Short RCC Notes by Devesh Sir.

RCC
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
SHORT NOTES
DEVESH PATHAK SIR
R.C.C
1 BASIC INTRODUCTION
OF RCC
Introduction of RCC
Francois Coignet was a French industrialist of the nineteenth century. Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete as a
technique for constructing building structures.
Ques: R.C.C. was developed and first used by:

(a) Joseph Monier (b) John Smeaton
(b) Francois Coignet (d) Joseph Aspdin
Joseph Monier founded ferro-cement. John Smeaton is considered the father of Civil
Engineering. Joseph Asphdin founded Portland cement. Francois Coignet was a French
industrialist and the first to use iron-reinforced concrete.
PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

• ;g ,d ,slk Paste gS ftlesa Water, Binding materials, Fine Aggregate, Coarse Aggregate o Admixture (if Required)
dks fdlh fuf'pr vuqikr esa feykdj cuk;k tkrk gSA
• Generally PCC dh Strength, Compression esa vPNh gksrh gS tcfd Tension esa cgqr de gksrh gSA
• Tensile strength of concrete =1/10th of Compressive strength
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete)
• tc PCC esa fdlh vU; Material dk Reinforcement ¼izcyu½ djds Concrete dh Tensile Strength dks c<+k fn;k tkrk gS rks
mls RCC dgrs gSA
• Reinforcement ds :i esa lkekU;r% Steel dk Use fd;k tkrk gSA
• RCC ,d Composite Material gSA
Grade of Concrete:- According to New Code (2019)

M15 Grade • M → Mix • 15 → Characteristics Strength (fck) ¼vfHky{kf.kd lkeF;Z½ (N/mm2 )
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.2

R.C.C
Type of Concrete Designation of Concrete Characteristics Strength (fck) (N/mm2)

Ordinary Concrete M-10, M-15, M-20 (M-10 to M-20) 10 N/mm2, 15 N/mm2, 20 N/mm2
Standard Concrete M-25, M-30, M-35, M-40, M-45, M-50, M-55, M-60 25 N/mm2 to 60 N/mm2
(M-25 to M-60)
High Strength Concrete M-65, M-70, M-75, M-80, M-85, M-90, M-95, M- 65 N/mm2 to 100 N/mm2
100, (M-65 to M-100)
Note:
• mijksDr Table esa (M-Mix) rFkk mlds side esa fy[kk gqvk Number dks Concrete dh Compressive Strength dgrs gSA tks fd
Concrete 150 mm ds Cube dh 28 days rd Curing ¼rjkbZ½ djus ds i'pkr~ izkIr gksrh gSA
• M-60 ds Above IS-456:2000 valid ugha gS vFkkZr~ M-60 ds Åij okys Concrete ds fy, Experimental Analysis fd;s tkrs gSA
Characteristics Strength
• ;g Concrete dh og Strength gS tks Test Result dh 95% dh iqf"V djrk gSA rFkk dsoy 5% Test Result viuh Strength ls
igys Fail gks tk;sA
• 1 Sample dk eryc 3 Specimen gksrk gsA rFkk izR;sd Specimen esa Strength dk Variation ± 15% ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
Cubical (Specimen)
• 1 Sample = 3 Specimen
• Specimen ij Loading ges'kk Side Faces ij Apply dh tkrh gSA
• Specimen Size = 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm
Note:
• Cylinder dh rqyuk esa Cube Specimen dh Strength 1.25 Timex ¼xquk½ gksrh gSA tcfd Cube dh rqyuk esa Cylinder Specimen
dh Strength 0.80 Timex ¼xquk½ gksrh gSA
• Strength of Cylinder = 0.80 of Cube Strength (80% of Cube Strength)
• Strength of Cube = 1.25 of Strength of Cylinder (1.25% of Cylinder Strength)

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Aggregate
• lkekU; RCC Work ds fy, Nominal Size of Aggregate 20 mm fy;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ;fn laHko gks rks bldh Size dks 40 mm
rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gS rFkk Congested Reinforcement ds Case esa 10 mm size Hkh j[kk tk ldrk gSA
Note:
Aggregate dh Max. Size, Member dh Thickness ds 1/4th ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
Water
• Concrete ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk Water, Drinking Water gksuk pkfg,A vFkkZr% bldh pH Value = 6.5 to 8.5 ds chp esa
gksuh pkfg,A
• Concrete ds fy, Sea Water dk use ugha fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d blesa Salt dh ek=k lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA
• Concrete ds fy, iz;ksx fdls x;s Water Source ls cuk;h x;h Concrete Mix o Distilled Water (Neutral Water pH = 7) ls
cuk;h x;h Concrete Mix dh Strength esa difference 10% ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
Permissible Limit of Impurity in Water:- निम्नािुसार
(1) Chlorides (IS 3025-Part:32)

• For PCC 2000 PPM or Mg/Ltr
• For RCC 500 Mg/Ltr
(2) Organic Compounds(IS 3025-Part:18) 200 Mg/Ltr
(3) Sulphates(IS 3025-Part:24) 400 Mg/Ltr
(4) Inorganic Compounds(IS 3025-Part:18) 3000 Mg/Ltr
(5) Suspended Matters(IS 3025-Part:17) 2000 Mg/Ltr
Exposure Conditions
1. Mild Exposure
tc Concrete dh Surface, Atmospheric Effects ls vFkok fdlh vkØed fLFkfr (Dangerous Situation) ls safe gksA2. Moderate
Exposure
tc Concrete dh Surface vR;f/kd o"kkZ o Snowfall ds izfr Safe gks vFkkZr~ Concrete dh Surface fdlh Salt Chemical ds Contact
esa uk gksA

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3. Severe Exposure
;fn Concrete dh Surface vR;f/kd o"kkZ Snowfall vkSj ,d ds ckn ,d Drying and Welting gksuk vFkok Sea Water ds Contact esa
Safe jgsA
4. Very Severe Exposure

Concrete dh Surface yxkrkj leqnzh ckSNkj Spray vkfn ds Contact esa gks rFkk mlds izfr Safe Hkh gksA
5. Extreme Exposure
tc Concrete dh Surface Acid Rain, bR;kfn ds Contact esa gksrh gS rks mls Extreme Exposure dgrs gSA vFkok Tidal Zone esa gksA
Proportions of Concrete
Lean Concrete Rich Concrete
C:S:A C:S:A
• M-5 → 1 : 5 : 10 M-15 → 1 : 2 : 4
• M-7.5 → 1 : 4 : 8 M-20 → 1 : 1.5 : 3
• M-10 → 1: 3 : 6 M-25 → 1 (Cement) : 1 (F.A) : 2(C.A)
Lean Concrete
Lean Concrete dk Use lkekU;r% Foundation ds Base es]a Flooring ds Base es]a vFkok Mass Concreting etc esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Reinforcement
• tc PCC ds lkFk esa fdlh vU; Material dk use djds bldh Tensile Strength dks c<+k fn;k tkrk gS rks bls Reinforcement
dgrs gSA
• Reinforcement ds :i esa Steel dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d Coefficient of Thermal Expansion yxHkx Concrete ds leku
gksrk gSA
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

• For Steel =11106 /C
• For Concrete =12106 /C
• Steel dks fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa dh otg ls Hkh Reinforcement ds :i esa use fd;k tkrk gS
1. Steel, Economical gksrk gS ckdh Materials ds Comparison esAa
2. Steel, Market esa Easily Available gksrk gSA
3. Steel dh Compressive vkSj Tensile Strength yxHkx leku gksrh gSA
4. Steel dk Concrete ds lkFk Bond, Proper and mÙke gksrk gSA
5. Steel dh Strength, Other Material dh rqyuk esa dkQh vf/kd gksrh gSA
Grades of Steel
• Fe-250 → Mild Steel
• Fe-415 → TOR Bar
• Fe-500 → TMT Bar

R.C.C
• Fe-550 → TMT Bar HYSD (High Yield Strength Deformed Bars)

• TMT→ Thermo Mechanically Treated
• TOR → Trade Name of Steel (Market Name)
Example:- Fe-250
• Fe → Ferrous
• 250 → Yield Stress of Steel (fy)/fy = 250 N/mm2
Tensile Strength of Concrete:- (Indirect Test)
A. Flexural (Bending) Tensile Strength

• 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.7√𝑓𝑐𝑘
• fcr = Flexural Tensile Stress of Concrete
B. Spliting Tensile Strength

• fct = 0.66 fcr
• 𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 0.462√𝑓𝑐𝑘
• fct = Spiliting Tensile Stress of Concrete
C. Direct Tensile Strength

• fd = (0.5 to 0.625) fcr
• fd = direct Tensile Stress of Concrete
• fck = Characteristics Strength of Concrete
fct > fct > fd
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete (Young's Modulus)
Short Term Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

• 𝐸𝐶 = 5000√𝑓𝑐𝑘 → According to IS : 456 : 2000 (LSM)
• 𝐸𝐶 = 5700√𝑓𝑐𝑘 → According to IS : 456 : 1978 (WSM)
Long Term Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

𝐸
• 𝐸𝐶𝐿 = 1+𝜃
𝐶
where, θ → Creep Coefficient (Time Dependent Phenomena)

• Creep Coefficient dh value Time c<+us ds lkFk de gksrh tkrh gSA tcfd Creep dh value, Time ds lkFk c<+rh tkrh gSA
Time θ
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1
Creep

R.C.C
• Concrete esa Creep ml ij Permanent Stress dh Value ij depend djrk gSA lkFk vU; Factors ij Hkh depend djrk gS tks
fuEu gS
1. Types of Loading
2. Quality of Material
3. Time Period of Loading
4. Age of Concrete
5. Temperature etc.
• Creep Strain dh value, Creep Coefficient dh Help ls Kkr dh tkrh gSA
• fdlh Concrete Member esa Creep Strain dk eku] Elastic Strain ds vykok Develop gksrk gSA
• Total Strain () = Elastic + Creep
Creep Coefficient
Creep Coefficient is the Ratio of Ultimate Creep Strain to Elastic Strain.
Ultimate Creep Strain
• Creep Coefficient = Elastic Strain
Shrinkage
Concrete esa Total Shrinkage fuEufyf[kr ckrks ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
1. Concrete ds Components ij
2. Environmental Condition ij
3. Water-Cement Ratio ijA
4. Quantity of Cement ijA etc.
***Concrete esa Total Shrinkage 3 × 10–4 (0.003) ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
Stripping Time
• Concrete dh Casting ls ysdj Shuttering dks Remove djus rd ds Time dks Stripping Time dgrs gSA
• fdlh Concrete ds fy, Stripping time, Span, Type of Cement, Type of Loading rFkk Grade of Concrete vkfn ckrksa ij depend
djrk gSA
Cover
• Reinforcement ds fy, iz;kZIr Cover cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fdlh Nominal Thickness ds Cement Block dk Use fd;k tkrk
ftls Cover dgk tkrk gSA
• Reinforcement dks Cover Provide djus ls Concrete o Steel ds chp Stress-distribution leku :i ls gks ikrk gSA rFkk Steel
dks Atmospheric effects ls Hkh cpk;k tk ldrk gSA
• Cover lkekU;r% nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA

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1. Clear Cover
2. Effective Cover
Placing
• Concrete dks Plant ls Transport djds Site ij Mkyuk Placing dgykrk gSA
• Concrete dh Placing djrs le; Free Fall Height 1.5 m ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
curing
• Concrete dh Surface dks yxkrkj Wet cuk;s j[kuk pkfg, ftlls Hydration Process vklkuh ls gks lds rFkk Concrete ds
Surface ij de ls de Cracks Develop gksA
• ;fn Concrete esa Admixture dk Use fd;k x;k gks rks mldk Curing Time Period 14 days rFkk Normal Condition esa Curing
Period 7 days fy;k tkrk gSA
Ultimate Stress
• Permissible Stress = Factor of Safety
For Concrete For Steel

𝑓ck 𝑓𝑦
• 𝜎cbc = FOS
• 𝜎st = FOS


R.C.C
2 WORKING STRESS METHOD
Working stress Method (WSM)
• bldks Elastic Method ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

• WSM ls izkIr Section, Bulky (Heavy) gksrs gSA vFkkZr~ Material dk Consumption dkQh T;knk gksrk gSA ftldh otg ls
section uneconomical gks tkrk gSA
• bl Method esa Factor of safety vf/kd fy;k tkrk gSA tks fuEu gS &
FOS value →
Concrete = 3
Steel = 1.78
Direct compression = 4
• WSM ,d Traditional Method gSA
• ;g Deterministic Approach (Theoretical) ij vk/kkfjr gSA
Singly Reinforced Beam
Assumptions of WSM Method

(1) dksbZ Hkh Section Bending ls igys rFkk Bending ds ckn Plane gh jgrk gSA
(2) Concrete o Steel ds chp Perfect Bond curk gSA
(3) Concrete dks dkQh gn rd Elastic Material ekuk tkrk gSA
(4) Stress o Strain curve, Linear gksrs gSA vFkkZr~ stress is directly proportional to strain gksrk gSA   
280
(5) Modular Ratio 𝑚 = 3𝜎 fy;k tkrk gSA
𝑐𝑏𝑐
(6) Hook’ law is valid (  )

𝐸
𝑚 = 𝐸𝑠
𝑐
ultimateLoad
• Permissible stress =
FOS
Singly Reinforced Beam
• tc fdlh Beam ds dsoy Tensile zone esa Reinforcement provide fd;k tkrk gSA rks mls singly R/F Beam dgrs gSA
• IS-Code ds vuqlkj Singly R/F Beam ds Tensile zone esa fLFkr Concrete, fdlh Hkh Type dk Tensile Load, Bear ugha djrh
gSA

R.C.C
• C.Z. → Compression zone • T.Z.→ Tension zone
• d → Effective depth of Beam • D → Overall depth of Beam

• b → Width of Beam • E.C. → Effective cover
• N.A. → Neutral Axis • Ast → Area of steel in Tension
Note:
• Stirrups dks Secondary R/F/(Transverse R/F)/Shear Reinforcement ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beam
Compressive Force: (c)

• C = Area of stress Block × Width of Beam
1
C = 2 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 . 𝑥 × 𝑏
𝑏.𝑥.𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
• 𝐶= 2
Tensile Force: (T)

• T = Stress × Area

R.C.C
• T = st.Ast
𝒙
Lever Arm (z): 𝒛 = 𝒅 − 𝟑
Moment of Resistance for compression zone: (Mr)

𝑏.𝑥.𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑐 × 𝑧 = 2
(𝑑 − 3)
Moment of Resistance for Tension zone:

𝑥
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑇 × 𝑍 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − )
3
Depth of Actual Neutral Axis:

• taking moment of area →
𝑥
𝑏 × 𝑥𝑎 × 2𝑎 = 𝑀. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
𝑏.𝑥𝑎2
2
= 𝑀. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
Depth of Critical Neutral Axis:

→ From strain diagram applying similar Triangle Property →
𝜀𝑐 𝑠 𝜀 𝑑−𝑥𝑐 𝜀
𝑥𝑐
= 𝑑−𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥𝑐
= 𝜀𝑠
𝑐 𝑐
𝜎
∴𝐸=
𝜀
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝜎
𝜀𝑐 = |𝜀𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡
𝐸𝐶 𝐸𝑆
𝑑 𝑥𝑐 𝜎𝑠𝑡/𝐸𝑆
− =
𝑥 𝑥𝑐 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐/𝐸𝐶
𝑑 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝐶
−1= ×
𝑥𝑐 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝐸𝑆
 M = ES/EC
𝑑 𝜎 1
𝑥𝑐
− 1 = 𝜎 𝑠𝑡 × 𝑀
𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑑 𝜎
𝑥𝑐
= 𝑀𝜎𝑠𝑡 + 1
𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑑
𝑥𝑐 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡
1+
𝑀𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑀𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 .𝑑
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑀𝜎
𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑠𝑡
xc = k.d
Where k = Neutral Axis Factor
𝑀𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑘 = 𝑀𝜎
Lever Arm :
𝑥𝑐 𝑘.𝑑 𝑘
• 𝑍=𝑑− 3
=𝑑− 3
= 𝑑 (1 − 3 )
• Z = J.d
• Where J = Lever arm Factor
𝑘
• 𝐽 =1−
3

R.C.C
Moment of Resistance for compression zone:

𝑏𝑥𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2
(𝑑 − 3)
•  x = xc
𝑏𝑥𝑐 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥𝑐
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2
(𝑑 − 3
)
𝑏. (𝑘. 𝑑)𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑘. 𝑑
𝑀𝑟 = (𝑑 − )
2 3
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 . 𝑏. 𝑘. 𝑑2 𝑘
𝑀𝑟 = (1 − )
2 3
1
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 . 𝐽. 𝐾. 𝑏𝑑2
• Mr = Q. bd2
• Where Q = Moment of Resistance Factor
1
• 𝑄 = 2 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 . 𝐽. 𝐾
Where → st = Permissible stress steel in Tension

•  = Permissible stress • C = Strain in compression
• S = Strain in steel • Ast = Area of steel in Tension
• ASC = Area of steel in compression • cbc → Permissible stress of concrete in Bending compression
• Mr → Moment of Resistance • J → Lever arm Factor
• K → Neutral Axis Factor • Q → Moment of Resistance Factor
• xc → Depth of Critical Neutral Axie] • xa → Depth of Actual N.A
Types of Section:
(1) xa > xc → Over Reinforced section
(2) xa < xc → Under Reinforced section
(3) xa = xc → Balanced section
(1) Under Reinforced section: (xa < xc)
→ bl Type ds section esa Concrete viuh Permissible stress rd igq¡pus ls igys gh steel viuh Permissible stress rd igq¡p
pqdh gksxhA
• vFkkZr~ bl izdkj ds section esa steel igys Fail gksrh gSA tks Fail gksrs le; i;kZIr Warning nsrh gSA (Ductile Failure show djrk
gSA)
• IS-code lkekU;r% Under Reinforced section dks design djuh dh lykg nsrk gSA
• bl izdkj ds section ds fy, xc > xa gksrk gSA
• bl Type ds section ds fy, Moment of Resistance →
𝑥
• Moment of Resistance (𝑀𝑟 ) = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 3)
• Under R/F section esa Failure Tension Zone esa gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ steel Fail gksrh gSA
(2) Over Reinforced section: (xa > xc)
• bl Type ds section esa steel ls igys concrete vius permissible stress rd igq¡p tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ Concrete, Brittle Failure nsrk
gSA tks fd Safety purpose ls safe ugha gksrk gSA
• IS code ds vuqlkj over R/F section dks design djus ls cpuk pkfg,A
• Moment of Resistance (𝑀𝑟 ) = 2
(𝑑 − 3)

R.C.C
• bl Type ds section esa compression zone esa Failure gksrk gS vFkkZr~ concrete Fail djrh gSA
(3) Balanced section: (xa = xc)
• tc Concrete o steel nksuksa esa develop, Actual stress ,d lkFk vius Permissible stress rd igq¡p tk;s rks mls Balanced section
dgrs gSA
• bl section esa compression o Tension zone nksuksa ,d lkFk Fail gksrs gSA
• Moment of Resistance
• (Mr) = st.Ast (d – x/3)
Or
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2
(𝑑 − 3)
Percentage of steel for Balanced section:
• C=T
𝑏. 𝑥𝑐 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
= 𝜎𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡
2
𝑏. 𝑘. 𝑑𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
= 𝜎𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 .
2
𝑘𝜎 𝐴𝑠𝑡
100 × 𝑐𝑏𝑐 = × 100
2𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝑏. 𝑑
50. 𝑘. 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 𝑃𝑡 % ∴ 𝑝𝑡 =
𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝑏. 𝑑
50𝑘. 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑃𝑡 % =
𝜎𝑠𝑡
Doubly Reinforced Beam:

→ tc fdlh Beam ds Tensile zone ds lkFk&lkFk compression zone esa Hkh Reinforcement provide dj fn;k tk;s rks bl Type
dh Beam dks Doubly Reinforced Beam dgrs gSA
→ Doubly R/F beam fuEu conditions esa cuk;h tkrh gSA
(1) tc Beam ds cress-section dks Restrict dj fn;k tk;sA
(2) tc Room esa Ik;kZIr Head room dh आवश्यकता gksA
(3) tc Beam ij Earth-quake ;k Wind load dh otg ls Reversal stress आने dh lEHkkouk gksA (Reversal = Tension
⇇ compression)
(4) tc Beam ij Impact Load / Rolling Load (Wheel Load) vkus dh lHkkouk gksA
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beam:

R.C.C
Compressive Force for compression concrete:

1
C1 = Area of stress Block × width of Beam = 2 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 × 𝑥 × 𝑏
𝑏. 𝑥. 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝐶1 =
2
Compressive Force of compression steel:
C2 = cb' × (1.5 m ASC – ASC)
C2 = (1.5 m – 1) ASC.cb'
Lever Arm:
𝑥
• 𝑍1 = 𝑑 − 3
• Z2 = d – d'
Moment of Resistance for compression zone:

MOR Due to compression concrete →
𝑏𝑥.𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑀𝐵𝑎𝑙 = 𝑐1 × 𝑧1 = 2
(𝑑 − 3)
MOR Due to compression steel →

𝑀2 = 𝐶2 × 𝑍2 = (1.5𝑚 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑐 . (𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′)(𝑑 − 𝑑′)
MOR for compression zone→

• Mr = MBal + M2
𝑏⋅𝑥𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2
(𝑑 − 3) + (1.5𝑚 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑐 ⋅ (𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′)(𝑑 − 𝑑)′
MOR For Tension zone:

MOR due to (𝐴𝑠𝑡1 ):

R.C.C
𝑥
• 𝑀𝐵𝑎𝑙 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 (𝑑 − 3)
MOR due to (𝐴𝑠𝑡2 ):

• 𝑀2 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ (𝐴𝑠𝑡2 )(𝑑 − 𝑑′)
Total MOR for Tension zone →

• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑦)
𝜋
𝐶1 × +𝐶2 ×𝑑′
• 𝑦̄ = 3
𝐶1 +𝐶2
Critical Neutral Axis:

𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 ⋅𝑑
• 𝑥𝑐 =
𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑠𝑡
Actual Neutral Axis:

𝑥𝑎
𝑏 ⋅ 𝑥𝑎 ⋅ + (1.5𝑚 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑥𝑎 − 𝑑′) = 𝑚. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
2
Types of section:
(A) Under R/F section:
• Failure occurs in Tensile zone.
𝑥
𝐶1 ⋅ +𝐶2 ×𝑑′
• 𝑦= 3
𝐶1 +𝐶2
(B) Over R/F section →

• Failure occurs in compression zone.
𝑏⋅𝑥𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2
(𝑑 − 3) + (1.5𝑚 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑐 . (𝜎𝑐𝑏 )′(𝑑 − 𝑑′)
(C) Balanced section →

• Failure occurs in Both compression & Tension zone.
𝑏.𝑥𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2
(𝑑 − 3) + (1.5𝑚 − 1)𝐴𝑠𝑐 ⋅ (𝜎𝑐𝑏 )′(𝑑 − 𝑑′)
or
Note:
(1) Compression zone esa mifLFkr steel dks concrete ds Equivalent Area ds convert djus ds fy, (1.5 m) ls xq.kk dj nsrs
gSA tcfd Tensile zone ds fy, dsoy (m) ls xq.kk djrs gSA (According IS code)
(2)

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From similar Triangle property:

𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝜎 ′
𝑐𝑏
𝑥
= (𝑥−𝑑′)
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 (𝑥−𝑑)′
(𝜎𝑐𝑏 )′ =
𝑥
Note:
1) tc problem Type-II esa cbc Kkr gks tk;s rks fuEu fyf[kr Relation ls st dks Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
𝑀⋅𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥𝑐
• =
𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝑑−𝑥𝑐
• Assume → 𝑥𝑎 = 𝑥𝑐
2) Compression zone esa mifLFkr steel esa mRiUu stress Kkr djus ds fy, fuEu fyf[kr Formula use dj ldrs gSA
• 𝜎𝑠𝑐 = 1.5𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′
𝜎𝑐𝑏 (𝑥−𝑑′)
• 𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′ =
𝑥
Steel Beam Theory:–
→ tc Compression zone a Tension zone nksuksa esa Equal Amount of Area of steel dk Reinforcement dj fn;k tkrk gS rks bl
प्रकार ds Beam Steel Beam Theory ds vUrxZr design fd;k tkrk gSA
• bl Type ds Beam lkekU;r% Uneconomical gksrs gSA D;ksafd Beam eSa Used concrete dh strength dk dksbZ Hkh Use ugha gksrk
gSA vFkkZr~ concrete dksbZ Hkh Load Bear ugha djrh gSA
According to Principle of Steel Beam Theory:-
1) Beam Section dh concrete dks calculation esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
2) Compression a Tension nksuks Steel & Equal Amount of stress mRiUu gksrk gSA vFkkZr
𝜎𝑠𝑐 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡
3) Compression o Tension steel ds Area dks Equal eku fy;k tkrk gSA vFkkZR
4) bl Type ds Beam dh Lever Arm] compression o Tension Force nksuksa steel ds centre of Gravity ds chp dh distance gksrh gSA
•

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Moment of Resistance →
For compression zone →
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝐶 × 𝑍 = 𝜎𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑1 )
For Tension zone →
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝐶 × 𝑍 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑑1 )
Total MoR →
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝜎𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑1 ) = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑑1 )
Flanged Beam:-
→ tc slab rFkk blds uhps Mkys tkus okys Beam dks Monolithically cast ¼,d lkFk <kyuk½ fd;k tkrk gS rks mls Flanged
Beam dgrs gSaA
→ ;fn Flanged Beam slab ds nksuksa fdukjksa ij fLFkr gks rks mls L & Beam dgrs gSA rFkk e/; esa fLFkr gks rks mls T&Beam
dgrs gSaA
• T&Beam o L Beam ds Flange part dks ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd compressive strength esa ;g viuk ;ksxnku nsrk gSA vFkkZr~
Bear djrk gSA
• T&Beam o T&Beam ds Åijh slab dks Flange rFkk uhps yVds gq;s Hkkx dks web/Rib/stem dgrs gSaA
Where
• Bf → effective width of flange • b → Actual width of flange
• bw → width of web/Rib/Stem • dw → depth of Web/Rib/Stem
• d → effective depth of T-Beam • D → Overall depth of T-Beam
• Df → depth of flange/thickness of slab • Ast → Area of steel in tension zone
• l → Effective span of beam • l0 → distance between point of zero moment
• l0 → 0.7 l (For Continuous Beam) • l0 → l (For simply supported beam)
Advantage of T-Beam Consecutions: –
(1) Slab dk dqN हिस्सा Beam ds lkFk feydj compression stress dks Bear djrk gSA ftldh otg ls Neutral axis ds Åij
fLFkr Compression Area Increase dj tkrk gS vkSj T & Beam vU; Beam dh rqyuk esa T;knk Load Carry djrh gSA
(2) Monolithic construction gksus ds dkj.k lHkh Span dh slab] continuous :i ls cast dh tkrh gSA ftlls slab esa Bending
Moment de mRiUu gksrk gSA
(3) Rectangular Beam esa T&Beam Most Economical gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ T& Beam O;oLFkk Use djus ls 40% concrete rFkk 50%
steel dh cpr gksrh gSA
Effective Width of T-Beam (bf):-
• According to IS : 456 : 2000 →

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(A) For Monolithic T-Beam →

𝑙0
• + 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝐷𝑓
6
𝐴+𝐵
• 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2
→ whichever is less
(B) For Isolated T-Beam →
𝑙0
• 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑙
+ 𝑏𝑤
( 𝑏0 +)
• 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏 → Whichever is less
Analysis of T-Beam:–
(A) Analysis of singly R/F T-Beam
Case-I When N.A Lies in Flange: – (xa < Df)

Critical N.A → • Depth of Actual N.A →
𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 .𝑑 𝑥𝑎
• 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑚𝜎 • 𝑏𝑓 ⋅ 𝑥𝑎 ⋅ = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑠𝑡 2
𝑏𝑓 ⋅𝑥𝑎 2
• = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
2
Compressive force → • Tensile Force →
1
• 𝐶= 𝜎 ⋅𝑥
2 𝑐𝑏𝑐
× 𝑏𝑓 • 𝑇 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑏𝑓 × xσcbc
• C= 2
• Lever arm →
𝑥
• 𝑍=𝑑−3
MoR for compressive zone
𝑏𝑓 ⋅𝑥⋅𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝐶 × 𝑍 = 2
(𝑑 − 3)

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MoR for tension zone

𝑥
• Mr = T × Z = σst × Ast (d– 3)
Case-II When Neutral Axis Lies in Bottom of Flange :– (xa = Df)
Critical N.A→ • Depth of Actual N.A →

• 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑠𝑡
• since 𝑥𝑎 = 𝐷𝑓
𝐷𝑓
• 𝑏𝑓 ⋅ 𝐷𝑓 ⋅ 2
= 𝑚. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝐷𝑓 )
𝑏𝑓⋅𝐷2
𝑓
• = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝐷𝑓 )
2
Compression Force → Tensile force →
1
• 𝐶= 𝜎 ⋅ 𝐷𝑓
2 𝑐𝑏𝑐
⋅ 𝑏𝑓 • 𝑇 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑏𝑓 .𝐷𝑓 ⋅𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
• 𝐶= 2
MoR for compressive zone • Lever arm →
𝑏𝑓 ⋅𝐷𝑓 ⋅𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑓 𝐷𝑓
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝐶 × 𝑍 = 2
(𝑑 − 3
) • 𝑍=𝑑− 3
MoR for Tension Zone →

𝐷𝑓
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝑇 × 𝑍 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − )
3
Case-III When Neutral Axis Lies Web/Rib/Stem: (xa > DF)
• Depth of critical Neutral Axis →

• 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑚𝜎
Depth of Actual Neutral Axis →

𝐷𝑓 𝑥𝑎 −𝐷𝑓
𝑏𝑓 ⋅ 𝐷𝑓 (𝑥𝑎 − 2
) + 𝑏𝑤 ⋅ (𝑥𝑎 − 𝐷𝑓 ) ⋅ ( 2
) = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
2
𝐷𝑓 𝑏𝑤(𝑥𝑎 −𝐷𝑓 )
• 𝑏𝑓 ⋅ 𝐷𝑓 (𝑥𝑎 − 2
)+ 2
= 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )

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After Neglecting Web Part →

𝐷𝑓
• 𝑏𝑓 ⋅ 𝐷𝑓 (𝑥𝑎 − 2
) = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
Compression Force →
Compression force due to flange →
• C1 = Area of stress block of flange × width of beam
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′
𝐶1 = ( 2
)× 𝐷𝑓 × 𝑏𝑓
𝑏𝑓 ⋅𝐷𝑓 (𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′)
• 𝐶1 = 2
Compression force due to Web/Rib/Stem:
1
• 𝐶2 = 𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′ ⋅ (𝑥𝑞 − 𝐷𝑓 ) ⋅ 𝑏𝑤
2
𝑏𝑊 ⋅𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′⋅(𝑥𝑎 −𝐷𝑓 )
• 𝐶2 =
2
Lever Arm
Lever arm for flange part
• 𝑧1 = (𝑑 − 𝑦1 )
𝜎 +2𝜎 ′ 𝐷𝑓
• 𝑦1 = ( 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎 𝑐𝑏′ ) × 3
𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑏
Lever arm for web part

• 𝑧2 = 𝑑 − 𝑦2
𝑥𝑎 −𝐷𝑓
• 𝑦2 = 𝐷𝑓 + ( )
3
Combined Lever arm
• 𝑧 = (𝑑 − 𝑦)
𝑐1 ⋅𝑦1 +𝑐2 ⋅𝑦2
• 𝑦=
𝑐1 +𝑐2
MoR for compression zone
• Mr = MoR due to flange + MoR due to web
• M r = c1 × z 1 + c2 × z 2
𝑏𝑓⋅𝐷𝑓 (𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′) 𝑏𝑊 ⋅𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′(𝑥𝑎 −𝐷𝑓 )
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2
⋅ (𝑑 − 𝑦1 ) + 2
(𝑑 − 𝑦2 )
After Neglecting Web Part
𝑏𝑓 ⋅𝐷𝑓 (𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′)
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2
(𝑑 − 𝑦1 )
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 (𝑥𝑎 −𝐷𝑓 )
• 𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′ = 𝑥𝑎
MoR For Tension Zone

• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝑇 × 𝑍 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑦)
Note
1) T-Beam esa Actual N.A dh Position Kkr djus ds fy, ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd N.A ;k rks Flange ds vUnj fLFkr gS
vFkok Flange ds ckgjA
2) vf/kdrj Conditions esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd N.A. T;knkrj Flange ds ckgj Web esa fLFkr gksrh gSA vr% Actual N.A fudkyrs
le; loZizFke N.A dks Web esa ekurs gq, Calculation djsaA
3) ftl T-Section dh N.A Web esa fLFkr gksrh gS ,sls T-Section Ideal ekus tkrs gSA rFkk Most Economical gksrs gSA

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4) Calculation dks Easy cukus ds fy, (Case No-III) esa (N.A ls Åij okys½ Web Part dks Neglect fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksfa d
;g cgqr de Moment of Resistance carry djrk gSA
Design of T-Beam
Step-I
• fn;s x;s Span o Load ds vk/kkj ij Bending Moment Kkr dj ysA
Step-II
• Section dk mi;qZDr dimension eku ysAa
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
• 𝑑= 12
to 0
1 2
• 𝑏𝑊 = (3 to 3) of 𝑑 or bW = 2 to 3 times of thickness of slab
Step-III
• Effective Width of Flange IS: 456: 2000 ds vuqlkj Kkr dj ysA
𝑙0
• 𝑏𝑓 = 6
+ 𝑏𝑤 + 6 𝐷𝑓
𝐴+𝐵
• 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + Whichever is less
2
Step-IV
• Lever arm (0.87 d to 0.92 d) rd eku ysaA (Generally = 0.90 d)
Step-V
• Area of Tensile Steel Calculate dj ysa
𝑀𝑟
• 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎
𝑠𝑡 ⋅𝑍
Step-VI
• Section dh Actual Neutral Axis fuEu Formula ls Kkr dj ysaA
𝐷𝑓
• 𝑏𝑓 ⋅ 𝐷𝑓 (𝑥𝑎 − 2
) = 𝑀 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 ) →
𝑏𝑓 .𝑥𝑎 2
• tc 𝑥𝑎 < 𝐷𝑓 → 2
= 𝑚. 𝐴𝑠𝑡(𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
Step-VII
• Concrete o Steel esa mRiUu Stress dh tk¡p dj ysa
L-Beam/Ell-Beam

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• L-Beam dh design, T-Beam dh rjg gks dh tkrh gS rFkk blesa Hkh mrus gh Type ds Problem curs gS ftrus T-Beam esa curs
gSA
• vFkkZr T-Beam ds Actual N.A o MOR ds lHkh Formula ;gk¡ ij Valid gSaA
As per IS : 456 : 2000 the Effective width of flange of L-Beam

𝑙
• 𝑏𝑓 = 120 + 𝑏𝑊 + 3 ⋅ 𝐷𝑓
or
𝐴+𝐵
• 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑊 + ( 2
) Whichever is less
For Isolated
0.5𝑙0
• 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑙
( 0+4)
𝑏
Or
• bf = b Whichever is less


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3 LIMIT STATE METHOD (LSM)
Design Methods of RCC-Section

1. Working Stress Method or Elastic Method (WSM)
2. Ultimate Load Method or Plastic Method (ULM)
3. Limit state Method (LSM)
I. Limit State of Strength/Collapse
II. Limit State of Serviceability
1. WSM Method:- Elastic Method
• ;g Section ds Design dk Old Method (Traditional) gSA ftlesa Material dh Strength dks Under Estimate dj fn;k tkrk gSA
ftldh otg ls Heavy vFkok Bulk Section cukus iM+rs gSA
• Heavy vFkok Bulk Section gksus dh otg ls Material Consumption vf/kd gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ;g Design Method Most
Uneconomical gks tkrk gSA
• mlesa Material ds fy, Factor of Safety vf/kd fy;k tkrk gS] tks fuEu fyf[kr gSA
Factor of Safety
• Concrete → 3
• Steel → 1.78
• Direct Compression → 4
• ;g Method Deterministic Approach (Theoretical) ij vk/kkfjr gSA
2. Ultimate Load Method (ULM)/Plastic Method
• ;g Method esa Member dh Strength dks yxHkx Ultimate Strength ds cjkcj eku fy;k tkrk gS] ftldh otg ls fdlh
Particular Material dk Consumption cgqr de gksrk gSA rFkk ;g Design Method Most Economical gksrk gSA
• ysfdu bl Design Method esa Serviceability Criteria ij ckr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ftldh otg ls bl Design Method dks use
esa ugha fy;k tkrk gSA
3. Limit State Method (LSM)

• ;g Section ds Design dh ,d Latest Method gSA ftlesa WSM o ULM Method dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djds cuk;k x;k gSA
• ;g Method WSM ds Compare esa Economical rFkk ULM Method ds Compare esa Uneconomical gksrk gSA

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• ;g Method Probabilistic Approach ij depend gSA vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh Structure ij Future esa dkSu&dkSu ls Load vk ldrs gS
mu lc ij fopkj djds Section dkss Design fd;k tkrk gSA
• bl Method esa → Limit State of Strength/Collapse ability rFkk Limit State of Service ability nksuksa Criteria dks /;ku esa j[kdj
Section dks Design fd;k tkrk gSA
• bl Method esa WSM dh rjg Factor of Safety uk ysdj Partial Factor of Safety fy;k tkrk gSA
Partial Factor of Safety

• For Concrete → 1.5
• For Steel → 1.15
• Bending/Flexure • Durability
• Torsion • Deflection
• Shear • Corrosion
• Tension • Fire Resistance
• Compression • Vibration
• Non-Repairable Cracks due to Fatigue • Repairable Cracking due to Fatigue
Characteristics Strength of Material:- fck
• Material dh Characteristics Strength og Strength gS ftldh iqf"V 95% Test Sample vo'; djs vFkkZr~ 5% Test Sample gh
ml Strength dks izkIr djus ls cafpr jg tk;sA
• Test Sample esa 3 Number of Specimen gksrs gSA rFkk izR;sd Specimen esa Strength Variation ± 15% ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
Characteristics Load
• fdlh Structure ij yxus okyk og Load ftldh Possibility 95% rd] mlds Design Period esa cnyus dh uk gks mls
Characteristics Load dgrs gSA
• ,slk Load ftldh cnyus dh Tendency 5% rd gksA
Design Load/Factored Load:- Fd
1. Design/Factored Load For Material

Ultimate Stress (𝑓ck or f𝑦 )
• 𝑓𝑑 =
Partial FOS for Material
• Partial FOS (m)
• For Concrete = 1.5
• For Steel = 1.15

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Note
• IS Code ds vuqlkj] ds fy, Concrete dh Compressive Strength mldh Characteristics Strength dk dsoy 67% fy;k tkrk
gSA vFkkZr~ 0.67 fck
Design Strength of Concrete (fckd)

0.67𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.67𝑓𝑐𝑘
• = 𝛾𝑚
= 1.5
• fckd = 0.446 fck ≃ 0.45 fck
1. Design Strength of Steel (fsd)

𝑓 𝑓
• 𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 𝛾𝑦 = 1.15
𝑦
𝑚
• fsd = 0.87 fy
• fd = Design or Factored Strength of Material
• m = Partial Factor of Safety () for Material
• fck = Characteristics Strength of Concrete (0.45 fck)
• fsd = Design Strength of Steel (0.87 fy)
2. Design or Factored Load (fd)

• f d = f × f
• F = Working Load on Structure
• f = Partial FOS for Load
Note
• LSM Method esa vkus okys Load dks Over Estimate fd;k tkrk gs rFkk Material dh Strength dks Under Estimate fd;k tkrk
gSA ysfdu WSM Method esa dsoy Material ij FOS Apply fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ dsoy Material dh Strength dks Under
Estimate fd;k tkrk gS tcfd Load dks Over Estimate ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
• vr% LSM Method }kjk design djrs le; Design or Factored Load ds vk/kkj ij Bending Moment ज्ञात fd;k tkrk gSA
• LSM Method esa nks ckj FOS use dh tkrh gS tcfd WSM esa 1 ckj FOS yxk;h tkrh gSA
Value of Partial FOS for Load (f)

Load Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Serviceability
Combination DL LL WL/EL DL LL WL/EL
DL + LL 1.5 1.5 - 1 1 -
DL + WL/EL 1.5/0.9 - 1.5 1 - 1
DL + LL + 1.2 1.2 1.2 1 0.8 0.8
WL/EL
Note
• Wind Load rFkk Earthquake Load dHkh Hkh ,d lkFk fdlh Structure ij ugha vkrs gSA vr% design djrs le; bu nksuksa esa ls
ftldh Value Maximum gks mlds vk/kkj ij Load Combination Kkr dj fy;k tkrk gSA
• tc Structure dks Sliding and Resistance against Overturning Provide fd;k x;k gks rks Dead Load ds lkFk 0.9 xquk djrs gSA
• tc rhuksa Load dk Combination ,d lkFk fy;k tkrk gS rks Factor 1.2 Multiply fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd rhuksa Load dk ,d lkFk
Higher Magnitude ij gksuk cgqr de Possible gSA

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Q. Calculate the design Load for Beam if it is Having Working Load as following? Dead Load = 20 kN, LL = 15 kN,
Earthquake Load = 17 kN Wind Load = 15 kN.
Ans. Load Combination
Maximum of  1.5 (DL + LL), 1.5 (DL + WL/EL), 1.2 (DL + LL + WL/EL) 
Maximum of  1.5 (20 + 15) = 52.5 kN, 1.5 (20 + 17) = 55.5 kN, 1.2 (20 + 15 + 17)  = 62.4 kN
So, Beam will be design for 62.4 kN Load
Stress-Strain Relationship For Concrete
Actual Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete Ideal Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete

lkekU;r% Testing ds vk/kkj ij Concrete ds fy, Stress-Strain Curve cuk ikuk cgqr gh eqf'dy Task gSA ysfdu IS 456:
2000 us Concrete ds Stress-Strain Curve dks Simple cuk fn;kA rFkk mlus 0.002 Strain rd Curve dks Parabolic rFkk 0.002
ls ysdj 0.0035 rd Linear ekukA
Stress-Strain Relationship for Mild Steel :- HYSD Bar
Actual Stress-Strain Curve of Mild Steel Ideal Stress-Strain Curve of Mild Steel

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Actual σ – ε curve for HYSD Ideal σ – ε curve for HYSD
Assumption in Limit State of Collapse in Flexure (Bending)

1. dksbZ Hkh Section Before Bending o After Bending Plain gh jgrk gSA vFkkZr~ Stress is directly Proportional to Strain gksrk gSA
(σ × ε) (Hook's Low is Valid)
2. Concrete dh Tensile Strength dks Consider ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Bending esa Concrete ds lcls Åijh Compression Fibre esa lHkh Grade dh Concrete ds fy, Maximum Strain 0.0035 fy;k
tkrk gSA
4. Concrete ds Compressive Stress distribution diagram esa Shape Parabolic, Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Triangular vFkok fdlh
Hkh vU; Shape esa gks ldrk gSA
5. Design ds fy, Concrete dh Compressive Strength, mldh Characteristic Strength dk 0.67 Times fy;k tkrk gSA ml ij
(1.5) dk Partial Factor of Safety Hkh yxk;k tkrk gSA
0.67𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑑 = 1.5
= 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘
6. Reinforced Steel ds fy, Design Stress, Yield Stress esa (1.5) ls Divide djds izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑠𝑑 = = 0.87𝑓𝑦
1.15
7. Member ds Tensile Reinforcement esa Failure ds nkSjku Maximum Strain fuEufyf[kr ls de ugha gksuk pkfg,A
𝑓𝑦
𝐸𝑠𝑢 = + 0.002
1.15𝐸𝑠
0.87𝑓𝑦
𝐸𝑠𝑢 = + 0.002
𝐸𝑠
8. Member ds Failure rd Concrete o Steel esa Bond Perfect ekuk tkrk gSA
Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beam

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From Similar Triangle Property in Strain Diagram

0.0035 0.002
=
𝑥𝑢 𝑦1
0.002𝑥𝑢 20
⇒ 𝑦1 = = 𝑥
0.0035 35 𝑢
4
𝑦1 = 𝑥𝑢 = 0.57𝑥𝑢
7
4
𝑦2 = 𝑥𝑢 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥𝑢 − 𝑥𝑢
7
3
𝑦2 = 𝑥𝑢 = 0.43𝑥𝑢
7
Area of Stress Block
A. Area of Rectangle = 0.45 fck × 0.43 xu

• 𝐴1 = 0.19𝑓𝑐𝑘. 𝑥𝑢
B. Area of Parabolic Part

2
• = × 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 0.57𝑥𝑢
3
• A2 = 0.17 fck. xu
Total Area of Stress Block

• (A) = A1 + A2 = 0.19 fck. xu + 0.17 fck. xu
• A = 0.36 fck . xu
Location of Combined C.G

0.43𝑥𝑢 3
𝐴1 .𝑥1 +𝐴2 .𝑥2 0.19𝑓𝑐𝑘 .𝑥𝑢 × +0.17𝑓𝑐𝑘 .𝑥𝑢 ×(0.43𝑥𝑢 + ×0.57𝑥𝑢 )
• 𝑦= 𝐴1 +𝐴2
= 2
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢
8
4.3 3
𝑓𝑐𝑘 .𝑥𝑢 2 (0.19× +0.17×(0.43+ ×0.57))
• 𝑦=
2 8
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 .𝑥𝑢
• y = 0.42 xu
Compression Force
• Cu = Area of Stress Block × Width of Beam = 0.36 fck. xu × b
• Cu = 0.36 fck. b. xu
Tensile Force
• Tu = Stress × Area
• Tu = 0.87 fy. Ast
Lever Arm
• Z = d – y = d – 0.42 xu
• It is the Perpendicular distance B/W Cu & Tu
MOR For Compression Zone

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• Mu = Cu × Z = 0.36 fck. b. xu (d – 0.42 xu)
MOR For Tension Zone

• Mu = Tu × Z = 0.87 fY. Ast (D – 0.42 × xu)
Depth of Actual N.A

• Cu = Tu 0.36 fck. xu. b = 0.87 fy. Ast
0.87𝑓𝑦 .𝐴𝑠𝑡
• 𝑥𝑢 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 .𝑏
Limiting Depth of N.A (Xulim or Xumax)
By Similar Triangle Property

𝑥ulim 𝑑 − 𝑥ulim
= 0.87𝑓
0.0035 𝑦
+ 0.02
𝐸𝑆
0.87𝑓𝑦
𝐸𝑆
xulim + 0.002 xulim + 0.0035 d – 0.0035 xulim
0.0035𝑑 700𝑑
𝑥ulim = 0.87𝑓𝑦 or 𝑥ulim =
0.0055+ 1100+0.87𝑓𝑦
𝐸𝑆
Maximum (Economical) Percentage of Steel (Ptlim)

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑡 =
𝑏. 𝑑
Cu = Tu = 0.36 fck. xulimb = 0.87 fy. Ast
𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥ulim
=
𝑏. 𝑑 0.87𝑓𝑦 . 𝑑
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥ulim 0.414𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥ulim
𝑃tlim = =
0.87𝑓𝑦 . 𝑑 𝑓𝑦 . 𝑑
Grade of Steel xulim Rulim Ptlim%
Fe 250 0.53 d 0.149 fck 0.087 fck
Fe 415 0.48 d 0.138 fck 0.047 fck
Fe 500 0.46 d 0.133 fck 0.038 fck
Fe 550 0.44 d 0.129 fck 0.033 fck
Rulim → MOR Factor
Area of Steel:- (As Per Codal Provision)

0.85𝑏𝑑
• Minimum Area of Steel (𝐴𝑠𝑡 )min ≥
𝑓𝑦
• Maximum Area of Steel (Ast)Max  0.04 b.d
Limiting Area of Steel
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑 4.6𝑀𝑢
(𝐴𝑠𝑡 )lim = [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑2

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Types of RCC Sections
1. Balanced section xu = xulim

• Failure will occurs in Both Compression and Tension Zone.
• Both concrete & steel Reaches its design stress
• MOR can be calculated
• 𝑀ulim = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥ulim 𝑏(𝑑 − 0.42𝑥ulim )
• 𝑀ulim = 0.87𝑓𝑦 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥ulim )
2. Under-Reinforced Section:- xu < xulim

• Failure will occurs in Tension Zone.
• Steel Can Reach firstly at design stress but in concrete, stress always will be less than design stress of concrete
• MOR can be calculated by
*** 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 )
3. Over-Reinforced Section:- xu > xulim

• Failure will occurs in Tension Zone.
• Concrete can Reach firstly at design stress but in steel stress always will be less than the design stress of steel
• MOR can be calculated by
*** 𝑥𝑢 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥𝑢 . 𝑏(𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 )
Note
As per IS Code: 456 : 2000
1. (IS 456:2000) ds According Over Reinforced Section ugha Design fd;s tkrs gSaA vFkkZr~ tc dHkh Over Reinforced Section
izkIr gks rks ,sls Condition esa mldks Balance ekudj Design dj fn;k tkrk gSA
2. Parabolic Area Kkr djrs le;] Rectangle ds Area dks 2/3 ls xq.kk djds Kkr dj fy;k tkrk gSA
2 2
Parabolic Area = 3× Rectangle Area = 3b.d
C.G. of Parabola
3 3
𝐶. 𝐺 = 𝑑 or 𝑏
8 8

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Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beam

• tc fdlh Section ds Tension Zone ds lkFk&lkFk Compression Zone esa Hkh Reinforcement Provide fd;k tkrk gS rks mls
Doubly R/F Beam dgrs gSA
Mu = Mulim + Mu2
Mu2 = Mu - Mulim
Compression Force
Compression Force due to Concrete

Cu1 = 0.36 fck. xu. b
Compression Force due to Comp. Steel

Cu2 = fsc. Asc – fcc. Asc = Asc (Fsc – Fcc)
After Neglecting Concrete Strength

Cu2 = fsc. Asc
Tensile Force
• Tu = 0.87 fy. Ast
• Tu1 = 0.87 fyAst1
• Tu2 = 0.87 fyAst2
• Tu = Tu1 + Tu2
Lever Arm
• Z1 = d – 0.42 xu
• Z2 = d – d'
MOR For Compression Zone

• Mu = Mulim + Mu2 = Cu1 × Z1 + Cu2 × Z2
• Mu = 0.36 fck.xu.b (d – 0.42 xu) + Fsc.Asc × (d – d')
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MOR For Tension Zone

• Mu = Mulim + Mu2
• Mulim = 0.87 fy Ast1 (d – 0.42 xu)
• Mu2 = 0.87 fy Ast2 (d – d')
• Mu = Tu × Z = 0.87 fy. Ast (𝑑 − 𝑦̄ )
𝐶𝑢1 ×(0.42𝑥𝑢 )+𝐶𝑢2 ×𝑑′
• 𝑦̄ = 𝐶𝑢1 +𝐶𝑢2
]
Depth of Actual N.A
• Cu = Tu
• Cu1 + Cu2 = Tu
• 0.36 fck. xu.b + Fsc. Asc = 0.87 Fy.Ast
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 −𝑓𝑠𝑐  𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑥𝑢 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 .𝑏
Limiting Depth of N.A
0.0035𝑑
• 𝑥ulim = 0.87𝑓𝑦
0.0055+
𝐸𝑠
700𝑑
• 𝑥ulim =
1100+0.87𝑓𝑦
Value of fsc
Grade of Steel d'/d
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Fe – 250 217 217 217 217
Fe – 415 355 353 342 323
Fe – 500 424 412 395 370
Ex:- d' = 30, d = 400 mm, fe – 500 than fsc = ?
𝑑′ 30
Ans. = = 0.075
𝑑 400
By Interpolation
12 12
• 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 424 − (0.075 − 0.05) = 424 − × (0.025) = 418 N/mm2
0.05 0.05
Design of Flanged Beam/T-Beam

All Concept of WSM is valid Here.
Analysis of Singly R/F Beam

R.C.C
When N.A Lies B/W Flange:- xu < Df
tc N.A Flange esa fLFkr gks vFkkZr (xu < Df) gks rc T-Beam dk Analysis, Rectangular Beam dh rjg gh fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu
(b) dh जगह (bf) fy;k tkrk gSA
Step – I
𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝒙𝒖 =
𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 . 𝒃𝒇
Step – II
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒅
𝒙ulim = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 + 𝑬𝑺
Step – III
I. xu < xulim → So Section is under R/F

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast (d – 0.42 xu)
II. xu = xulim → So, Section is Balanced
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast (d – 0.42 xu)
III. xu > xulim So, Section is over R/F But design as Balanced Section
Mulim = 0.36 fck xulim bf (d – 0.42 xulim)
When N.A Lies in Web Part:- xu > Df

tc N.A. Flange ds ckgj fLFkr gks vFkkZr~ (xu > Df) gks] rc T-Beam dk Analysis Df  0.43 xu vFkok Df > 0.43 xu ds vk/kkj ij
fd;k tkrk gSA
tc N.A Flange ds ckgj fLFkr gksrh gS rc Beam dk Analysis djuk cgqr gh Critical gksrk gSA ysfdu B.I.S (C;wjks of Indian
Standard) ds fuEufyf[kr :i esa Recommend fd;k gSA
Case – I
𝐷𝑓
If 𝑥 ≤ 0.43
𝑈
𝐷𝑓
𝑀𝑈 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥𝑈 . 𝑏𝑊 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 ) + 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑊 )𝐷𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2
Case – II
𝐷
If 𝑥 𝑓 > 0.43
𝑈
𝐷𝑓
I. 𝑑
≤ 0.20 ⇒ 𝑥𝑈 = 𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝐷𝑓
𝑀𝑈 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚. 𝑏𝑊 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚) + 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑊 )𝐷𝑓 (𝑑 − 2
)
𝐷𝑓
II. 𝑑
> 0.20 ⇒ 𝑥𝑈 = 𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑦𝑓
𝑀𝑈 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚. 𝑏𝑊 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚) + 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑊 )𝑦𝑓 (𝑑 − 2
)
𝑦𝑓 = 0.15𝑥𝑈 + 0.65𝐷𝑓

R.C.C
Note
Value of ‘yf’ should not be more than ‘Df’.
Design of Cantilever Beam :
Self wt. of Beam :

• WD = b × D × 1 × SRCC
𝑊𝑙 2
• 𝐵𝑀 = 2
(𝑈𝐷𝐿)
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
• 𝑑= (𝑊𝑆𝑀)
5
Self wt. of Beam :

• WD = b × Davg × 1 × SRCC
𝐷1 +𝐷2
• 𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑔. = 2
𝑊𝑙 2
• 𝐵. 𝑀 = (𝑈𝐷𝐿)
2


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4 CODAL PROVISION
(FOR BEAM)
(I) Effective span
• A for SSB :-
𝐿+𝑑
• 𝑙 = 𝑀 𝑖𝑛. 𝑜 𝑓 [ 𝑊 𝑊
𝐿+ +
2 2
B. For continuous Beam:

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
I. If width of support is less than ( 12𝑡ℎ )then: – Similar as SSB
𝐿+𝑑
• 𝑙 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓– [ 𝑊 𝑊
𝐿+ 2 + 2
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
II. If width of support is more then ( 12𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟600𝑀𝑀) which is less, then :–
𝐿+𝑑
• 𝑙 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 [ 𝑊 (Whichever is less)
𝐿+ 2
C. Roller or Rotler bearing support :- (Rocket)

• tc Beam Roller o Rocket Bearing support ij continuous gks] rc Effective span, bearing ds C/C distance dks fy;k tkrk
gSA

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NOTE:
• Roller vFkok Rocket bearing support, Horizontal rFkk Vertical Load dks Resist djrk gSA tcfd Moment dks Allow djrk
gSA
• Reaction = RV o RH
• Mr = 0
D. Cantilever Beam:
𝑑
• 𝑙=𝐿+
2
E. Rigid Frame:
• Frame ds case esa Effective span, vertical Member ds C/c distance ds cjkcj fy;k tkrk gSA
2. Longitudinal reinforcement:
A. Longitudinal tension R/F:

I. Minimum R/F:

R.C.C
• Member esa Min. area of steel, brittle Failure ls cpus ds fy, Member dks i;kZIr Ductility provide djus ds fy, Mkyk tkrk
gSA
II. Maximum RF:-
• (Ast) max. ≤ 4% Of gross C/s area
Member esa max. Area of steel dks blfy, Limited.
• (Ast) max. ≤ 0.04 b.D
dj fn;k x;k gS ftlls mldk Proper compaction fd;k tk ldsA
NOTE:
Is Code us Beam ds Compression.
B. Longitudinal compression R/F:

Zone ds fy, dksbZ Recommendation ugha fn;k gSA fQj Hkh Member dks ductility provide djus ds fy, (Ast)min vo'; :i
ls Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑅𝑒 𝑐 𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
C. Side- Face R/F: (in Beam):

Side face R/F rc Provide fd;k tkrk gS tc
• D > 750 MM
• Side face R/F =0.1% of gross C/s Area

tc Beam dh overall depth (D) 750 mm ls vf/kd gks rks side face R/F ds :i esa 0.1% Gross C/S Area of steel provide
djrs gSA
• Side face R/F = 0.1% of gross C/S area = 0.001 b.D
• tc beam dh depth 450 mm ls vf/kd gks rFkk Beam Bending ds lkFk&lkFk Torsion dks Hkh Resist dj jgk gks rks bl Case
esa Hkh Side face R/F mijksDr tSlk gh Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• mijksDr R/F dks nksuksa Faces esa cjkcj&cjkcj Provide fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk muds eè; Spacing fdlh Hkh Condition esa 300 mm
Centre to centre ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
• Side Face R/F lkekU;r% Vertical cracking o Lateral Buckling dks jksdus ds fy, Provide fd;k tkrk gSA

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3. Minimum Nominal cover: (clear cover)
• Minimum Nominal cover fuEufyf[kr criteria dks è;ku esa j[kdj decide fd;k tkrk gS&
I. Types of member→
Ex. Slab, beam, column, footing etc.
II. Exposure condition→
Ex. Mild, Moderate, severe, very severe, Extreme etc.
III. Fire Resistance→
(Ex. 30 Minutes to 4 hrs)
• R/F ds fy, i;kZIr cover cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fdlh Nominal thickness ds cement block dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• Cover lkekU;r% steel dks corrosion rFkk Weathering effect ls cpus ds fy, Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• i;kZIr cover provide djus ls concrete o steel ds chp stress distribution leku :i ls gks tkrk gSA
• cover lkekU;r% fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds gksrs gSA
I. Clear cover/ min. Nominal cover
II. Effective cover
• Genral condition esa fofHkUu Types ds Members ds fy, Cover fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy;k tkrk gS&
Member clear cover (SP–cover) Clear cover (IS – 456)
Slab 20 mm 20 mm
Beam 25 mm 20 mm
Column 40 mm 40 mm
Footing 50 mm 50 mm
• Nominal cover vFkok Clear cover, Exposure condition ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy;k tkrk gSA
• As per IS code: 456: 200→
Exposure condition Min. Grade of concrete for RCC Min. Nominal Cover
Mild M–20 20 mm
Moderate M–25 30 mm
Severe M–30 45 mm
Very severe M–35 50 mm
Extreme M–40 75 mm
Ques.Find out the depth of nominal cover?

I. If a column in mild exposure II. If a column in very sever condition
• Clear cover as per (SP-34) = 40 mm • Clear cover as per SP- 34 = 40 mm
• Clear cover as per exposure = 20 • Clear cover as per Exposure = 50 mm
so, clear cover = 40 mm so, clear cover = 50 mm

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4. Maximum permissible crack width in RCC structure:

Exposure conditions Width of crack
I. Mild exposure (cracks not Harmful) 0.3 mm
II. Moderate & severe (cracks Harmful) 0.2 mm
III. Very severe & Extreme (Cracks Not Allowed) 0.1 mm
5. Horizontal and vertical spacing Between reinforcement: (In beam)

A. Minimum Horizontal spacing between R/F: (Clear spacing)
I. Equal to dia of Bar, when dia of bars is same.
II. Equal to large dia of Bar, When Unequal dia of bars is used.
III. Nominal size of aggregate + 5mm
• Which ever is max. of above I, II and III
Ex. If dia of bar = 22 mm, Nominal size of aggregate = 20 mm
22𝑚𝑚
So, min. Horizontal cover/ spacing is = max. of [
20 + 5 = 25𝑚𝑚
Horizontal spacing: = 25 mm
B. Maximum clear Horizontal Spacing Between R/F: (Beam/slab)
Grade of R/F Max. clear spacing

Fe – 250 300 mm
Fe – 415 180 mm
Fe – 500 150 mm
Note
1. RCC member esa Crack width, Strain of steel and Shrinkage of concrete nksuksa ij depend djrh gSA
2. fdlh design stress ds fy, steel dh grade c<us ds lkFk&lkFk Strain in steel c<+rh gSA vFkkZr~ High grade dh steel ds
fy, max. spacing dh value ?kVrh tkrh gSA
C. Minimum clear vertical spacing between R/F:
I. 15 mm
II. 2/3 Times of Nominal size of aggregate } Whichever is maximum

III. Equal to dia of Bar
6. Lateral stability:
A. For laterally supported continuous or S.S.B:
60b
• Unsupported length ≤ Minof {250b2
d
• b = Width of Beam
• d = Effective depth of beam

R.C.C
A. For laterally Cantilever Beam at end:
25b
• Unsupported length ≤ Min of {100b2
d
• b = Width of Beam
• d = Effective depth of beam
7. Effect of shrinkage:
A. Beam section esa deflection, Differential shrinkage dh otg ls gksrk gS D;ksafd Tension zone esa steel T;knk Provide
djus dh otg ls shrinkage de rFkk compression zone esa steel dh ek=k de gksus dh otg ls shrinkage T;knk gksrk
gSA
• Shrinkage dh otg ls deflection dks] Tension o compression nksuksa esa Equal area of steel provide djds jksdk tk ldrk
gSA
B. Total deflection in Beam:
•
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• 𝑦𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≤ 250
For (Loads + Temperature + shrinkage + creep)
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
For (Temperature + shrinkage + creep)
• fdlh Beam esa Total deflection 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
250
ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,] tc lHkh Vkbi ds Loads, temperature, shrinkage rFkk
creep ds Effect dks Hkh Consider fd;k tk;sA
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• fdlh Beam esa Total deflection [( 350 ) 𝑜𝑟20𝑚𝑚] (Whichever is less) ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A tc Temperature,
shrinkage rFkk creep ds izHkko dks consider fd;k tk;sA
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑜𝑟20𝑚𝑚(𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠) (Temp. , Shrinkage , creep)-Secondary Effect
• Secondary effect→ ,d Vkbi dk effect gksrk gS tks uk pkgrs gq;s Hkh vk tkrk gSA Ex. temperature, creep, shrinkage
etc.
C. Deflection control:
• Exact deflection dks calculate djuk dkQh dfBu task gS] vFkkZr~ bldksa simple djus ds fy, IS : 456 : 2000 us dqN
Conditions तय dj d[kh gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS&
• Valid upto (10 meter) span only: –
Member 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝒍
( )
𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒅
Cantilever beam/slab 7
S.S.B/slab 20 One way slab
Continuous beam/slab 26
Mild steel HYDS bar
simply supported slab 35 28
continuous slab 40 32 Two way slab
8. Minimum Reinforcement in slab:-

• For Fe – 250: (Mild steel)
R.C.C
• Min. R/F in slab ≥ 0.15% of gross C/S area = 0.0015 b.D

• For HYS D Bar: (Fe – 415 & 500)
• Min. R/F in slab ≥ 0.12% of gross C/S area = 0.0012 b.D
9. Min. & max. R/F in column:
• Min. Area of steel in column ≥ 0.8% of gross C/S area
• Min. Area of steel in column ≤ 6% of gross C/S area
• Practically ≤ 4% of gross C/s Area (Due to lapping of column)
Note
S.N. Member Min. area of steel Max. area of steel
1 Slab 0.15% of Gross C/S area → mild steel –
• 0.12% of gross C/S area → HYSD
2. Beam (Ast)Min.≥
0.85𝑏.𝑑 (Ast)max. ≤ 0.04 b.D
𝑓𝑦
3. Column 0.8% of Gross C/S Area 6% of gross C/S area
4. Side Face R/F 0.1% of gross C/S Area –
5. Hanger/Anchor Bar – 0.2% of gross C/S Area
6. Shear R/F 0.4𝑏. 𝑆𝑉 –
𝐴𝑆𝑉 ≥
0.87𝑓𝑦
10. Max. C/C spacing B/W Bars in slab:-
• Max. C/C spacing B/W main Bars should not be more than (300 mm or 3 d) (whichever is less):-
 3d
• S / Min.of 
300MM
• Max. c/c spacing B/W distribution bars should not be more then (5d or 300 MM) (whichever is Less):
 5d
• S / Min.of 
300MM
• Some Important statements:
1. Is 456 : 2000 ds vuqlkj Plain cement concrete (PCC) ds fy,
Min. Grade of concrete (M–15) rFkk RCC ds fy, (M–20)
Grade fy;k tkrk gSA tcfd IS 456 : 1978 ds According Min. Grade of RCC (M–15) fy;k tkrk gSA
2. ;fn Building dh Height 15 ehVj ls vf/kd gks rFkk og Seismic zone III, IV & V esa gks rks Min. Grade of RCC (M–
25) fy;k tkrk gSA
3. Pre-stressed concrete ds fy, Min. Grade of concrete fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy;k tkrk gSA
• Pre – Tensioned member → M – 40
• Post – Tensioned member → M – 30
4. Beam rFkk Column esa 12 MM ls de diameter ds main bar ugha Provide fd;s tkrs gSA tcfd slab ds case esa 10 MM
ls de dia ds Bar ugha Provide fd;s tkrs gSA
• Some Important IS code:–

R.C.C
Confirming code Purpose

IS : 456 : 2000 Design of RCC member (LSM)
IS : 456 : 1978 Design of RCC member (WSM)
IS : 800 : 1984 Design of steel structure (WSM)
IS : 800 : 2007 Design of steel structure (LSM)
IS : 875 (Part - I) Dead Load
IS: 875 (Part-II) Imposed Load/Live Load
IS : 875 (Part-III) Wind Load
IS : 875 (Part-IV) Snow Load
IS : 875 (Part-V) Same special types of Load
IS : 269 33 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑃𝐶
43 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑃𝐶 } According to New code all grades comes in (IS: 269)
53 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑃𝐶
IS : 1893 Earthquake Load/Seismic Load
IS : 1343 Pre-stressed concrete
IS : 3370 RCC water Tank
IS : 2062 Steel for structural Purpose
IS : 1642 Fire safety for Building
IS : 1904 Design and construction of foundation
IS : 1905 Unreinforced Brick Masonry work
IS : 4326 Earth quake Resistance design & construction of Building
IS : 2919 Pile Foundation
IS : 1489 Portland Pozolona cement (PPC)
IS : 8041 Rapid Hardening cement (RHC)
IS : 12600 Low Heat cement (LHC)
IS: 455 Portland slag cement (PSC)
IS : 12330 Sulphate Resisting Portland cement
IS: 432 Mild steel Bar
IS : 1786 HYSD bars

R.C.C
5 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Limit State of Collapse in Shear :
Analysis of SFD & BMD Diagram :
Shear Stress (τ):

• Shear Force = Shear Stress × C/S Area
Shear Force
• Shear stress =
C/S Area
𝑉 𝑉
• 𝜏 = 𝐴 = 𝑏⋅𝐷
Avg. Shear Stress :

𝑉
• 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔. =
𝑏⋅𝐷
Shear Stress Distribution Equation :

𝑉𝐴𝑦̄
• 𝜏= 𝐼⋅𝑏
• V = Shear Force
• A = C/S Area
• I = Moment of Inertia
• b = Width of Beam/Section
• 𝑦̄ = Distance B/W N·A & C·G. of region
R.C.C
Shear Stress Diagram For Section :
• τmax = 1.5 τavg

• 𝐴 = 𝑏 × (𝐷/2 − 𝑦)
1
• 𝑦̄ = 𝑦 + (𝐷/2 − 𝑦) ×
2
𝑏𝐷 3
• 𝐼= 12
• From shear stress – distribution equation
𝐷 1
𝑉𝐴𝑦̄ 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑏 × ( 2 − 𝑦) × 𝑦 + 2 (𝐷/2 − 𝑦)
𝜏= = 𝑏𝐷 3
𝐼⋅𝑏 ×𝑏 12
𝐷 𝐷 𝑦
12𝑉( −𝑦)(𝑦+ − )
• 𝜏= 2
𝑏𝐷3
4 2
1
12𝑉(𝐷/2−𝑦)(𝐷/2+𝑦)×
• 𝜏= 2
𝑏𝐷 3
𝐷 2
6𝑉[( ) −𝑦 2 ]
2
• 𝜏= 𝑏𝐷 3
𝐷2
6𝑉( −𝑦 2 )
4
• 𝜏= 𝑏𝐷 3
… (i)
𝐷
• 𝑦2
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷2 𝐷2
6𝑉( − )
4 4
• 𝜏 𝑏𝐷 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
• τmin = 0
• ymin = 0
𝐷2
6𝑉 3 𝑉
4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝐷 3
= 2 𝑏⋅𝐷
3
• 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔
Shear stress diagram for Rectangular RCC Beam:

R.C.C
τmax = 1.5τavg
mijksDr Analysis ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr statement izkIr gksrs gS%

(1) fdlh SSB ds fy, Bending Moment dh Max.value, Beam ds centre ij izkIr gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ support ls centre dh rjQ tkus
ij BM dk eku yxkrkj c<+rk tkrk gSA tcfd centre ls support dh rjQ tkus ij BM dk eku yxkrkj ?kVrk tkrk gSA (Look
BM diagram)
(2) fdlh SSB ds fy, shear force support ij Max. gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ support + ls Beam ds centre dh rjQ tkus ij Shear Force
dk eku ?kV Hkh ldrk gS vFkok constant Hkh gks ldrk gSA (Look S.F. diagram)
(3) Bending compression stress o Bending Tension stress dk eku ckgjh Fibre ij Max. rFkk Neutral Axis ij zero gksrk gSA
tcfd shear stress dk eku Neutral Axis ij Max. gksrk gSA (Look shear stress diagram both homogeneous & non
Homogeneous material)
Nominal shear stress

• According to IS : 456 : 2000
𝑉
• 𝜏𝑣 = 𝑏.𝑑
Note
fdlh Hkh structural member ij 3 types ds shear stress vk ldrs gS &
1. Flexural Shear Stress
2. Punching Shear Stress
3. Torsion Shear Stress
1. Flexural Shear :
• Generally flexure member esa vkus okys Load ds dkj.k BM o Shear force mRiUu gksrk gSA rFkk mijksDr shear force dh otg
ls mRiUu shear stress dks Flexural shear dgrs gSA ftldh Tendency ¼laHkkouk½ Beam dks c/s ls dkVus dh gksrh gSA
2. Punching Shear :
• bl Type dk shear lkekU;r% Footing esa mRiUu gksrk gSA ftlesa Column, Footing ds vUnj /k¡l tkrh gSA
3. Torsional Shear :
• lkekU;r% Torsion member esa ejksM+ ds dkj.k mRiUu shear stress, dks Torsional shear dgrs gSA
Note:
• Generally flexural shear, diagonal tension o compression ds combined effect ls mRiUu gksrk gSA

R.C.C
Example:
1. Cracks due to diagonal compression

2. Cracks due to diagonal tension
3. Cracks due to bending
4. Cracks due to diagonal tension
5. Cracks due to diagonal compression
• fdlh SSB ij vkus okys shear stress dh otg ls Support ds utnhd 45° vFkok 135° ds Angle ij Inclined crack develop gksrs
gSA bl crack dh width Bottom Surface ij Max. rFkk N.A dh rjQ tkus ij yxkrkj ?kVrh tkrh gSA
• mijksDr developed cracks Mid span ij 90° dk Angle cukrs gSA
• bUgh Cracks dks jksdus ds fy, Shear Reinforcement dh Requirement gksrs gSA tks fuEfyf[kr :i esa fn;k tk ldrk gSA
A. Vertical stirrups ds :i esAa
B. Bent-up Bar or Inclined Bar ds :Ik esaA
C. Both vertical stirrups & Bent-up Bar ds :i esaA
(A) Vertical stirrups:
• lkekU;r% Vertical stirrups dk diameter 6mm – 12 mm rd fy;k tkrk gSA ftldks compression zone ls ?kwekdj Tension
zone rd yk;k x;k gksrk gSA
• Vertical stirrups, Rectangular, square, Triangular, Trapezoidal, circular fdlh Hkh shape esa gks ldr gSA
• lkekU;r% Main Bars dks 22-24 Gauge ds Binding wire ls ck/kk tkrk gSA
• Shear Resistance ds vk/kkj ij vertical stirrups one-leg, two-legs, Three legs, Four legs vFkok six leg okys gks ldrs gSA
Area of Vertical Stirrups :

𝜋
• For two leg → 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 2 × 4 × 𝜙 2
𝜋
• For four leg → 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 4 × 4 × 𝜙 2

R.C.C
Shear Force Resistance of stirrups

• By WSM →
𝑑
• 𝑉𝑆 = 𝜎𝑆𝑉 ⋅ 𝐴𝑆𝑉 ⋅ 𝑆
𝑣
• By LSM →
𝑑
• 𝑉𝑢𝑆 = 0.87𝐹𝑦 ⋅ 𝐴𝑆𝑉 ⋅ 𝑆
𝑉
c/c spacing B/W stirrups

• By WSM →
𝜎𝑆𝑉 ⋅𝐴𝑆𝑉 ⋅𝑑
• 𝑆𝑣 = 𝑉𝑆
• By LSM →
0.87𝐹𝑦 ⋅𝐴𝑆𝑉 ⋅𝑑
• 𝑆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑈𝑆
Note:
0.75𝑑
• 𝑆𝑉 ≯ Min.of [
300mm
• IS : 456 : 2000 ds vuqlkj Max. spacing B/W stirrups should not be more than 0.75d or 300 mm (Whichever is less)
• VS = shear force Resistance (WSM)
• VUS = Factored force resistance (LSM)
• SV = Permissible stress in stirrups
• 0.87 fy = design stress in stirrups
• d = effective depth of Beam
• SV = C/C spacing Between stirrups
• ASV = Area of steel of vertical stirrups
•  = diameter of vertical stirrups
(B) Bent-Up Bar/Inclined Bar :

→ Bent-up Bar ds fy, Tension R/F ds :i esa Use fd xbZ steel dks gh Alternate Bend djds iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
→ budks lkekU;r% 30°-60° ds Angle ij Bend fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu 45° dk Angle vf/kd izHkkoh gksrk gSA D;ksafd support
ds utnhd crack Hkh 45° ds Angle ij Genrate gksrs gSA
• tc Bent-up Bar dk use shear reinforcement ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS rks bldk dqy ;ksxnku Net shear force ds 50% ls vf/kd
ugha gksuk pkfg,A (IS : 456 : 2000) clause 40.4
vFkkZr~ Remaining 50% ds fy, Vertical Stirrups design fd;s tkrs gSA
• IS:456:2000 ds According Bent-up Bar ds chp esa Max. Spacing effective depth से vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A

R.C.C
• •
Shear Force Resistance of Bent-Up Bar
By WSM :
𝑉𝑏
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑉𝑏 = 𝜎𝑠𝑣 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ⋅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝑠𝑣 ⋅𝜎𝑠𝑣
• If α = 45°
• Vb = 0.707 Asv·σsv
By LSM :
𝑉𝑢𝑏
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝐴
𝑠𝑣 ×0.87𝑓𝑦
• VUb = 0.87fy·Asv.Sin
If α = 45°
• VUb = 0.615 fy·Asv
Note
Shear Force Resistance of Inclined Stirrups

• By WSM
𝜎𝑠𝑣 ⋅𝐴𝑠𝑣 ⋅𝑑
• 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑆𝑣
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼)
• By LSM
0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅𝐴𝑠𝑣 ⋅𝑑
• 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑆𝑣
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼)

R.C.C
Nominal Shear Stress (τv) :

For prismatic beam
𝑉
• 𝜏𝑣 = 𝑏⋅𝑑 (Prismatic Beam)
Net Shear Force :

• VN = VU – VC
Design Shear Strength of Concrete : τc

• ;g Percentage of steel o Grade of concrete ij depend djrh gSA
• c (Shear strength of concrete) dh value dks Interpolation Method }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA ftlds fy, Table-19 (Page
No. 73) dh Help yh tkrh gSA
• tc dHkh Solid slab ds fy, c Kkr djuk gks rks mlds fy, ‘k’ ls Multiply dj nsrs gSA
Value of ‘k’
Thickness of Slab Up to 150 mm 175 mm 200 mm 225 mm 250 mm 275 mm 300 mm or more
Value of ‘k’ 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1
Shear Force Resistance of Concrete :

• Vc = τc·b·d
Note :
The above value of ‘k’ does not valid for flat slab.
Maximum Shear Stress for RCC Beam (τc)max :

• (c)max dsoy Grade of concrete ij depend djrh gS rFkk bldh Maximum value IS:456:2000 ds vuqlkj Table-20 (Page-73)
esa nh xbZ gSA
Value of (τc)max :
Concrete Grade M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 or more
(τc)max 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
Minimum Shear Reinforcement :

• tc fdlh Beam esa shear R/F dh t:jr uk gks rc Hkh mlesa ukeek= ds stirrups provide fd;s tkrs gSA D;ksafd ;gha stirrups
Main Bars dks viuh Exact Position esa cuk;s j[krs gSA
•
0.4𝑏 ⋅ 𝑆𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 =
0.87𝑓𝑦
c/c Spacing
0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅𝐴𝑠𝑣
• 𝑆 0.4𝑏 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Design Steps of For Shear Reinforcement :

Step -1 : fn;s x;s Load ds vk/kkj ij Beam ds critical section ij total shear force dk calculation dj ysrs gSA
R.C.C
𝑣
Step -2 : Section dh Nominal shear stress 𝜏𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑 Kkr djs ysrs gSA
Step -3 : Grade of concrete vkSj section esa fn;s x;s Reinforcement ds Percentage ds vk/kkj ij c rFkk (c)max. Kkr djs ysrs gSA
(Table - 19) and (Table-20)
Step -4 : ‘v’ rFkk (c)max. dks compare djrs gSA ;fn v > (c)max.- then section dks Redesign djrs gSA
𝜏𝑐
Step -5 : ;fn 𝜏𝑣 < 2
ls rks shear R/F dh Requirement ugha gksrh gSA
𝜏𝑐
Step -6 : ;fn 2
< 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 gks rks rc ukeek= ds shear reinforcement dh vko;drk gksxhA ftldh spacing fuEu Formula ls Kkr
dh tkrh gS&
0.87𝑓𝑦 .𝐴𝑠𝑣
• 𝑆𝑣 = 0.4𝑏
Step -7 : ;fn v > c but < cmax. rc bl case esa complete shear R/F dks Design fd;k tk;sxkA
→ ftlds fy, loZizFkr design shear strength of concrete (VC) Kkr djsA o vkus okys Total shear force ls ?kVkdj Net shear
force (VN) Kkr djsA
• VN = VU – VC
• mijksDr net shear force ds fy, Vertical stirrups provide djsAa
Note
c
(i) v  No shear R/F is required
2
τc
(ii) τ v > But τ v < τc → Nominal shear R/F is required
2
0.87 f y . Asv
• Sv =
0.4 b
(iii) v  c → proper shear R/F is required
0.87 f y  Asv  d
• Sv =
VN
(iv) v  ( c )max → Redesign is required
Bond Strength & Development Length
→ steel Bars rFkk muds pkjksa vksj Mkyh xbZ concrete ds chp mRiUu surface Resistance dks Bond strength dgrs gSaA
→ Bond ds dkj.k Load iM+us ij Hkh steel Bars, concrete Block ds vUnj ls slip ¼ljdrh½ ugh gksrh gSA
• Cement concrete rFkk Steel Bar ds chp Bond fuEufyf[kr mik; djds c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
(I) High Grade dh concrete dk use djdsA
(II) Concrete dh vPNh ls compaction djdsA
R.C.C
(III) de dimeter ds Bars iz;ksx djdsA

(IV) Deformed Bar vFkok Twisted Bars dk use djds rFkk steel ds surface dks vf/kd Rough djdsA
(V) Steel ds Bars ij concrete cover dh thickness vf/kd j[kdjA
(VI) Bars ds Ends ij standard Hook cukdjA
(VII) Development Length dks c<+kdjA
Bond Stress : bd

• steel o concrete dh contact surface ds chp per mm2 Area ij mRiUu Bond strength dks Bond stress dgrs gSA
BondStrength
• 𝜏𝑏𝑑 = Area
• Area = 1 mm2
• bd = Bond Strength
Types of Bond :
1. Direct Bond/Anchorage Bond/Development Length
2. Flexural Bond/Local Bond
1. Direct Bond/Anchorage Bond/Development Length :

→ tc concrete o steel ds chp Axial Tensile o Compressive Load ds dkj.k Bond mRiUu gks rks mls Direct Bond dgrs gSA
Tensile Load dh rqyuk esa compressive load esa Bond strength vf/kd fudydj vkrh gS D;ksafd steel ds End ij mifLFkr
concrete Hkh Resistance Provide djrh gSA
• Steel dh Bar dkQh yEckbZ rd concrete esa nch jguh pkfg, ftlls Bar ij ykus okys pull ;k Rush ds dkj.k Concrete ls vyx
ugha gksuk pkfg,A
• Concrete o Steel Bar ds bl Direct Bond dks Development Length ds uke ls Hkh tkurs gSA
• Tensile strength = design stress × C/S area of steel
T = 0.87 fy × Ast …1
• Bond strength = Surface Area × Bond Stress
= π·ϕ·Ld × τbd …2
At equilibrium condition
• Bond strength = Tensile strength
π·ϕ·Ld·τbd = 0.87fy·Ast
𝜋
π·ϕ·Ld·τbd = 0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅ 4 × 𝜙 2
0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅𝜙
• 𝐿𝑑 = 4⋅𝜏𝑏𝑑
→ For LSM
𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅𝜙
• 𝐿𝑑 = → For WSM
4⋅𝜏𝑏𝑑
• Ld = development length
• fy = yield st. of steel
• ϕ = dia for bar
• τbd = design bond stress
Development Length for Compressive Load :

R.C.C
0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅𝜙
→ For LSM
𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅𝜙
→ For WSM
Note
• bd dh Permissible value IS:456 : 2000 ds According fuEufyf[kr gksrh gS &
Design Bond Stress for Concrete for Plain Bar in Tension
Grade of Concrete WSM LSM
M-15 0.6 -
M-20 0.8 1.20
M-25 0.9 1.40
M-30 1.0 1.50
M-35 1.10 1.70
M-40 or more 1.20 1.90
Remarks :
• IS code: 1786 ds vuqlkj] Deformed o Twisted Bar ds fy, mijksDr bd dh value dks 60% c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA
Tkcfd compression force dh fLFkfr esa mijksDr bd dh value dks 25% c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA
Fusion Bended Appoxy. coated (FBAC) deformed Bar ds fy, mijksDr bd dh value 80% gh yh tkrh gSA vFkkZr~
Q. M-25 & Deformed Bar in tension then τbd = ?
Ans. Bt WSM
τbd = 0.9 × 1.60 = 1.44 N/mm2
By LSM
τbd = 1.40 × 1.60 = 2.24 N/mm2
Q. M-30, Deformed Bar in compression then τbd = ?

Ans. Bt WSM
τbd = 1.0 × 1.60 × 1.25 = 2 N/mm2
By LSM
τbd = 1.50 × 1.60 × 1.25 = 3 N/mm2
Q. What is the development length for a bar in LSM. If the grade of concrete M-25 and HYSD Fe-415 steel.
Ans. M-25 & Fe-415
τbd from table = 1.40 × 1.60 = 2.24 N/mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅𝑑 0.87×415×𝜙
𝐿𝑑 = = = 40.29𝜙 ≈ 41𝜙
4𝜏𝑏𝑑 4×2.24
2. Flexural Bond/Local Bond :

• Tensile Force ds Effect esa Beam ds izR;sd section ij ,d Un Balanced Tensile Force mRiUu gksrk gS tks Bar dks Concrete
ls vyx djus dh dksf”k”k esa yxk jgrk gSA
D;ksfa d ;g Un Balanced Tensile Force Beam ds Span esa Bending Moment ds ifjorZu ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gS blfy, bls
Local Band/ ;k Flexural Band dgrs gSA

R.C.C
• Moment at section A – A→
M = T·Z = T·Jd …1
• Moment at section B – B →
M + dM = (T + dT) × J·d …2
From 1 & 2
dM = dT·J·d
𝑑𝑀
𝑑𝑇 =
𝐽⋅𝑑
• Bond strength = Surface area of Bars × Flexural Bond Stress
= (ΣO·dx) × τbf
• At equilibrium
dT = ΣO·dx·τbf
𝑑𝑀
𝐽⋅𝑑
= 𝛴𝑂 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 ⋅ 𝜏𝑏𝑓
𝑑𝑀 1
𝜏𝑏𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥
⋅ 𝛴𝑂⋅𝐽𝑑
𝑑𝑀
= Rate of change of moment
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑀
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑉(Shear Force)
𝑉
𝜏𝑏𝑓 = 𝛴𝑂⋅𝐽𝑑
• ΣO = Summitition of perimeter of all bars
• If ‘N’ No. of bars of equal to dia. Then
ΣO = N·πϕ
• V = Shear force
𝐾
• J = Lever Arm factor = 1 − 3
• d = effective depth of beam
• τbf = flexural bond stress

R.C.C
Development Length Requirement For Simple Support
When no. confinement is available

𝑀1
• 𝐿𝑑 ≤ 𝑉
+ 𝐿0
When confinement is available

1.30𝑀1
• 𝐿𝑑 ≤ 𝑉
+ 𝐿0
• M1 → Moment of resistance for tension zone
• M1 = T × Z = 0.87 fy·Ast·Z
• L0 = Anchorage length (provided due to safety reason)
• L0 = 12 ϕ or d (Whichever is more)
• ϕ → dia of bar
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝜙
• 𝐿𝑑 = 4𝜏𝑏𝑑
• V = Shear force
𝑊𝑙
• 𝑉= 2
(𝑆𝑆𝐵& 𝑈𝐷𝐿)
W
• V= 2
(SSB& Point load at centre)
• Z = d – 0.42 xu.
Bundled Bar:
→ Bundled Bar dh Total surface Area, Summaition of Individual Bar dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA
→ bundles Bar iz;ksx djus ij development Length (Ld) fuEu :i ls c<+ tkrh gSA
I. For 2 bar in bundled → Ld is increased by 10%.

II. For 3 bar in bundled → Ld is increased by 20%.
III. For 4 bar in bundled → Ld is increased by 33%.

R.C.C
• 36 mm ls vf/kd dia ds Bars dks Bundles ds :i esa ugha iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Bend & Hook’s

→ tc support ds utnhd i;kZIr development Length Available uk gks] rks bl voLFkk esa Bend vFkok Hooks dk iz;ksx dj fy;k
tkrk gSA
→ IS Code : 2502 ds vuqlkj Common Hook, L-Type & U-Type gSA
→ lkekU;r% Bend vFkok Hook cukrs le; izR;sd 45° ds fy, Anchorage Length, 4 times of diameter (4) fy;k tkrk gSA
→ Anchorage Length 4 ls de rFkk 16 ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
→ Anchorage Length ds ckn Bar dks 4 rd Extra c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA
Angle = 90°
• 90° = 45° + 45° = 4ϕ + 4ϕ = 8ϕ
Angle = 135°
• 135° = 45° + 45° + 45° = 4ϕ + 4ϕ + 4ϕ = 12ϕ
Angle = 180°

R.C.C
• 180° = 45° + 45° + 45° = 4ϕ + 4ϕ + 4ϕ + 4ϕ = 16ϕ
Development Length & Anchorage length for stirrups should be taken as :

• Angle = 135° • Angle = 90° • Angle = 180°
 ϕ = dia. of stirrups
Curtailment of bars :
(i) In simply supported beam Ast/3 bars and is continuous because Ast/4 bars should extend upto Ld/3 distance from
the inner face of support.
(ii) Each bar, which is to be cut, should be cut extending to a distance of effective depth ‘d’ or 12 which ever is greater from
the theoretical point of cut (T.P.C)

R.C.C
(iii) In simply supported beam let Nx bars can be curtailed at a distance of x from mid span. If at mid span let the No of
𝑙 𝑁
bars in NC then x can be calculate from the relatives. 𝑥 = 2 √𝑁𝑥
𝑐
The pint at a distance ‘x’ is T.P.C but for band point of view these bars are curtailed or bent up at a distance d or 12, which
ever is greater, beyond TPC.
Beam Subjected to torsion
• Due to warping to section and cracking of concrete analysis of RCC member to non circular section subjected to torsion
becomes complicated IS 456 : 2000 provides a simplified approach (based on stero bending theory) to design member
subjected to torsion into equivalent shear and equivalent moment.
Equivalent Shear (IS 456 : 2000 41.3.1)

1.6Tu
• Vue = Vu +
b
• Now section is designed to Vue instead of Vu.
Equivalent Moment (IS 456 : 2000 41.3.2)

• Moment due to torsion.
 D
Tu 1 + 
• Mt =
 b.
1.7


R.C.C
6 DESIGN OF SLAB
• Slab og structural member gS ftldh ,d dimension (thickness) other two dimensions dh rqyuk esa cgqr de gksrh gSA
• Slab izkFkfed :i ls Flexure member gksrk gSA
• fdlh Hkh Building dk og structural member tks mlds Åijh surface dks <dus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] Slab dgykrk gSA
• Slab dh thickness 90mm ls 300mm rd dqN Hkh gks ldrh gSA
• Generally, normal structures esa 150 mm (Slab) ls vf/kd thickness ugha Provide djrs gSA
Types of Slab
• Slab dks fuEufyf[kr vk/kkj ij Classify fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1. On the Basis of Shape
I. Rectangular Slab
II. Trapezoidal Slab
III. Triangular Slab
IV. Any Other Slab
2. On the Basis of Bending Behaviour : Two Types
I. One-way Slab
II. Two-way Slab
3. On the Basis of Types of Construction :
I. Solid Slab/Slab
II. Flat Slab
III. Slab with Opening
IV. Waffle Slab
4. On the Basis of Types of Load :
I. Subjected to point load
II. Subjected to UDL load
Note :
• bl Topic esa dsoy Solid, rectangular, one- way vFkok Two – way UDL loaded slab dk design djsx
a sA
One-way Slab : (Rectangular, Solid, UDL Loaded)
• tc fdlh slab ij Bending Moment dsoy ,d Direction esa vf/kd izHkkoh gks rks mls one-way slab dgrs gSA
A. tc Rectangular slab dsoy nks supports ij supported gks rks og Always one way slab dgykrk gSA
• (One way slab irrespective of dimension ly & lx)

R.C.C
Only Two Side Supported :
• One-way slab (always)
When All 4-side Supported

• tc slab pkjksa direction esa supported gks
Longer span of slab

• Aspect ratio(𝑟) =
Shorter span of slab
𝑙𝑦
• 𝑟=
𝑙𝑥
𝑙𝑦
• 𝑟 = 𝑙 > 2 → One-way slab
𝑥
Flat Slab :
• tc fdlh slab dks directly column ds Åij Rest djk fn;k tkrk gS rks mls flat slab dgrs gSA ¼vFkkZr& fcuk Beam dh slab½
• dHkh&dHkh Flat slab ds uhps drop pannel or column capital Hkh Provide dj fn;k tkrk gSA ftldh otg ls Punching failure
ds Chances de gks trs gSA

R.C.C
• Flat slab ds fy, critical section, support surface ls 'd' distance ij gksrk gSA
(d = effective depth of slab)
• bl flat slab dh thickness, slab beam system okyh slab dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA ftldh otg ls Uneconomical gks tkrh
gSA
• Flat slab dh thickness 125 MM ls de ugha j[kh tkrh gSA
Codal provision For solid slab:
I. Nominal Cover :
• Generally slab ds fy, Nominal cover 20 mm use fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu tc dia. of bar 12 mm ls de gks rks Nominal cover
dks 15 mm rd j[kk tk ldrk gSA
Reinforcement :
• Slab esa Compression R/F ugha Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• Slab esa Shear R/F Hkh ugha Provide fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu tc Slab shear esa Fail djsa rks bldh thickness dks c<+kdj Failure
dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA
• tc Slab one = way gksrh gSA rks Mian R/f Shorter Span ds corresponding Provide fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk blh ds Perpendicular
direction esa distribution/temperature/shrinkage/secondary Bar provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• Generally distribution Bar, Temperature o shrinkage effect dks counter balance djus ds fy, Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• Max. dia. of Bar, slab dh thickness ds 1/8th Part ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
𝐷
• 𝜙 > 8 𝑚𝑎𝑥.
• D = thickness of slab
Min dia. of main bar for slab :

• For Fe-250 → 10 mm
• For HYSD → 8 mm
Min dia. of distribution bar for slab :

• Mild Steel (Fe-250) → 6 mm
• HYSD (Fe-415 & Fe-500) → 6 mm
Min. area of reinforcement :

• Fe-250 (mild steel) → 0.15 % of cross c/s area
R.C.C
• HYSD Bar (Fe-415 & Fe-500) → 0.12% of cross c/s area
Min. area of reinforcement : (No recommendation)

• But should not be more than 4% of the cross c/s area for both main & distribution bar.
Min. spacing B/W main & distribution bar : (No recommendation)

• But follow criteria for min. spacing of horizontal bar.
Max. spacing :
 3d
• For main bar > Min. of 
 300mm
 5d
• Max. spacing for distribution bar > Min. of  (According to new revision)
 300mm
Design of One-way Slab
Step-1
• 'd' vFkok l –effective dh mfpr value eku ysAa
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
• 𝑑
= (value) × 𝐾1 × 𝐾2 × 𝐾3 × 𝐾4
Value :
Mild HYSD
Types of Slab Fe-250 Fe-415 & Fe-500
Simply supported slab 35 28
Continuous slab 40 32
• K1 → depends on span length (10 M rd k1 dh value = 1)

• K2 → % of tension R/F (1.2 to 1.6)
• K3 → 1 (singly R/F)
• K4 → 1 (Rectangular slab)
Step-2
• Calculated ‘D’ by assuming suitable cover (d’)
Step-3
• Calculate dead load of slab and also design bending moment.
Step-4
• Calculate ‘d’ required for balanced section:
• Mulim = RU·b·d2 → LSM
or
• MBal = Q·b·d2 → WSM
• (d)required < (d)provided

R.C.C
• Assume b = 1000 mm
Step-5
• Calculate ‘Ast’ for for under R/F slab
•
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝑏𝑑 4.6(𝐵𝑀)𝑈
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝑏𝑑2
• Above calculated ‘Ast’ should be more than (Ast) min.
Step-6
• Calculate distribution bar.
Step-7
• Check the slab for deflection , shear and bond.
Two-way Slab :
• Two –Way slab esa deflection nksuksa orthogonal direction esa mRiuu gksrk gSA
• ly → longer span
• lx → shorter span
• 2 vFkok 2 ls de izkIr gksrk gSA
𝑙𝑦
• Aspect ratio (r) = ≤ 2→ Two way slab
𝑙𝑥
Types of Two-Way Slab
A. On the Basis of Area of Steel : Two types

1. Ortho tropically R/F Two-Way slab
2. Iso tropically R/F Two-Way slab
• tc fdlh Two – slab ds lx and ly direction esa area of steel same provide dh xbZ gks rks mls orthotropical R/F Two-Way slab
dgrs gSA
• bl izdkj ds slab esa nksuksa span ds fy, moment of resistance leku gksrs gSA

R.C.C
B. Isotropically R/F Two-way slab :

• tc fdlh Two –Way slab ds lx & ly direction esa area of steel leku uk provide dh xbZ gks rks mls Isotropically R/F Two-
Way dgrs gSA
• bl izdkj ds Slab esa nksuksa span ds around MOR leku ugha gksrk gSA
C. On the Basis of Corner Condition :

1. Unrestrained Two-way slab : Corner not held in position.
2. Restrained Two-way slab : Corner held in position
Design of Unrestrained Two-way simply supported slab :

• According to Rankine Grass off Analysis :
Load on Shorter Span :

If total load on slab ‘W’
(𝑙𝑦 )4
• 𝑊𝑥 = [(𝑙 4 +(𝑙 )4 ]×𝑊
𝑥) 𝑦
Moment on shorter span :

𝑊𝑥 ⋅𝑙𝑥 2
• 𝐵𝑀𝑥 = 8
Load on Longer span :

𝑙𝑥 4
• 𝑊𝑦 = (𝑙 4 4) × 𝑊
𝑥 +𝑙𝑦
• 𝑊𝑦 = 𝑊 − 𝑊𝑥
Moment on Longer span :

𝑊𝑦 ⋅𝑙𝑦 2
• 𝐵𝑀𝑦 =
8

R.C.C
7 COLUMN
Limit State of Collapse]
in Compression :
• Column fdlh dh RCC rFkk Steel Structure dk og Member gS ftlds Åij Compressive Load vkrk gSA
• Column dks Orientation ds vk/kkj ij] Column vFkok Strut esa Classify fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• Vertical Member in structure → Column
• Inclined Member in Truss → Strut
Type of Column
1. On the Basis of Types of Loading :

A. Concentrically Loaded Column
B. Axially Loaded Column
C. Axially Loaded with Uniaxial Bending Column
D. Axially Loaded with Biaxial Bending Column
A. Concentrically Loaded Column

R.C.C
• tc Column ij Load nksuksa Transverse Axis (x, y) ds Intersection Point ij yxs rks mls Concentrically Loaded Column dgrs
gSA
• fdlh Hkh RCC Structure ds fy, Concentrically Loaded Column dks Design ugha fd;k tkr gSA D;ksafd Exact Intersection
Point ij Loading djuk Possible ugha gksrk gSA
B. Axially Loaded Column:
• tc fdlh Column ij Load dh Eccentricity ¼mRdsUnzrk½ mldh Transverse direction ds (x, y) 5% ds vUnj gks] rks mls Axially
Loaded Column dgrs gSA
• IS Code ds vuqlkj RCC Column Axially Load ds fy, Design fd;k tkrk gSA
C. Axially Loaded with Uniaxial Bending Column :
• tc fdlh Column ij Eccentric Load dsoy ,d direction ds Corresponding yxs rks mls Axially Loaded With Uniaxial
Bending Column dgrs gSA
D. Axially Loaded with Bi-Axial Bending Column :
• tc fdlh Column ij Eccentric Load mldh nksuksa Transverse direction (x,y) ds Corresponding yxs rks mls Axially Loaded
With Bi-axial Bending Column dgrs gSA

R.C.C
Note :
• Concentrically loaded column → 5
• Axially loaded with uniaxial bending → 2, 4, 6, 8
• Axially loaded with Bi-axial bending column → 1, 3, 7, 9.
2. On the Basis of Slenderness Ratio :

A. Short Column
B. Long Column & Slender Column
A. Short Column :
• tc fdlh Compression Member ds fy, Slenderness Ratio 3 ls vf/kd rFkk 12 ls de gks rks mls Short Column dgrs gSA
• 3 <  < 12 (Short Column)
•  → slenderness ratio
• Short Column Always Crusting vFkok Crippling esa Fail djrk gSA
B. Long Column/Slender Column :

• tc fdlh Compression Member ds fy, slenderness Ratio () 12 ls vf/kd izkIr gks rks mls Long Column dgrs gSA
•  ≥ 12 (Long Column)
• Long Column Always Buckling esa Fail djrk gSA blfy, tc Column dh Strength Kkr djrs gS rks Reduction Factor (Cr)
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
• 𝐶𝑟 = 1.25 − 48𝐵
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ¼tc   40)
Note :
Pedestral :- (Column ds uhps cuk;k x;k pkSdkj Member)
• tc fdlh Compression Member ds fy, Slenderness Ratio () 3 vFkok 3 ls de gks rks mls Pedestral dgrs gSA
• ≤3
• Pedestral, PCC vFkok R.C.C nksuksa dk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
• Pedestral, Always Crushing esa Fail djrk gSA D;ksfa d bldh Height cgqr de gksrh gSA
• ;fn Pedestral RCC dk cuk;k tkrk gS rks blesa Steel dh ek=k mlds c/s Area ds 0.15% ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
• Min. of area of steel for pedestral < 0.15% of cross of C/S area

R.C.C
Slenderness Ratio :
In SOM
Eff. length of column
• Slenderness ratio = Least radius of gyration
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓.
• Slenderness ratio =
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛
• leff → depends on end conditions of column
In RCC
Eff. length of column

• Slenderness Ratio = Least lateral dimension
•
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓.
=
Least lateral dimension (LLD)
• B>D
LLD = D
• leff → depends on end condition
• LLD → B & D (whichever is less)
Radius of Gyration
𝐼
• 𝑟 = √𝐴
𝐵𝐷 3
• 𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 12
𝐷𝐵3
• 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 12
B>D
• Ixx < Iyy
(𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐼𝑥𝑥 )
• 𝑟min . = √ 𝐴
𝐵𝐷3 𝐷
• 𝑟min = √12×𝐵⋅𝐷 = 2
√3

R.C.C
Column 
Short < 32
Medium 32 to 120
Long > 120
3. On the Basis of Types of Reinforcement :
A. Tied Column
B. Spirally & Helically R/F Column
C. Composite Column
A. Tied Column
B. Spirally & Helically R/F Column:- (5% Strength T;knk gksrh gS½
C. Composite Column
• Composite Column
Unsupported Length of Column :
• Floor rFkk Beam ds Bottom Level rd dh Clear Length dks rFkk Height dks Unsupported Length of Column dgrs gSA
Effective Length of Column :
• leff

R.C.C
• fdlh Column dk og Part tks Effectively Buckling esa Participate djrk gS] Effective Length of Column dgykrh gSA
• Points of Zero Moment ds chp dh Length dks Effective Length of Column dgrs gSA
• Points of Contra-flexures ds chp dh Length dks Effective Length of Column dgrs gSA

R.C.C
Effective Length of Member :

R.C.C
Assumptions
1. Plain section before bending remains plane after bending
2. Tensile strength of concrete is ignored. All the tensile stresses taken up by steel only
3. For axially loaded column, maximum compression strain in all fibres is limited to 0.002
4. The maximum compression strain in the column subjected to axial compressive and bending when part of column section
is in tension is 0.0035
5. The maximum compressing strain in the column subjected to axial compression and bending when not tension is considered
anywhere in column section is (Ech = 0.0035-0.75Ecl)
Codal Provision
1. Maximum Length of Column

A. Restrained Length of Column
• Length of column ≯ 60𝐵
• B = least lateral dimenstion
B. Not Restrained at End

100𝐵2
Length of column ≯
𝐷
2. Minimum Eccentricity in Column :

• fdlh Hkh RCC Column dks Concentric Load ds fy, Design ugha fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd fdlh Exact Point ij Loading djuk
djuk Possible ugha gksrk gSA vFkkZr Column dks Always Minimum Eccentricity ds fy, Design fd;k tkrk gSA
• ftldh Value fuEufyf[kr Formula ls Kkr dh tkrh gS
For Rectangular & Circular Column

𝐿 𝐵
+
• 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. of [500 30
20 𝑚𝑚
For Non-Rectangular & Non-Circular Column

𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
• 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. of [ 500
20 mm
3. Longitudinal Reinforcement
A. Min. Area of Reinforcement
• Column esa Minimum R/F Creep Effect o Unanticipated Loading dks Counter-Balance djus ds fy, Provide fd;k tkrk gSA

R.C.C
• Min. area of steel (R/F) in column ≥ 0.8 % of cross C/S area.
B. Maximum Area of R/F

• Column esa 6% ls vf/kd R/F ugha Provide djrs gSA ysfdu ;fn Column esa Splicing (Over lapping) Provide dh xbZ gks rks
Maximum Area of R/F 4% of Gross C/S Area ls vf/kd ugha Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• (𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) 𝑚𝑎𝑥. ≯ 6% of gross C/S area
• (𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) 𝑚𝑎𝑥. ≯ 6% of BD
4. Min. No. of R/F

A. For rectangular section = 4 Nos
B. For circular section = 6 Nos
C. In case of non-rectangular column → At least one bar must be provided at each corner.
Ex.
8 Nos
5. Statement
• Column Section ds fy, Longitudinal R/F dk diameter 12 mm ls de ugha j[kk tkrk gSA (To Avoid Buckling)
• ϕmin ≥ 12 mm
6.
• fdlh Hkh Longitudinal Bar ds chp Maximum Spacing C/C 300 mm ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
7.
• Pedestral ds fy, Minimum Area of Reinforcement, 0.15% of Gross C/S Area fy;k tkrk gSA
8.
• Column ds fy, Minimum Nominal Cover 40 mm fy;k tkrk gS ysfdu 12 mm rd dh Bar ds fy, इसको 25 mm rd j[kk
tk ldrk gSA (But D  200 mm)

R.C.C
9. Transverse Reinforcement (Ties/Spiral or Helical)

A.Purpose for which it is provided :
• ;s Longitudinal R/F dh Buckling dks jksdrk gSA
• ;s Longitudinal Bar dks mldh Position esa cuk;s j[krk gSA
• ;g Shear o Torsion ds fy, Resistance Provide djrk gSA
• ;g Concrete dks Confinement Provide djrk gSA
• Minimum diameter of Transverse R/F should be taken as following
 main R / F
• min for transverse R/F = max. of  4

 6 mm
Spacing B/W Transverse R/F
10. Spiral/Helical Reinforcement

• Spirally R/F Column esa Ductility vf/kd gksrh gSA rFkk Spiral use djus dh otg ls Column dh Strength 5% c<+ tkrh gSA
• Spirally R/F Column esa Concrete ij Triaxial Compressive Load vkrk gSA
• Column dks Spiral Column ds :i esa rHkh Consider djsxs tc fuEufyf[kr Condition follow gks
•
Volume of spiral R/F 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 A𝑔
[ Volume of core
] ≥ 𝑓𝑦
[ Ac ]-1
• Ac = core area of column
• Ag = gross area of column
• fck = characteristics strength of concrete
• fy = yield strength of steel
• D = dia. of column
• Dc = dia. of core = D – 2 × clear cover
• ϕs = dia. of spiral
• ϕL = dia. of longitudinal bars

R.C.C
𝜋
• Volume of core = 4 ⋅ 𝐷𝑐2 × pitch
• Volume of spiral R/F = Area of spiral R/F × perimeter
𝜋
• Volume of spiral R/F = × 𝜙𝑠2 × 𝜋(𝐷𝑐 − 𝜙𝑠 )
4
𝜋
• 𝐴𝑔 = 4 × 𝐷 2
𝜋
• 𝐴𝑐 = 4 × 𝐷𝑐2
Min. dia. of Spiral R/F

𝜙𝑚𝑖𝑛
• (𝜙𝑠 )min ≥ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. of [ 4
6 mm
Min. pitch. of Spiral R/F

25 mm
• 𝑚𝑖𝑛. pitch/spacing ≥ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. of [
3𝜙𝑠
Max. pitch. of Spiral R/F
 75 mm
• min. pitch/spacing  max. of  Dia. of core (Dc )

 6
Note
• Axially Loaded Column ds fdlh Hkh Fibre esa Maximum Strain 0.002 ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
Design of Concentrically Loaded Column
• PU = PC + PS
• 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑓𝑐𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑓𝑐𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑓𝑐𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 + 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 )
Where,
• Ag = gross area of column

R.C.C
• Asc = Area of steel in compression

• 𝐴𝑔 = 𝐵 × 𝐷
𝜋
• 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝑛 × 4 × 𝜙 2
• fcc = stress in steel compression
→𝐹𝑒250 = 0.87𝑓𝑦
• 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = [→𝐹𝑒415 = 0.79𝑓𝑦
→𝐹𝑒500 = 0.75𝑓𝑦
• 𝑃𝑈 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 + (0.75𝑓𝑦 − 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) × 𝐴𝑠𝑐
If spiral column, then :

• 𝑃𝑈 = 1.05[0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 + (0.75𝑓𝑦 − 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ]
• PU = Ultimate load carrying capacity of column
• PC = Load carried by concrete
• PS = Load carried by steel
Design of Axially loaded short column

• Axially Loaded Short Column ds fy, Strength, Concentrically Loaded Column dh Strength ls 10% de izkIr gksrh gSA
• Short Column ds fy, Slenderness Ration 12 vFkok 12 ls de fy;k tkrk gSA
• Load carrying capacity of column
• 𝑃𝑈 = 0.40𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 + (0.67𝑓𝑦 − 0.40𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) × 𝐴𝑠𝑐
For spirally R/F column

• 𝑃𝑈 = 1.05[0.40𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 + (0.67𝑓𝑦 − 0.40𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) × 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ]
Design of Axially loaded long column
• blds fy, Slenderness Ratio 12 ls vf/kd gksrk gSA

• ;gk¡ ij ,d Reduction Factor (Cr) dks Multiply fd;k tkrk gSA
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
• 𝐶𝑟 = 1.25 − 48𝐵
→ When  < 40
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
• 𝐶𝑟 = 1.25 − 160𝑟 → When  ≥ 40
𝑚𝑖𝑛
• B = Least lateral dimension

• rmin = least radius of gyration
• 𝑃𝑈 = 𝐶𝑟 [0.40𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 + (0.67𝑓𝑦 − 0.40𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) × 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ]
If spirally R/F column:- (5% Strength Increase gks tkrh gSA)

• 𝑃𝑈 = 1.05𝐶𝑟 [0.40𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 + (0.67𝑓𝑦 − 0.40𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) × 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ]

R.C.C
8 FOOTING
Footing
• ;g fdlh Hkh Structure dk lcls Bottom Most Member gksrk gS tks Column, Beam rFkk Slab etc ls vkus okys Load dks Soil
ds Åij Transfer djus dj dke djrk gSA
• Footing ges'kk Punching esa Fail gksrh gSA ftlesa Column Footing dks rksM+dj vUnj pyk tkrk gSA
• Punching Failure dks jksdus ds fy,] Footing dh depth vFkok thickness sufficient gksuh pkfg,A
• fdlh Hkh Structure dh Stability Footing rFkk Soil dh Bearing Capacity ij gh depend djrh gSA
• Footing dks fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls Classify fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Shallow Foundation
• tc fdlh Foundation dh depth mldh width ds cjkcj ;k mlls de gks rks mls Shallow Foundation dgrs gSA
• D≤B
I. Isolated Footing
• tc izR;sd Column ds fy, Individual Footing design dh tkrh gS tks mls Isolated footing dgrs gSA
• ;g Square, Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Circular fdlh Hkh Shape esa gks ldrh gSA
• bl izdkj dh Footing ds fy, Base Slab dh thickness 150 mm ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A

R.C.C
II. Combined Footing

• tc nks Column ,d&nwljs ds dkQh utnhd fLFkr gksrs gS vFkok mudk Footing Area ,d&nwljs dks Coincide djrk gS rks bl
fLFkfr esa Isolated Footing uk cukdj Combined footing cuk;h tkrh gSA
III. Strip Footing

• lkekU;r% bl rjg dh Footing wall foundation okys Structure esa fn;k tkrk gSA
• blesa Wall Foundation cukus ls igys Base esa ,d Strip Slab Mky nh tkrh gS ftldh otg ls Wall dk Uneven Settlement
ugha gks ikrk gSA vFkkZr~ Wall, Cracks ls cph jgrh gSA
IV. Strap Footing

• bl Type dh Footing esa nks Isolated Column dks vkil esa ,d Beam ds ek/;e ls Connect dj fn;k tkrk gS ftldh otg
mudk differential settlement ugha gks ikrk gS rFkk Moment dk Distribution Hkh Uniform :i ls gksrk gSA
V. Mat/Raft Footing
• bl Type dh Footing lkekU;r% Low Bearing Capacity okyh Soil ds fy, cuk;h tkrh gSA Ex- Black Cotton Soil
• tc dHkh Plot Area dk 70% Area Footing ds :i esa Use gks jgk gks rks bl Condition esa Mat/Raft Foundation cukuk T;knk
mfpr jgrk gSA
• tc cgqr T;knk Load vk jgk gks rc Hkh Mat/Raft Footing cuk;h tkrh gSA

R.C.C
Note:
Deep Foundation
• tc Footing dh Depth, Footing dh Width ls vf/kd gks rks mls Deep foundation dgrs gSA
• Generally Deep Footing dh Depth, mldh Width dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
• D >>> B
• Abutment → Bridge esa fdukjs okys Column
• Pier → Bridge esa chp okys Column
I. Pile Foundation
• bl rjg dh Foundation lkekU;r% Heavy Bridges vFkok High Rised Buildings esa cuk;h tkrh gSA
• Generally Pile Foundation dks Ground ds uhps Hard Strata ij fVdk;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ Pile Foundation ds fy, Åij Surface
dh Soil dh Bearing Capacity ls dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
• bl rjg dh Foundation Building vFkok Bridges dks Lateral Stability Provide djrh gS vFkkZr~ budks Over turning o Sliding
ls cpkrh gSA
• Depth of footing ≮ 300 mm

R.C.C
II. Well Foundation

• bl Type dh Foundation esa Ground Level ds uhps High depth dh Trench ¼[kk¡bZ½ [kksn nh tkrh gSA tks lkekU;r% oSlh gh
fn[krh gS tSls dksbZ Well ¼dqvk¡½
• bl Foundation dh Depth, Pile Foundation dh rqyuk esa de gks ldrh gSA ysfdu Pile Foundation dh rqyuk esa bldh Width
dkQh vf/kd gksrh gSA
• bl rjg dh Footing lkekU;r% River Bridges esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
• Depth of well footing ≰ 300 mm
Design Criteria
1. Depth of Footing
• fdlh Hkh Type dh Footing ds fy,] Depth 50 cm (0.5 m) ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
• Minimum Depth of Footing ≮50 cm
• Footing dh Depth, Soil dh Bearing Capacity rFkk Minimum Seasonal Variation of Water Table ij Depend djrh gSA
• izkjfEHkd rkSj ij Footing dh Depth Kkr djus ds fy, Rankine Formula dk use fd;k tkrk gS tks fuEu gS
𝑞 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 2
• Depth of footing 𝐷𝑓 = 𝛾 (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙) rankine formula
• q = gross bearing capacity
•  = unit weight of soil
• ϕ = Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose
2. Minimum Nominal Cover/Clear Cover

• Footing ds fy, Minimum Nominal Cover. 50 mm ls de ugha gksuk pkfg,A
• Minimum Nominal Cover decide djrs le; Exposure Condition dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA

R.C.C
 50 mm
• Min. nominal cover < max of 
 min.nominal cover as per exposure condition
3. Minimum Thickness of Footing

• tc Footing, Soil ds Åij Rest dj jgh gksrh gS rks Footing Edges dh depth 150 mm ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
• Df ≮ 150 mm
• tc Footing, Pile ds Åij Rest dj jgh gks rks Footing Edge dh Depth 300 mm ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
• Df ≮ 300 mm
Or
• Df ≥ 300 mm
4. Critical section for bending

• Bending ds fy, Critical Section fuEufyf[kr :i ls fy;k tkrk gS
A. Bending ds fy, Critical Section Column, Pedestral, Wall ds Face ij fy;k tkrk gS tc os Concrete ds cus gksA
B. Bending ds fy, Critical Section For Brick Masonary Wall ds Centre ij fy;k tkrk gSA

R.C.C
Note
• Masonary Wall ds fy, Critical Section, Centre Line ds lkFk&lkFk Wall ds Faces ij Hkh gks ldrk gS ;fn vPNh Quality dh
Masonary dh xbZ gks rksA
5. Critical Section of Shear

• Shear dks Completely Footing dh thickness ds }kjk Bear Resist fd;k tkrk gSA
• Shear ds fy, Critical Section fuEufyf[kr :i ls fy;k tkrk gSA
A. For one-way shear

• tc Footing, Soil ij Supported gks rks Shear ds fy, Critical Section Column, Wall ls 'd' distance ij fy;k tkrk gSA
• tc Footing, Pile ij fVdh gks rks Shear ds fy, Critical Section Column o Wall ds Face ls (d/2) distance ij fy;k tkrk gSA

R.C.C
B. For Two-way Shear

• Two-Way Shear ds fy, Punching Failure, Column ds Face ls (d/2) distance ij mlds pkjksa vksj fy;k tkrk gSA
6. Critical Section for Bond

• Development Length ds fy, Critical Section Column, Pedestral, RCC Wall ds fy, buds Face ij fLFkr gksrk gSA
Note : R/F is designed in footing same as slab design

𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
• 𝐶𝑟 = 1.25 − 48𝐵
when l ≤ 40
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
• 𝐶𝑟 = 1.25 − 160𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛
when l > 40
• rmin = Least radius of gyration

R.C.C
9 STAIRCASE
Types of Staircase:
1. By geometrical construction
2. By shape of staircase

R.C.C
(e) Spiral Stairs (f) Helicoidal Stairs
General Dimensions:
Width = 1 m to 2 m
Residential Public space
Steps = 3 to 12 numbers
(T + 2R = 500) and (T × R = 40,000 to 42,000)
T and R for residential building
T = 250 to 300 mm 

R = 150 to 180 mm 

T and R for public building 
T = 250 to 300 mm 

R = 120 to 150 mm 

Load Calculation
1. Live Loads:
 5.0 kN/m 2 → In general
L = 
3.0 kN/m → When overcrowding is unlikely
2

R.C.C
2. Dead Loads:
1 
W1 =   T  R  B   25 kN/m
2 
1
W1 = RB  25 kN/m
2
W2 = ( B  t  B)  25 kN
= R 2 + T 2  t  B  25 kN
R 2 + T 2  t  B  25
W2 = kN/m
T
Based on Structural System
(i) Spanning Longitudinally
Both landing and Going span in the same direction
Effective Span (Le) – Le = C/C distance between supports

(ii) Landings Spanning transverse to Going
Going is supported by landings

R.C.C
Fig: Effective span for stairs supported at each end by landing spanning parallel with the rises
Effective Span Le-
X Y Span in meters
<1m <1m G+X+Y
<1m >1m G+X+1
>1m <1m G+Y+1
>1m >1m G+1+1

R.C.C
10 RETAINING WALL
Retaining Wall
• Retaining wall is provided to retain earth at an angel steeper than angle of repose
β > ϕ → (Unstable)
β ≤ ϕ → (Stable)
Types of Retaining Wall

1. Gravity Wall
2. Cantilever Retaining Wall
3. Counterfort Retaining Wall
4. Buttress Retaining Wall

R.C.C
Cantilever Retaining Wall
PP = 1 K P  s h  1  h
2
PP = 1 K P  s h
2
• It becomes uneconomical it height of retained earth goes beyond 8 m.
• Stem, heel slab and toe slab bend like cantilever.
• Thickness of any slab should not be less than 150 mm.
• Stem is generally tapered with maximum thickness at bottom.
• Main reinforcement of stem is provided on back face.
• Main reinforcement of heel and toe slab is on top and bottom respectively.
• Critical section for heel and toe slab are at back and front of stem respectively.
• Critical section for bending stem is at the junction of base slab and stem.
• Active earth pressure produces.
o Disturbing force for sliding.

R.C.C
o Disturbing moment for over turning
Disturbing force  Pa = 1 K a  s H 2 Pa  H 2
2
Disturbing moment  M = Pa  H 3 = 1 6 K a  s H 3 M α H3
• Restoring moment is obtained by self weight of retaining wall and soil above heel slab.
Restoring moment = (0.9 W) × Perpendicular distance b/w ‘W’ and toe point
Where W = W1 + W2 + W + W3 + W4
• Restoring force sliding is obtained from friction b/w base and soil below it. If friction is not sufficient then shear key is
provided and placed in such as way that main reinforcement of stem can be extended inside the shear key for anchorage.
Restoring Force = Friction + Passive Earth pr = μN + PP
Restoring force = μ(0.5W) + PP
• While calculating restoring force and restoring moment only 90% of DL is considered.
• FOS against overturning and sliding should not be less than 1.4
Restoring Force/Moment
1.4
Disturbing Force/Moment
• For most economical design, resultant of pressure from soil should pass through front face of stem.
• Resultant of active earth pressure and dead load should pass through middle 3rd of base slab dimension for no lifting
condition.
• In general length of base slab is (0.6 to 0.8) times height of retained earth.
• For preliminary design, stem can be placed at 1/3rd of length of base slab.
• After every 30 m, a joint is provided to take care of expansion and contraction of retaining wall.
Counterfort Retaining Wall

R.C.C
• It is provided if height of retained earth goes beyond 7 to 8 m.

• Cantilever action of stem and heel slab of cantilever retaining wall is converted to continuous slab.
• Design positive and negative B.M. are calculated using BM coefficient.
• Clear spacing b/w counterforts lie between H/2 to H/3.
• Counterfort is designed as T-beam and main reinforcement is provided on inclined face.
• For preliminary design, thickness of counterfort is taken as 0.05 H.

R.C.C
11 YIELD LINE THEORY
Yield Line Theory
• It is an inelastic method of analysis by which ultimate load carrying capacity of slab is calculated
Formation of Plastic Hinge
• Plastic hinge in the slab is the form of line hinge corresponding to widest crack pattern.
• This is also termed as yield line.
Guidelines to draw yield line

1. It must be straight line and it generally passes through the point of intersection of two axis of rotation.
2. It terminates at slab boundary or intersects other yield lines.
3. Yield lines act as axis of rotation.
4. Each segment of the slab should act as rigid body.

R.C.C
After formation of yield line.

join me
DEVESH SIR PW
THANK YOU

Short RCC Notes by Devesh Sir.

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RCC

REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE

Ques: R.C.C. was developed and first used by:

PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete)

Grade of Concrete:- According to New Code (2019)

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.2

Type of Concrete Designation of Concrete Characteristics Strength (fck) (N/mm2)

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.3

Permissible Limit of Impurity in Water:- निम्नािुसार

(1) Chlorides (IS 3025-Part:32)

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.4

4. Very Severe Exposure

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.5

• Fe-550 → TMT Bar HYSD (High Yield Strength Deformed Bars)

Tensile Strength of Concrete:- (Indirect Test)

A. Flexural (Bending) Tensile Strength

B. Spliting Tensile Strength

C. Direct Tensile Strength

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete (Young's Modulus)

Short Term Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

Long Term Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

where, θ → Creep Coefficient (Time Dependent Phenomena)

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.6

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.7

For Concrete For Steel

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.8

2 WORKING STRESS METHOD

Working stress Method (WSM)

• bldks Elastic Method ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

Singly Reinforced Beam

Assumptions of WSM Method

(6) Hook’ law is valid (  )

Singly Reinforced Beam

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.9

• C.Z. → Compression zone • T.Z.→ Tension zone

• d → Effective depth of Beam • D → Overall depth of Beam

• N.A. → Neutral Axis • Ast → Area of steel in Tension

Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beam

Compressive Force: (c)

Tensile Force: (T)

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.10

Moment of Resistance for compression zone: (Mr)

Moment of Resistance for Tension zone:

Depth of Actual Neutral Axis:

Depth of Critical Neutral Axis:

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.11

Moment of Resistance for compression zone:

Where → st = Permissible stress steel in Tension

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.12

Percentage of steel for Balanced section:

Doubly Reinforced Beam:

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beam:

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.13

Compressive Force for compression concrete:

Moment of Resistance for compression zone:

MOR Due to compression steel →

MOR for compression zone→

MOR For Tension zone:

AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.14

MOR due to (𝐴𝑠𝑡2 ):

Total MOR for Tension zone →

Critical Neutral Axis: