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Lecture-02
Analysis and Design of
One-way Slab System
(Part-I)
By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com
Topics Addressed
References
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Objectives
References
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Flat Plate
Punching shear is a typical problem in flat plates.
Flat Slab
Drop Panel: Thick part of slab in the vicinity of columns
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One-way Joist
Joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of
regularly spaced ribs and a top slab arranged to span in
one direction or two orthogonal directions.
Two-way Joist
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Analysis
Unlike beams and columns, slabs are two dimensional
members. Therefore their analysis except one-way slab
systems is relatively difficult.
Design
Once the analysis is done, the design is carried out in the
usual manner. So no problem in design, problem is only in
analysis of slabs.
Analysis Methods
Analysis using computer software (FEA)
SAFE, SAP 2000, ETABS etc.
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Table 7.3.1.1 & Table 9.3.1.1– Minimum Thickness of Non-Pre stressed Beams or One-
Way Slabs Unless Deflections are Computed
Minimum thickness, h
Simply One end Both ends
Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Note: For fy other than 60,000 psi, the expressions in above table shall be
multiplied by (0.4 + fy/100,000).
Wall Beam
ln ln
lc/c lc/c
1) l = ln ; for integral supports such as beams and columns with ln ≤ 10′
2) l = Minimum of [(ln +h) or c/c distance] ; for non-integral supports such as walls
with any distance & for integral supports (beams and columns) with ln > 10′
• l (span length) is used in calculating depth of members.
• ln (clear span) is used for determining moments using ACI coefficients.
• lc/c is (center to center distance) is used for analysis of simply supported beam.
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Loads:
According to ACI 5.2 — Service loads shall be in
accordance with the general building code of which this
code forms a part, with such live load reductions as are
permitted in the general building code.
BCP SP-2007 is General Building Code of Pakistan and it
refers to ASCE 7-10 for minimum design loads for buildings
and other structures.
Analysis:
Chapter 6 of the ACI addresses provisions for the analysis
of concrete members.
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1.2n n n
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wu
n n n
The above co-efficient is used for shear in beam only as slab has no
significant shear.
Design:
Capacity Demand
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Design:
Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement (ACI 24.4.1):
Reinforcement is placed perpendicular to main steel to
control shrinkage and temperature cracking.
Design:
Maximum Spacing Requirement:
Main Reinforcement
Least of 3h or 18” (ACI 7.7.2.3)
Shrinkage Reinforcement
Least of 5h or 18” (ACI 7.7.6.2.1)
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Design slab and beams of a 90′ × 60′ Hall. The height of Hall is
20′. Concrete compressive strength (fc′) = 3 ksi and steel yield
strength (fy) = 40 ksi. Take 3″ mud layer and 2″ tile layer above
slab. Take Live Load equal to 40 psf.
60′
18′′
90′
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:416 Reinforced Concrete Design – II 27
Structural Configurations
Assume structural configuration. Take time to reach to a
reasonable arrangement of beams, girders and columns. It
depends on experience. Several alternatives are possible.
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Structural Configurations
B B
Section A-A
A
10′ 10′
Section B-B
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:416 Reinforced Concrete Design – II 30
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Table 7.3.1.1 – Minimum Thickness of One-Way Slabs Unless Deflections are Computed
Minimum thickness, h
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Assume beam width = 18′′, clear lengths area shown in the figure:
Mu = coefficient × wu × ln2
Note:
To calculate negative moments,
ℓn shall be the average of the adjacent
16.85 in-k/ft 16.85 in-k/ft
clear span lengths (ACI:6.5.2)
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Slab Design
Beam Depth vs. Slab Deflection:
Slab moment variation with change in beam depth
-0.4
0.58 kip-in/in
Moment (kip-in/in)
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
Beam Depth (Inches)
Slab Design
Step No 04: Design (Class Activity)
Calculate moment capacity provided by minimum reinforcement in slab:
This will work for both positive and negative steel as Asmin governs.
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Slab Design
Step No 04: Design
Main Reinforcement Spacing:
3hf = 3 × 6 =18″
18″
Slab Design
Step No 04: Design
Shrinkage steel or temperature steel (Ast):
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Slab Design
Placement of positive reinforcement:
Positive reinforcing bars are placed in the direction of flexure stresses
and placed at the bottom (above the clear cover) to maximize the “d”,
effective depth.
Shrinkage
reinforcement
Positive
reinforcement
Spacers
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Slab Design
Placement of negative reinforcement:
At the far end of bars, the chairs are provided to support the negative reinforcement. As
each bar will need a separate chair therefore to reduce the number of chairs supporting
bars are provided perpendicular to the direction of negative reinforcement.
Slab Design
Reinforcement at discontinuous support:
At the discontinuous end, the ACI code recommends to provide
reinforcement equal to 1/3 times the positive reinforcement provided at
the mid span.
Reinforcement at
discontinuous support
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Chairs
Beam Design
Step No 01: Sizes
Minimum thickness of beam (simply supported) = hmin = l/16
l = clear span (ln) + depth of member (beam) ≤ c/c distance between supports
Let depth of beam = 5′
ln + depth of beam = 60′ + 5′ = 65′
c/c distance between beam supports = 60 + 2 × (9/12) = 61.5′
Therefore l = 61.5′
Depth (h) = (61.5/16)×(0.4+fy/100000)×12= 36.9″ (Minimum by ACI 9.3.1.1).
Take h = 5′ = 60″
d = h – 3 = 57″
bw = 18″ (assumed)
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Beam Design
Step No 02: Loads
Load on beam will be equal to
Mu = 19034 in-kip
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Beam Design
Step No 04: Design
Design for flexure (Class Activity)
Step (a): According to ACI 6.3.2.1, beff for T-beam is minimum of:
16hf + bw = 16 × 6 + 18 =114″
So beff = 114″
Beam Design
Step No 04: Design
Design for flexure (Class Activity)
Re-calculate “a”:
After trials As = 9.38 in2 (Asmax = 23.08 in2 ;Asmin = 5.13 in2)
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Beam Design
Step No 04: Design
Skin Reinforcement : (ACI 9.7.2.3)
Beam Design
Step No 04: Design
Skin
Reinforcement
Skin Reinforcement
With this spacing, 3 bars on each face are required and the first bar will
be placed at neutral axis. And for # 8 bar, the total area of skin
reinforcement is:
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Beam Design
Step No 04: Design
Design for Shear (Class Activity)
● Vu = 87.23 kip
● sd = ΦAvfyd/(Vu – ΦVc)
Beam Design
Step No 04: Design
Design for Shear
24″
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Beam Design
Step No 04: Design
Design for Shear
Beam Design
Step No 04: Design
Design for Shear
Other checks:
ΦVs = (ΦAvfyd)/smax
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Beam Design
Step No 04: Design
Design for Shear
Other checks:
ΦVs = (ΦAvfyd)/sd
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Frame Analysis
3D model of the hall showing beams supported on columns.
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Frame Analysis
A 2D frame can be detached from a 3D system in the
following manner:
W u = 3.355 k/ft
61.5′
61.5′
Frame Analysis
Various methods can be used for frame analysis. Using
moment distribution method, the following results can be
obtained:
Mu (+ve)
W u = 3.355 k/ft
61.5′ Mu (-ve)
Analysis
Results
Mu (+ve) = 17627 in-kips
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Slab Design
Slab design will remain the same as in case of beams supported on
walls.
Main reinforcement = #3 @ 9″ c/c (positive & negative)
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Pu = 103.17 k
Mu = 1407 in-k
Pu Mu
61.5′
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Column Design
r = 0.01
Using 8 #6 bars
Column Design
Tie Bars:
Using 3/8″ Φ (#3) tie bars for 3/4″ Φ (#6) main bars (ACI 25.7.2.2),
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Column Design
Drafting
#3 Stirrup@9” c/c
8,#6 bar
18′′
#3 Stirrup@9” c/c
8,#6 bar
18′′
Footing Design
Isolated column footing; square or rectangular
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Footing Design
Data Given:
Column size = 18″ × 18″
fc′ =3 ksi
fy = 40 ksi
qa = 2.204 k/ft2
G.L
Footing Design
Sizes: z
h
Assume h = 15 in.
B
davg = h – clear cover – one bar dia
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Footing Design
Sizes:
Effective bearing capacity, qe = qa – W
Footing Design
Sizes:
Critical Perimeter:
bo = 4 x (c + davg)
c = 18″
davg + c
B = 7′
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Footing Design
Loads:
qu (bearing pressure for strength design of footing):
qu = factored load on column / Areq = 103.17 / (7 × 7) = 2.105 ksf
Footing Design
Analysis:
Punching shear:
(davg/2+c+davg/2) 2
Vup = quB2 – qu(c + davg) 2 =(c+davg) 2
davg/2
davg/2
B
B
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Analysis:
Flexural Analysis:
qu qu
Mu = quBk2/2 B B
k = (B – c)/2 = (7 x 12 –18)/2
= 33 in = 2.75´
= 55.72 ft-k
= 668.60 in-kip
Footing Design
Design:
Design for Punching Shear:
= Φ4 f ′c bodavg
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Footing Design
Design:
Design for Flexure: (Class Activity)
Mu = 668.60 kip-in
a = 0.2davg = 0.2 × 11 = 2.2″
As = Mu/ {Φfy(davg – a/2)} = 668.60/ {0.9 × 40 × (11 – 2.2/2)} = 1.87 in2
a = Asfy/ (0.85fc′B) = 1.83 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 7 × 12) = 0.35″
After trials, As = 1.71 in2 (Asmin = 0.005Bdavg = 4.62 in2 so Asmin governs)
Now, the spacing can be calculated as follows:
Next Slide
Footing Design
Main
Reinforcement
Design:
Design for Flexure:
Using #8 bars: No. of bars = 4.62/0.80 ≈ 6 bars.
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Drafting
G.L
x x
3” Thick PCC
7’
5’
15”
7’ 7’
Section X-X
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Picture of Column
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10
Slab Thickness (in.)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
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120
100
Max. Moment (in-kip)
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Spacing Between the Beams (ft)
Note: Mu (+ve)
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20000
Moment at Mid span (in-kip)
15000
10000
5000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Spacing Between Beams (ft)
Conclusions
1. Slab thickness increases by increasing the spacing
between the beams.
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Summary
ACI Approximate Method
Summary
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Appendix C
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
Appendix C
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
Go to slide no 15
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References
ACI 318-19
The End
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