4 ½ inches
8 3.98 71 90
10 4.92 80 99
12 5.84 90 109
30-in
14 6.74 100 119
16 7.61 111 129
20 9.3 132 151
8 1.56 79 98
10 1.91 91 110
19-in 12 2.25 103 122
14 2.58 116 134
16 2.9 129 148
Reference: Table 11-1, CRSI Design Handbook 2002
65
Example

 Floor (joist) dead load (wdj) = 109 psf = 0.109 ksf
 Solid head dead load wsh = γchsh = 0.15 ×{(12 + 4.5)/12 = 0.20625
 Solid Head dead load excluding joist (wsj) = wsh – wdj
= 0.20625 – 0.109 = 0.097 ksf
wsj wsj
wdj
a a
ln
Example

 wL = 100 psf = 0.100 ksf
wuj = 1.2 wdj + 1.6wL
 Load due to joists plus LL (wuj)
1.2 wsj 1.2 wsj
wuj = 1.2 wdj + 1.6wL
= 1.2 0.109 + 1.60.100 a a

ln
= 0.291 ksf
 Load due to solid head (wush)
wush = 1.2wsj
= 1.2  0.097 = 0.1164 ksf
66
Example
 Step No 03: Frame Analysis (E-W Interior Frame)

 Marking E-W Interior Frame:
l2 = 36′
Example

 Marking of Column and Middle Strips:
MS/2 = 9′
CS/2 = 9′ l2 = 36′
CS/2 = Least of l1/4 or l2/4 CS/2 = 9′
MS/2 = 9′
l2/4 = 36/4 = 9′
67
Example

 Static Moment Calculation a
wuj Solid head
wusj wusj
ln a ln a
Moj
Mosj b
Moj = wujl2ln2/8 Mosj = wusjba2/2

b
Mo = Moj + Mosj
a a
a = b/2 – c/2 – half joist width
a = 12.5/2 - 1.5/2 - 0.25

l2 b = 5.25 ft
ln b = 12.5 ft
l1
Example

 Static Moment Calculation
 Moj (due to joists) = wojl2ln2/8
= 0.291 × 36 × 34.52/8 = 1557.56 ft-kip
Mosj (moment due to solid head excluding joists) = wusj ba2/2
= 0.1164×12.5×5.252/2 = 20 ft-kip
Mo (total static moment) = Moj + Mosj = 1557.56 + 20 = 1577.56 ft-kip
Note: Since normally Mosj is much smaller than Moj , the former can be
conveniently ignored in design calculations.
68
Example

 Static Moment Calculation.
l2 = 36′
Example

 Longitudinal distribution of Total static moment (Mo).
0.52 0.35 0.52

l2 = 36′
0.26 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.26
69
Example

820 552 820

l2 = 36′
ML = Mo × (D.F)L 410 1104 1025 1025 1104 410
Units: ft-kip
Example

 Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).
0.60 0.60 0.60

l2 = 36′
1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00
70
Example

ML,ext- = 410 kip-ft

ML,ext+ = 820 kip-ft
ML,int- = 1104 kip-ft
ML,- = 1025 kip-ft
ML,+ = 552 kip-ft
0 328/2 276/2 256/2 221/2 256/2 276/2 328/2 0

492 331 492
MLat = ML × (D.F)Lat 410 828 769 769 828 410 l2 = 36′

0 328/2 276/2 256/2 221/2 256/2 276/2 328/2 0
Example


ML,- = 1025 kip-ft
ML,+ = 552 kip-ft
0 18.22 15.33 14.22 12.3 14.22 15.33 18.22 0

27.3 18.38 27.3
22.8 46 42.7 42.7 46 22.8 l2 = 36′
MLat per foot = Mlat/strip width
0 18.22 15.3 14.22 12.3 14.22 15.33 18.22 0
3
71
Example
 Step No 03: Frame Analysis (E-W Exterior Frame)

l2 = 18 + c/2
 Static Moment Calculation = 18 + (18/12)/2
= 18.75′
 Moj (due to joists) = wojl2ln2/8 c = column dimension
= 0.291 × 18.75 × 34.52/8 = 811.78 ft-kip
Mosj (moment due to solid head excluding joists) = wusj ba2/2
= 0.1164×7×5.252/2 = 12.83 ft-kip
Mo (total static moment) = Moj + Mosj = 811.78 + 12.83 = 825 ft-kip
Example

 Static Moment Calculation.
l2 = 18.75′
72
Example

0.52 0.35 0.52

0.26 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.26
Example

ML = Mo × (D.F)L
429 289 429
215 578 536 536 578 215
Units: ft-kip
73
Example

0.60 0.60 0.60

1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00
Example


ML,- = 536 kip-ft
ML,+ = 289 kip-ft
MLat = ML × (D.F)Lat
215 257 434 402 173 769 402 257 215
0 172 144 134 116 134 144 172 0
74
Example


ML,- = 536 kip-ft
ML,+ = 289 kip-ft
MLat per foot = Mlat/strip width

23.8 28.6 48.2 44.7 19.2 44.7 48.2 28.6 23.8
0 17.64 14.76 13.74 11.89 13.74 14.76 17.64 0
Example
 Step No 03: Frame Analysis

 Analysis of N-S Interior and Exterior Frame will be same as E-W respective
frames due to square panels.
75
Example
 Step No 04: Design

 E-W Interior Slab Strip:
0 18.22 15.33 14.22 12.3 14.22 15.33 18.22 0
27.3 18.38 27.3

22.8 46 42.7 42.7 46 22.8
l2 = 36′
0 18.22 15.33 14.22 12.3 14.22 15.33 18.22 0
Example

 E-W Exterior Frame.
23.8 28.6 48.2 19.2 48.2 28.6 23.8
0 17.64 14.76 11.89 14.76 17.64 0
76
Example

 Design of N-S Interior and Exterior Frame will be same as E-W
respective frames due to square panels and also for the reason that
davg is used in design.
 davg = 16.5 – (0.75 inch (cover) + ¾ inch (Assumed bar diameter) =

15 inch
 This will be used for both directions positive as well as negative

reinforcement.
Example
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Frames)
• Negative Reinforcement
• M = 46 ft-k =46 x12 = 552 in-k

• d = 15
• fy = 60 ksi
• As = 0.7 in2
• S= 0.44/0.7 x 12 = 7.2 inch

• Finally using #6 @ 6” c/c & 12” c/c in
the column strips at all interior & #6 @ 12″ #6 @ 6″ #6 @ 6″ #6 @ 12″
exterior supports respectively.
• in the middle strip use #6 @ 18” c/c. #6 @ 18″ #6 @ 18″ #6 @ 18″ #6 @ 18″
#6 @ 12″ #6 @ 6″ #6 @ 6″ #6 @ 12″
77
Example
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Frames)

 Positive reinforcement
 For M = 27 ft-k =27x12 = 324in-k
 d = 15
 fy = 60 ksi
 As = 0.373 in2 This is per foot reinforcement. For 18 feet col strip, this will be equal to
0.373 x 18 = 6.714 in2
 There are 6 joists in 18 feet with. Therefore per rib reinforcement = 1.12
 Using # 7 bars, 2 bars per joist rib will be provided in the column as well as middle strips.
Example
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Interior Frame)
18′-0″
#6 @ 6″ c/c
Column Strip at interior support

2 #7 Bars
#6 @ 12″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Column Strip at exterior support

78
Example
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Interior Frame)
18′-0″
#6 @ 18″ c/c
Middle Strip at interior support

2 #7 Bars
#6 @ 18″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Middle Strip at Exterior support

Example
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Exterior Frame)

9′-0″
#6 @ 6″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Column Strip at interior support
#6 @ 12″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Column Strip at exterior support
79
Example
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Exterior Frame)

9′-0″
#6 @ 18″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Middle Strip at interior support

#6 @ 18″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Middle Strip at exterior support
Example

 Note: For the completion of design problem, the waffle slab should
also be checked for beam shear and punching shear.
80
References
 ACI 318-02
 CRSI Design Handbook
 Design of Concrete Structures by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan [13th

Ed]
The End
81

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

 Organization of the lecture

 Analysis & design of one way slab system

 Analysis & design of one way joist system

 Analysis & design of two way slab system with beams

 Analysis & design of two way slab system without beams

 Analysis & design of two way joist system

Organization of the Lecture

 Analysis & design of one way slab system

 Analysis & design of one way joist system

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Organization of the Lecture

 Analysis & design of two way slab system with beams

Organization of the Lecture

 Analysis & design of two way slab system without beams

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Organization of the Lecture

 Analysis & design of two way joist system

Organization of the Lecture

 Therefore in this lecture, only the following topics will be

 Analysis & design of two way joist system

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis & design of one way

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

 Joist Construction: Joist construction consists of a

 A structural system will be however called as joist system if

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

 If the system does not fulfill the requirements of joist system

 Suitable for long spans

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

 Pan voids reduce dead load.

 Electrical/mechanical equipment can be placed between joists.

 Clear, unobstructed tenant space.

 Less effect of vibrations due to stiffer system.

 Economical for buildings such as apartment houses, hotels, and

 Forms are tapered in cross section generally at a slope of 1 to 12

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Basic Steps for Structural Design

 Step No. 01 (Sizes): Sizes of all structural and non structural

 Step No. 02 (Loads): Loads on structure are determined based

 Step No. 03 (Analysis): Effect of loads are calculated on all

 Step No. 04 (Design): Structural elements are designed for the

Basic Steps for Structural Design

 l = Span length (same as for solid one way slab)

 The depth of the joist includes the slab depth.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Basic Steps for Structural Design

Basic Steps for Structural Design

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Basic Steps for Structural Design

Basic Steps for Structural Design

Uniformly distributed load (L/D 3)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Basic Steps for Structural Design

Integral with Simple

* 1/12 (for all spans with ln < 10 ft)

Basic Steps for Structural Design

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Basic Steps for Structural Design

Basic Steps for Structural Design

For Joist negative bending: As

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Basic Steps for Structural Design