Theoryanddesignaids

Fundamentals of RC Structure Design
Theory and Design Aids
BTech Tin Ko Ko (09789444780)

Bachelor of Engineering - Civil (Technological University - Thanlyin)
Postgraduate Diploma - Civil Structural Engineering (Yangon Technological University)
Master of Business Administration (Wexham Glyndwr University)
Fundamentals of RC Structure Design Theory and Design Aids
Project – 6 Storeyed Reinforced Concrete Residential Building

Material Strength
fc’ = 2.5 ksi
fy = 40 ksi (Main Steel)
fys = 40 ksi (Stirrup and Tie)
Ec = 2850 ksi
Es = 29000 ksi
Code – ACI 318-05
Allowable Soil Bearing Capacity = 1.5 ton/sqft (Depth=8’)
Loading
Rain Load = 20 psf
Roof Live Load = 20 psf
Typical Floor Live Load = 40 psf
Stair Live Load = 100 psf
Finish Load = 20 psf
4.5” thk Wall Load = 50 psf
Load Combination
Factored Load Combination
1.4D
1.2D+1.6L+0.5R
1.2D+1.6R+L
1.2D+1.6L
Service Load Combination
D
D+0.75L+0.75R
D+R
D+L
1
3D View
2
Roof Plan View
3
Typical Floor Plan View
4
Ground Floor Plan View
5
Reinforced Concrete Concrete + Mild Steel
The coefficients of thermal expansion for steel and concrete are nearly the same (about 0.000006
in/in-◦F), which means that embedded reinforcement can expand and contract with temperature
changes without breaking its bond with the surrounding concrete.
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Strong in compression and withstand 1. Mixing, casting, and curing.
tension.
2. Fire and water resistance. 2. High formwork cost.
3. Can cast required shape. 3. Cracks due to shrinkage and live loads.
4. Long service life with low maintenance 4. Time

cost.
5. Serviceability 5. Large section.
6
Concrete
Cement
Water
Air
Admixture
Fine Aggregate (eg. Sand)
Coarse Aggregate (eg. Chipping, gravel)
Concrete Mix
7
Cement
Classification of Portland Cements according to ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials).
• Type I Normal cement, used for general construction work.

• Type IA Normal + air entrained agents
• Type II Moderate sulphate resistant cement
• Type IIA Moderate sulphate resistant cement + air entrained agents
• Type III High early strength cement
• Type IIIA High early strength cement + air entrained agents
• Type IV Low heat cement
• Type V High sulphate resistant cement
Water
Almost any natural water that is drinkable and has no taste or odor.
Reasonably free from impurities as suspended solids, organic matter and dissolved salts.
Excessive impurities in mixing water affect setting time, concrete strength, cause staining,
corrosion of reinforcement, reduced durability.
Limit chlorides, sulphates, acidalkalies, and solid shall be tested in an approved laboratory.
Air
It increases the workability of concrete without much increase in water-cement ratio.
Admixture
Air-entraining admixtures
-resistance to freezing and thawing
-workability
- reduces the possibility of shrinkage and crack formation in the concrete surface
- strength of concrete decreases.
- must not be done if the site control is not good.
8
Accelerating admixtures (Calcium Chloride)

-to accelerate hydration
-can cause steel reinforcement in concrete to deteriorate
Retarders
-sometimes added in hot weather
-to slow rate of hydration
-prevent partial hardening of the concrete before pouring is complete
Plasticizers
-water reducers, water reducing admixtures
-increase flowability of concrete
-can improve fresh concrete workability without increasing w/c ratio
Waterproofing material
in preventing concrete from water penetration.
Aggregate
Fine Aggregate
-consists of natural or manufactured sand
-will pass through a sieve ¼” mesh openings
Coarse Aggregate
-typically ¾” or 1”
-will not pass through a sieve of ¼” mesh openings
9
Unit weight of Concrete

Type of aggregate controls unit weight.
Light weight
-range from 90 pcf but not use for structural application
Heavy weight
-use iron ore and steel slugs for aggregate
-excess of 200 pcf
Normal weight
-plain concrete is approximately 145 pcf
-reinforced concrete 150 pcf
Specified Compressive Strength of concrete

fcu’= 28 days compressive strength of concrete (standard cube strength)
fc’= 28 days compressive strength of concrete (standard cylinder strength)
fcu’ (N/mm2 or MPa) fc’(lb/in2 or psi)
G 15 1500
G 20 2000
G 25 2500
G 30 3000
fc’=fcu’x0.78 (fc’ ≤ 3500psi)

fc’=fcu’x0.8 (3500 < fc’ ≤ 5000psi)
fc’=fcu’x0.81 (5000 < fc’ ≤ 6000psi)
fc’=fcu’x0.83 (fc’ > 6000psi)
Example
Cube strength fcu’ = 20Mpa x 145 = 2900 psi
Cylinder strength fc’ = 2900 x 0.78 = 2262 psi ~ 2000 psi
Compressive Strength of Concrete (MNBC-2016)
fc’ shall not be less than 2500 psi.
fc’ shall not be less than 3000 psi for seismic – resistance design.
10
Approximately strength development in concrete
Water Cement Ratio

Min water cement ratio = 0.25 (for hydration)
Example (by weight)
w/c = 0.5
w/110 = 0.5
w = 55 lb
w = 5.5 gal
cement 1bag – water 5.5gal
Average Compressive Strength of Concrete (fcr’)

Specified compressive strength fc’, psi Required average compressive strength fcr’,
psi
Less than 3000 fc’+1000
3000 to 5000 fc’+1200
Over 5000 1.1fc’+700
11
Tensile Strength of Concrete

Tensile strength is small compared to its compressive strength – only about a tenth.
(1) Direct tensile strength
-less use
(2) Modulus of rupture
-most important in design
fr = 7.5√fc’ (normal weight concrete)
(3) Splitting tensile strength
-fct, alternative measure of tensile strength that may be determined by laboratory test
Shrinkage
Contraction due to loss of moisture
To minimize shrinkage,
• Keep the amount of mixing water to a minimum
• Cure the concrete well
• Place the concrete for walls, floors and other large items in small section (thus allowing
some of shrinkage to take place before the next section is placed)
• Use shrinkage reinforcement
• Use approximately dense and non-porous aggregates
Creep
Continuous deformation of concrete with time under sustained load
12
Minimum Concrete Cover

Particulars Not exposed directly to Exposed directly to weather
weather or not in contact or in contact with ground
with ground
Slab and walls 0.75 in 2 in but 1.5 in for 16mm and
smaller bars
Beams and columns 1.5 in 2 in
Bar spacing (For maximum size of aggregate 1”)

Type of member Minimum clear spacing Maximum c/c spacing
Beam 1.33 in
Column 1.5 d or 1.5 in
Slab/Stair 3 in (to save labor) 3h or 18” (one way)
2h or 18” (two way)
Temp & Shrinkage Steel
5h or 18”
For practical work
Slab/Stair 4 in 2h (one way and two way)
13
Reinforcing Steel
Mild Steel
fy is the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
fy ≤ 40000 psi (Local)
fy = 50000 psi to above (Foreign)
Types of Reinforcements
Roll or plain bar
-prior to 1971, ACI permitted the use of smooth bar.
-little bond, required end hooks for anchorage
-in normal building construction, they are used as stirrup and tie.
Deformed bar
Better bond
Diameter of bar Nos Per 1 ton

25mm 21
22mm 27
20mm 33
18mm 41
16mm 53
14mm 70
12mm 88
10mm 135
Length of deformed bar = 12m (39’4”)
14
Standard Grade Yield strength (Mpa) Tensile strength
GB1499-1988 HRB400/HRB500 400/500 540/630
BS4449:1997 250/460A/460B 250/460/460 287.5/483/496.8
ASTM A615 GR60 420 620
HRB400 = 400 Mpa ~ 58000 psi
15
16
Wire fabric
-another type of reinforcement is welded wire fabric.
-longitudinal and transverse wires that are machine welded to produce a rectangular grid.
-the wires may be either smooth or deformed.
Stress and strain
17
Modulus of elasticity
E = stress/strain
Modulus of elasticity of steel, Es = 29x106 psi
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec = 57000 √𝑓𝑐′ (normal weight concrete)
Poisson’s ratio
-the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain

-higher strength concrete - 0.11
-weaker grade concrete – 0.21
-average grade concrete – 0.16
18
Moment of Inertia
Structural Engineering
-branch of civil engineering and its application are diverse
-designing structures such as buildings, bridges and tunnels, etc.
-majority of structural engineers work primary as consultants to architects or design-build
contractors.
Approach Structural Problem Solving Process
Cause
Analysis
Effect
Design
Solution
19
Load Path
Typical Uniformly distributed design load
20
Density of various materials
Reaction
21
Compression and Tension
Load Types
Uniformly distributed load
Uniformly varying load
Point load or concentrated load
22
Support Types
23
Moment
24
Shear Force
One way shear
Punching Shear
25
Torsion
Deflection
26
Design Basic
• Determination of fc’ and fy
• Member size
• Selection of steel
RC Structure Design philosophy

Working Stress Method
The first editions of the ACI code assumed linear elastic behavior of the steel and concrete. This
method, known as working stress design (WSD), was used to set allowable stresses for concrete,
steel, and the bond between them.
Strength Design Method
In 1963, ACI introduced a new, easier, and more economical design approach as an alternative to
WSD.
This method, called strength design, gradually replaced WSD for structural concrete, although
WSD is still widely used for design of reinforced masonry.
Variation in Some Load and Resistance Factors in ACI 318
27
The primary design criteria for structural concrete (ACI 318)

• adequate strength
• adequate ductility
• serviceability
• practical and economical constructability
ACI 318 does not consider aesthetics.
Strength
Adequate Design Strength ≥ Required Strength
φRn ≥ Ru
Adequate Ductility
Ductility is the ability of a material or member to deform visibly without fracture.
Plain concrete is a brittle material, but if reinforcement is properly placed inside, concrete
members can behave in a ductile manner.
-can protect the member in the event of an accidental overload,
-an extraordinary overload can warn of impending collapse.
-adequate ductility is assured by placing minimum limits and upper limits of reinforcement.
Serviceability
The characteristic of a structure to serve its intended function under the service loads
include deflections, crack widths, and durability.
Practical and economical constructability

to alleviate the difficulties of placing and consolidating fresh concrete.
Minimum bar spacing, maximum steel percentages, or minimum member size for various types
of members.
28
Typical RC Structural Members
Slab
One Way Slab Two Way Slab
One direction load distribution Two direction load distribution
If four supports, L/B ≥ 2 If four supports, L/B < 2
29
Beam
Singly Reinforced Beam Doubly Reinforced beam
Max As > As > Min As When Max As < As , can reduce beam size
Tension Zone - Steel Tension Zone - Steel
Compression Zone - Concrete Compression Zone - Steel
Column
Short Column Slender Column
Crushing Buckling
Cross section area ≥ Height Cross section area < Height
Footing
Failures due to vertical load
punching shear or two way shear one way shear or beam shear
flexural failure
30
Types of Footing
• Isolated footing (square, rectangular)
• Combined Footing
• Strip Footing
• Mat Footing
• Pile Foundation
31
Codes of Practices
The design engineer is usually guided by specifications called the codes of practice. Engineering
specifications are set up by various organizations to represent the minimum requirements
necessary for the safety of the public. Most codes specify design loads, allowable stresses,
material quality, construction types, and other requirements for building construction.
• The Myanmar National Building Code (MNBC-2020)
• The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-05)
• The Uniform Building Code (UBC-97)
• The International Building Code (IBC-05)
• The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE7-05)
Some Structural Safety Consideration

Following factors may be different from designer’s assumption.
1.Actual load
2.Actual load distribution
3.Structural Analysis
4.Actual behavior
5.Actual member dimensions
6.Reinforcement position
7.Actual material strength
32
Basic preparation for structural design process

Step 1- to collect data for the design project
a) Architectural data
b) Material data
c) Soil data
d) Loading data
e) Detailing method
f) Analysis and design method
g) Other data and document collected
Step2- To prepare structural specifications and input parameters
Material strengths
Concrete protection for reinforcement
Bar spacing
Development length and splice length
Step 3 – to study architectural and M&E requirements
Step 4 – to select approximately structural frame systems
Step 5 – analysis and design sections
Step 6 – Detailing and sketching
Step 7 – Supplementary designs
Step8 – Detail Drawing
Step 9 – Documentation and submission
33
Minimum thickness of beam and one way slab
Minimum slab thickness = 4”

Minimum waist thickness =5”
Min beam size = 9”x9” or 10”x10”

Beam depth, h = l/12 or l/16
Beam width, b = 2/3h or h or h/2
Minimum column size = 9”x9” or 10”x10”
Minimum footing thickness = 9” or 10”
34
Shear Force Design of Beam
⏀𝑽𝒄
(𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞𝟏) 𝐕𝐮 < (No Need Shear Force Resisting Stirrup)
𝟐
⏀𝑉𝑐
(𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞𝟐)⏀𝑉𝑐 > 𝐕𝐮 > (Need Shear Force Resisting Stirrup)
2
𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦
S= 50𝑏
S=d/2
S=24”
(𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞𝟑) 𝐕𝐮 > ⏀𝑉𝑐 (Need Shear Force Resisting Stirrup)

⏀𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑
S = 𝑉𝑢−⏀𝑉𝑐
⏀𝟒√𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒅 >𝐕𝐮 − ⏀𝑽𝒄

S=d/2
S=24”
⏀𝟒√𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒅 < 𝐕𝐮 − ⏀𝑽𝒄

S=d/4
S=12”
𝑰𝒇 ⏀𝟖√𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒅 < 𝐮 − ⏀𝑽𝒄 , Need to redesign beam size.
35
Essential Appendix
Area of group of standard bar (in2)
Area of one bar =πd2/4

Number of bar = Required area of steel/Area of one bar
Area of bar in slab (in2/ft)
Spacing = (Area of one bar/Required area of steel) x 12
36
1.Flexure Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams
Flexure word also means “Bending”. Cracking in reinforced concrete beams subjected to
bending usually starts in the tensile zone. The width of flexural cracks in reinforced concrete
beams for short-term may stay narrow from the surface to the steel. However, in long-term under
continuous loading, the width of crack may get increased and become more uniform across the
member.
Important Characteristics
• Originates in maximum moment region (in above image this region is in center of the beam, it
varies as per support Conditions of beam)
• May be single or in groups
• Maximum width at bottom/top of beam
Possible Reasons
• Flexural capacity of the beam is inadequate.
• When Cross section of the beam or main reinforcement in beam is insufficient. i.e. it is loaded
more than defined loads.
37
2.Shear Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams
Shear cracks in reinforced concrete beams occur in hardened stage and it is usually caused by
structural (self-weight) loading or movement. These types of cracks are better illustrates as
diagonal tension cracks due to combined effects of flexural (bending) & shearing action.
• Originates nearer to supports.
• Maybe single or in groups.
• Maximum width at neutral axis region or at bottom of beam.
Possible Reasons
• Shear Capacity of the beam is inadequate.
• Cross section or torsional reinforcement insufficient.
38
3.Torsional Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Usually beams are subjected to torsion along with bending moment and shear force. Bending
moment & shear force occurs as loads acts normal to the plane of bending. However, loads away
from the bending plane will causes torsional movement.
• Originates nearer to maximum torsion region.
• Single generally uniform width. Appears over the whole periphery in helical form
Possible Reasons
• Torsional strength of the beam is inadequate.
• Cross-section or torsional reinforcement insufficient.
4.Corrosion Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Corrosion cracks in reinforced concrete beams runs along the line of reinforcement. It usually
separates the concrete from reinforcing bars. It is mostly manifested by discolouration of paint
or stains of rust.
• Runs along the line of reinforcement.
• Uniform width in general
Possible Reasons
• Bond between reinforcing bars and concrete not satisfactory.
• May be due to corrosion of bars/fire damage.
39
5.Shrinkage Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Shrinkage cracks in reinforced concrete beams occur during two stages, which are pre-hardening
stage and hardened stage. In pre-hardening stage these types of cracks are called as plastic
shrinkage cracks & in hardened stage they are known as drying shrinkage cracks. Shrinkage
cracks occur when fresh concrete is subjected to a very rapid loss of moisture.
• No regular pattern or thickness and in general superficial.
Possible Reasons
• Curing is inadequate or no control over water-cement ratio.
• Usage of an excessively rich mix.
• Shrinkage reinforcement, if any, insufficient.
6.Sliding Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

The diagonal mode of failure by sliding along the critical cracks is known as failure by sliding
and usually appears at the edge of the supports of beam. These types of concrete cracks appear if
concrete gets disturbed in fresh state.
• Runs vertically at the edge of supports.
• Maximum width at bottom of the beam.
•
Possible Reasons
• Concrete in a beam is disturbed at an early age when adequate strength not realised.
• Maybe due to disturbance of formwork at green stage or early deshuttering.
40
7.Tension Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

Tension cracks in reinforced concrete beams occur usually due to shrinkage or temperature
variations. Tension cracks usually appear in those members where restraint is provided in the
longitudinal movements. Usually tension cracks tend to propagate over the full depth of the
cross-section of beam.
Tension Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams
• Appear over whole periphery. Generally, over the whole length of the member.
• Parallel to each other.
• Uniformly observed
Possible Reasons
• Capacity of the member in tension is inadequate.
• Tensile reinforcement is insufficient.
41
Types & Summary of Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Column
Splitting Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Column:
Figure below shows splitting cracks in reinforced concrete column which fails due to inadequate
steel reinforcement and/or inferior concrete quality. This type of concrete cracks occurs due to
load carrying capacity of the column reaches to its maximum.
• Building in that region.
• Short parallel vertical cracks.
• Varying widths
Possible Reasons
• Inferior quality concrete.

• Load carrying capacity of the column exceeded either due to inadequate cross-section or
reinforcement insufficient.
42
Diagonal Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Column:
The figure below shows diagonal cracks in the reinforced concrete column due to inadequate
cross-section and insufficient reinforcement steel. Figure in the first left shows diagonal cracks in
end column due to inadequate load carrying capacity.
• Runs diagonally across the section.
• Can occur anywhere in the height.
• Uniform thickness
Possible Reasons
• Load carrying capacity of the column is inadequate
• Cross-section or main reinforcement is insufficient.
43
Horizontal Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Column:
The figure below shows a horizontal crack in reinforced concrete column at the beam-column
junction due to shear force.
Occurs near the beam-column junction.
Possible Reasons
• Moment resistance capacity of column inadequate in the corresponding region.
• Inadequate quantum of reinforcement or disposition of reinforcement not satisfactory.
44
Corrosion Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Column:
The figure below shows corrosion cracks in reinforced concrete column and it appears along the
line of reinforcement. It is also called as corrosions cracks. These types of concrete cracks
expand with time.
• Runs along the line of reinforcement.
• Uniform width in general
Possible Reasons
• Bond between reinforcing bars and concrete not satisfactory.

• May be due to corrosion of bars
45
Simplified Tension Development Length
fy
Ld = 25√𝑓𝑐′ db for 20mm and smaller
fy
Ld = 20√𝑓𝑐′ db for 22mm and larger
Modification factor – 1.3 (12” or more of concrete is cast below development length)
Compression Development Length

0.02fy
Ldc = db or 0.0003fydb or 8”
√𝑓𝑐′
Lap splice in tension

Class B splice, lsplice = 1.3ld or 12”
Lap splice in compression

lsplice = 0.0005fydb or 12” (for fc’< 3000 psi, increase by one third)
Development of standard hooks

fy
Ldh = 50√𝑓𝑐′ db or 8db or 6”
90 Degree Hook
Clear cover on bar extension ≥ 2” , modification factor = 0.7
(neglect modification factor in practical work)
180 Degree Hook
Side cover ≥ 2.5” , modification factor = 0.7
(neglect modification factor in practical work)
46
Extension Length
5db and 6db for larger dia bars
4db or 2.5” for 10mm dia to 25mm dia bars
47
Dead Load Positive Moment Coefficient for Two Way Slab
48
Live Load Positive Moment Coefficient for Two Way Slab
49
Negative Moment Coefficient for Two Way Slab
50
Shear Force Coefficient for Two Way Slab
51
52
53
54
55
a = Whitney’s stress block depth
Ag = gross area of column
As = total area of main steel in tension

As = total area of main steel in column
As’ = total area of main steel in compression
Av = total area of stirrup
b = 12” in slab design
b = width of beam
b = smaller dimension of column cross section area
b0 = punching shear line in footing

B = width
D = dead load
d = effective depth
d’ = cover to main steel center depth
db = main steel diameter

dt = tie steel diameter
e = eccentricity
fc’ = 28 days standard cylinder compressive strength of concrete
fy = yield strength of steel
h = thickness of slab
h = overall depth of beam

h = larger dimension of column cross section area
L = live load
L = length
56
La = shorter length of slab
Lb = Longer length of slab
Mu = applied moment
P = point load
Pu = applied axil force
⏀Pn = axial force strength

qa = allowable soil bearing capacity
qe = effective soil bearing capacity
qu = ultimate soil bearing capacity
R = rain load
S = stirrup spacing
Smax = maximum steel spacing
Vu = applied shear force
⏀𝑉𝑐 = Shear strength of concrete
w = uniformly distributed load
⏀ = strength reduction factor
€u = ultimate strain in concrete (0.003)
€t = strain in steel for tension control (0.0038)
57
References
1)Design of Reinforced Concrete (Ninth Edition) by Jack C.McCormac.Russell H.Brown.
2)Concrete Design for the Civil and Structural SE Exams by C.Dale Buckner,PhD,PE,SECB
3)Structural Concrete Theory and Design (Six Edition) by M.Nadim Hassoun.Akthem AL
Manaseer
4)ACI 318-05
5)CQHP Guidelines
6)Reinforced Concrete Design by U Nyi Hla Nge
7)MNBC -2016
8)Site Inspector and Refresher Course by U Nyi Hla Nge
9) https://gharpedia.com/
58

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Fundamentals of RC Structure Design

Theory and Design Aids

BTech Tin Ko Ko (09789444780)

Project – 6 Storeyed Reinforced Concrete Residential Building

Roof Plan View

Typical Floor Plan View

Ground Floor Plan View

Reinforced Concrete Concrete + Mild Steel

2. Fire and water resistance. 2. High formwork cost.

4. Long service life with low maintenance 4. Time

5. Serviceability 5. Large section.

• Type I Normal cement, used for general construction work.

Accelerating admixtures (Calcium Chloride)

Unit weight of Concrete

Specified Compressive Strength of concrete

fc’=fcu’x0.78 (fc’ ≤ 3500psi)

Approximately strength development in concrete

Water Cement Ratio

Average Compressive Strength of Concrete (fcr’)

Tensile Strength of Concrete

Minimum Concrete Cover

Bar spacing (For maximum size of aggregate 1”)

Diameter of bar Nos Per 1 ton

Length of deformed bar = 12m (39’4”)

Standard Grade Yield strength (Mpa) Tensile strength

GB1499-1988 HRB400/HRB500 400/500 540/630

BS4449:1997 250/460A/460B 250/460/460 287.5/483/496.8

ASTM A615 GR60 420 620

HRB400 = 400 Mpa ~ 58000 psi

Stress and strain

Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec = 57000 √𝑓𝑐′ (normal weight concrete)

-the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain

Approach Structural Problem Solving Process

Typical Uniformly distributed design load

Density of various materials

Compression and Tension

One way shear

RC Structure Design philosophy

Variation in Some Load and Resistance Factors in ACI 318

The primary design criteria for structural concrete (ACI 318)

Practical and economical constructability

Typical RC Structural Members

Some Structural Safety Consideration

Basic preparation for structural design process

Minimum thickness of beam and one way slab

Minimum slab thickness = 4”

Min beam size = 9”x9” or 10”x10”

Minimum column size = 9”x9” or 10”x10”

Minimum footing thickness = 9” or 10”

Shear Force Design of Beam

(𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞𝟑) 𝐕𝐮 > ⏀𝑉𝑐 (Need Shear Force Resisting Stirrup)

⏀𝟒√𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒅 >𝐕𝐮 − ⏀𝑽𝒄

⏀𝟒√𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒅 < 𝐕𝐮 − ⏀𝑽𝒄

𝑰𝒇 ⏀𝟖√𝒇𝒄′ 𝒃𝒅 < 𝐮 − ⏀𝑽𝒄 , Need to redesign beam size.

Area of one bar =πd2/4

Area of bar in slab (in2/ft)

Spacing = (Area of one bar/Required area of steel) x 12

1.Flexure Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

2.Shear Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

3.Torsional Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

4.Corrosion Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

5.Shrinkage Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams

6.Sliding Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams