Lecture 08 Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns Updated 20 06 2022

Updated: Jun 20, 2022 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Lecture 08
Design of Reinforced Concrete

Columns
By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 1
Organization of Lecture
 The PowerPoint Presentation of this lecture has been organized

in such a manner that a “General Introduction” to the topic has
been given in the beginning and the remaining portion has been
divided into two parts.
▪ Part-I: Covers the design of Concentrically loaded columns, and
▪ Part-II: Includes the design of Eccentrically loaded columns

Lecture Contents
 General Introduction
 Design of RC Columns
 Part - I
▪ Concentrically loaded Columns
▪ Mechanics
▪ ACI Code Recommendations
▪ Example

Lecture Contents
 Part-II
▪ Eccentrically loaded Columns
▪ Mechanics
▪ Interaction Diagram
▪ Use of Design Aids
▪ Example
▪ Development of Interaction Diagram
▪ Example
 References

Learning Outcomes
 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

➢ Explain the importance of longitudinal and lateral reinforcement in
RC columns
➢ Develop interaction diagrams for rectangular RC columns
➢ Design Concentric and Uniaxially eccentric RC columns

General
 Introduction
⚫ Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in
compression, and are therefore referred to as compression
members.
⚫ However, columns would generally carry bending moments as well,

about one or both axes of the cross section.
⚫ The bending action may produce tensile forces over a part of the
cross section.

General
 Reinforcement in RC columns
Longitudinal
reinforcement
Lateral
reinforcement
`
Square column Circular column

General
 Reinforcement in RC columns
▪ Longitudinal Reinforcement:
⚫ The longitudinal bars are provided parallel to the direction of the

load to resist the Bending moment as well as the Compression.
▪ Lateral Reinforcement:
⚫ The lateral ties are bars arranged in a square, rectangular or

circular pattern to resist Shear, Buckling, and to hold the
longitudinal bars.
⚫ The continuous spiral contain/retain concrete, thus increasing the

load taking capacity.

General
 Classification of RC columns
⚫ RC columns can be classified on various bases as shown below.
Classification of RC Columns
Based on Lateral Based on Based on

reinforcement Loading Slenderness
Tied Spiral Concentric Eccentric Short Long

Column Column Column Column Column Column

General
▪ Types of RC Column (Based on Lateral reinforcement)
1. Tied Columns:
⚫ Columns reinforced with longitudinal

bars (at least 4) and lateral ties.
2. Spiral Columns:
⚫ Columns reinforced with longitudinal

bars (at least 6) and continuous
spirals.
Note:
• Circular columns not necessarily to be always confined by spirals.
• Stirrups in beams are called ties in columns

General
▪ Types of RC Column (Based on Loading)
1. Concentric/Axially loaded column P

P
No eccentricity. Centre of gravity and

centroid matches
2. Eccentric column
Eccentric load is applied.
a) Uniaxially eccentric
b) Biaxially eccentric
a) Concentric column b) Eccentric column

General
▪ Types of RC Column (Based on slenderness)
1. Short column
⚫ The column which fails due to the failure

of materials is called short column
⚫ Most of the concrete columns falls in this

category.
2. Long /slender column
⚫ Columns in which failure occurs due to

geometric instability (buckling) are called
long columns.

Part - I
Design of Concentric RC
Columns

Mechanics
 Nominal Axial Capacity

Nominal axial capacity of column is calculated as follows;
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠
At the ultimate stage, when concrete strain reaches 0.003, then
𝑓𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ and 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
So,
𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠

Mechanics

Area of concrete 𝐴𝑐 can be found by subtracting steel area from the
gross area of the section.
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠
Therefore, the preceding equation becomes
𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
From which the Design axial capacity is determined as;
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠

Mechanics

As per ACI Table 21.2.2, Strength reduction factor ∅ is 0.65 for tied
column and 0.75 for spiral column. Therefore,
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( For Tied column)
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( For Spiral column)

Mechanics

According to ACI 318, R22.4.2.1, an additional reduction factor ‘α’ is
used to account for accidental eccentricities not considered in the
analysis that may exist in a compression member, and to recognize
that concrete strength may be less than fc′ under sustained high loads.
Finally, we get
𝛼∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.80 × 0.65 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( For Tied column)
And
𝛼∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.85 × 0.75 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( For Spiral column)

Mechanics

For no failure;
𝛼∅𝑃𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
Taking 𝑃𝑢 = 𝛼∅𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑢 = 0.80 × 0.65 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ---- (8.1) ( For Tied column)
And
𝑃𝑢 = 0.85 × 0.75 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ---- (8.2) ( For Spiral column)

ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns
 Dimensional Limit
⚫ According to ACI Code 18.7.2, column shall be at least 12 in.

 Reinforcement Limits
a) Longitudinal reinforcement limits
⚫ As per ACI 318-19, section 10.6.1.1, for nonprestressed

columns, area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be at least
0.01𝐴𝑔 but shall not exceed 0.08𝐴𝑔 .
⚫ Minimum Reinforcement is necessary to provide resistance

to bending, which may exist regard- less of analytical results,
and to reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete
under sustained compressive stresses.

⚫ Maximum amount of longitudinal reinforcement is limited to

ensure that concrete can be effectively consolidated around
the bars
⚫ Longitudinal reinforcement in columns should usually not exceed

4 percent to be lap spliced, as the lap splice zone will have twice
as much reinforcement, if all lap splice occur at the same
location.

❑ Minimum number and diameter of longitudinal bars
⚫ The minimum diameter of longitudinal bars shall be ½ inch i.e.

No. 4 or larger bar shall be used as longitudinal reinforcement
⚫ According to ACI 10.7.3.1, the minimum number of

longitudinal bars shall be;
▪ A minimum of four longitudinal bars must be used when the bars
are enclosed by spaced rectangular or square ties
▪ A minimum of six bars must be used when the longitudinal bars are
enclosed by a continuous spiral.

❑ Spacing between longitudinal bars
⚫ According to ACI 318-19, Section 25.2.3, for longitudinal

reinforcement in columns, clear spacing between bars shall be
at least the greatest of;
i. 1.5 in.
ii. 1.5𝑑𝑏 , where 𝑑𝑏 is the diameter of longitudinal bar
❑ Clear cover to bars
⚫ Cover shall be 1.5 in. minimum over primary reinforcement,

ties or spirals.

b) Shear reinforcement limits
❑ Maximum spacing of lateral ties
⚫ According to ACI 318-19, Section 25.7.2.1; Center-to-center

spacing shall not exceed the least of;
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
i.
50𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
ii.
0.75 𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤
iii. 16𝑑𝑏 of longitudinal bar
iv. 48𝑑𝑏 of tie bar
v. Smallest cross sectional dimension of member

❑ Minimum diameter of lateral ties
⚫ According to ACI 318-19, Section 25.7.2.2; diameter of tie bar

shall be at least (a) or (b):
i. No. 3 enclosing No. 10 or smaller longitudinal bars
ii. No. 4 enclosing No. 11 or larger longitudinal bars.

❑ Spacing and diameter of spiral reinforcement
⚫ According to ACI 318-19, Section 25.7.3.2;

the minimum spiral reinforcement size is 3/8
in.
⚫ According to ACI 318-19, Section 25.7.3.1;

Spacing/pitch of spiral must not be less than
1 in. and greater than 3 in.

Design of Tied Column
 Example 8.1
⚫ Design an 18″ × 18″ tied column for a factored axial compressive
load of 300 kips. Take 𝑓𝑐′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖
18″
18″

 Solution
⚫ Given Data
𝑏 = 18″
ℎ = 18″ 18″
𝐴𝑔 = 18″ × 18″ = 324𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝑢 = 300𝑘𝑖𝑝
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖 18″
⚫ Required Data
Design the column for the given axial load

 Solution
⚫ Step No.1: Calculation of Design axial capacity
From eq.(8.1), we have

𝑃𝑢 = 0.80 × 0.65 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Substituting values in the above equation gives

300 = 0.80 × 0.65 0.85 × 3 (324 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + (40)𝐴𝑠𝑡
On solving for 𝐴𝑠𝑡 we get
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = −6.66𝑖𝑛2 → −𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
Thus provide minimum steel , 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01𝐴𝑔

𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01 324 = 3.24𝑖𝑛2

 Solution
From eq.(8.1), we have

𝑃𝑢 = 0.80 × 0.65 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Substituting values in the above equation gives

300 = 0.80 × 0.65 0.85 × 3 (324 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + (40)𝐴𝑠𝑡
On solving for 𝐴𝑠𝑡 we get
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = −6.66𝑖𝑛2 → −𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
Thus provide minimum steel , 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01𝐴𝑔

𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01 324 = 3.24𝑖𝑛2

 Solution
⚫ Alternative approach:
Calculate design axial capacity of column by assuming 1% steel area

and compare the calculated capacity with demand axial load
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.01𝐴𝑔
𝛼∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.80 × 0.65 0.85 × 3 (𝐴𝑔 − 0.01𝐴𝑔 ) + (40)0.01𝐴𝑔 = 1.521𝐴𝑔
𝛼∅𝑃𝑛 = 1.521 324 = 492.8𝑘𝑖𝑝 > 𝑃𝑢 → OK!
Therefore, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.01𝐴𝑔 = 0.01 324 = 3.24𝑖𝑛2

 Solution
⚫ Step No.2: Detailing of Longitudinal reinforcement
Using #6 bar with 𝐴𝑏 = 0.44𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑠 3.24
Number of bars = = = 7.36 ≈ 8
𝐴𝑏 0.44
Hence use 8,#6 bars. Note:
• To maintain the symmetrical
distribution along the perimeter
of the cross-section, the
number of bars in a square
column should be a multiple of
4.
• The configuration may alter for

a rectangular or circular
column..

 Solution
⚫ Step No.2: Detailing of lateral / shear reinforcement
Using #3 bar with 𝐴𝑏 = 0.11𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
i. = 0.22 x 40,000/ (50x18) = 9.8″
50𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
ii. 0.75 𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤 = 0.22 x 40,000 / (0.75 3000 x18) = 11.9″
iii. 16𝑑𝑏 of longitudinal bar = 16 x 0.75 = 12″
iv. 48 𝑑𝑏 of tie bar = 48 x 3/8 = 18″
v. Smallest dimension of member = 18″
Therefore use #3 ties @ 9.8″ c/c

 Solution
⚫ Step No.3: Drafting
Beam
#3@9.8ʺ c/c
18ʺ A
8- #6 bars
18ʺ
Section A-A h Lap Splice
B
#3@9.8ʺ c/c
18ʺ
8- #6 bars #3@9.8ʺ c/c

8- #6 bars
18ʺ
Section B-B

 Different arrangement of lateral ties in square column

Design of Spiral Column
 Example 8.2
⚫ Design a circular spiral column having diameter of 24″ to support
an axial service dead load of 500 kips and an axial service live
load of 230 kips. Take 𝑓𝑐′ = 4𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖

Part - II
Design of Eccentrically loaded

RC Columns

General
 Introduction 𝑀𝑢
𝑃𝑢
⚫ An eccentrically loaded column is one that
is subjected to both axial load and bending
moment simultaneously.
⚫ To simplify the computations, this coupled

action can be transformed into 𝑃𝑢 and the
equivalent eccentricity 𝑒 , where
𝑀𝑢
𝑒=
𝑃𝑢

General
 Introduction
y
Pu h
Pu Mu d
d'
y x
b
x Pu
ex
Mu=Puex
As2 As1
𝜖𝑢 = 0.003
N.A
𝜖𝑠1
N.A
Stress Diagram
c
𝜖𝑠2
C a Strain Diagram
0.85fc'
T
T=As2 fs2 C=Cc+Cs
Red Region: Compression

Bending moment can be transformed into eccentricity using 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑃𝑢 𝑒𝑥 Blue Region : Tension

Mechanics
 Design Capacity of eccentrically loaded column

a. Design axial capacity y
h
d
From the Figure; d'
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠
b
x Pu
ex
𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑓𝑠1 𝐴𝑠1 − 𝑓𝑠2 𝐴𝑠2
Mu=Puex
As2 As1
𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠1 − 𝑓𝑠2 𝜖𝑢 = 0.003
N.A
𝜖𝑠1
Stress Diagram
c
Which gives
𝜖𝑠2
a Strain Diagram
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠1 − 𝑓𝑠2 ---- (8.3) 0.85fc'
T=As2 fs2 C=Cc+Cs

Mechanics

b. Design flexural capacity
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑙1 + 𝐶𝑠 𝑙2 + 𝑇𝑠 𝑙3 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑑′
𝐴𝑠1 𝐶𝑠
𝑎 𝐶𝑐
From figure; ℎ/2
𝑙1 𝑙2
N.A
h
ℎ 𝑎 Center
𝑙1 = − 𝑑
2 2 𝑙3
𝐴𝑠2
𝑇
𝑑′
ℎ
𝑙2 = − 𝑑′ b
2
ℎ
𝑙3 = − 𝑑′
2

Mechanics

b. Design flexural capacity
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 − + 𝐶𝑠 − 𝑑′ + 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑑′
2 2 2 2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ × 0.5 ℎ − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑠1 0.5ℎ − 𝑑′ + 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠2 0.5ℎ − 𝑑′
Since 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 ,Therefore,
𝑀𝑛 = 0.425𝑓𝑐′ ℎ − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑠 0.5ℎ − 𝑑′ 𝑓𝑠1 + 𝑓𝑠2
From which the Design flexural capacity is determined as,
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 0.425𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 ℎ − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑠 0.5ℎ − 𝑑′ 𝑓𝑠1 + 𝑓𝑠2 ---- (8.4)

Mechanics

⚫ Calculation of normal stresses of steel (𝒇𝒔𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒔𝟐 )
The compressive stress 𝑓𝑠1 and tensile stress 𝑓𝑠2 developed in

longitudinal steel is calculated as follows;
▪ Compressive stress 𝑓𝑠1 : From ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 an ∆𝑆𝑇𝑅 , we have

𝜖𝑠1 𝜖𝑢 𝜖𝑢 𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝜖𝑢
= ⇒ 𝜖𝑠1 = 𝑃 𝑄
c − 𝑑′ 𝑐 𝑐 𝐴𝑠1
d′
𝑆
𝜖𝑠1
𝑇
c - d′
c
𝜖𝑢 𝑐 − 𝑑′ d
𝑓𝑠1 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜖𝑠1 = 𝐸𝑠 h
𝑅
𝑐
d-c
𝐴A𝑠2
s
𝑑′ 𝑈
𝜖𝑠2
𝑉
𝑓𝑠1 = 87 1 − ---- (8.5)

𝑐 bbw

Mechanics

⚫ Calculation of normal stresses of steel (𝒇𝒔𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒔𝟐 )
▪ Tensile stress 𝑓𝑠2 :

Again, from ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑉𝑈𝑅, we have
𝜖𝑠2 𝜖𝑢 𝜖𝑢 𝑑 − 𝑐
= ⇒ 𝜖𝑠2 =
d−c 𝑐 𝑐
𝜖𝑢
𝑃 𝑄
𝜖𝑢 𝑑 − 𝑐 𝐴𝑠1
d′ 𝜖𝑠1
𝑓𝑠2 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜖𝑠2 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑆 𝑇
𝑐 c - d′
c
d
𝑅
h
𝑑
𝑓𝑠2 = 87 −1 ---- (8.6) 𝐴A𝑠2
d-c
𝑐 s
𝑈 𝑉
𝜖𝑠2
bbw

Mechanics

⚫ Limitation of equation (8.3) and (8.4)
➢ It is important to note that equation (8.3) & (8.4) are valid for two
layers of reinforcements only.
➢ For intermediate layers of reinforcement, the corresponding terms

with “𝐴𝑠 ” shall be added in the equations.

Mechanics
 Design approaches for eccentrically loaded column

1. Trial and Success Method
⚫ As discussed in previous lectures, the singly reinforced flexural

member can be designed by trial and success method using
following formulae:
𝑀𝑢 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎=
∅𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 2 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
⚫ In the same way, equations (8.3) and (8.4) may be used for design
of RC member subjected to compressive load with uniaxial bending
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠1 − 𝑓𝑠2
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 0.425𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 ℎ − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑠 0.5ℎ − 𝑑′ 𝑓𝑠1 + 𝑓𝑠2

Mechanics

⚫ However unlike equations for beam where fs = fy, here we do not

have the values of 𝑓𝑠1 and 𝑓𝑠2 ,but we know that steel stress shall be
taken equal to or less than yield strength. Therefore, from eq.(8.5)
and (8.6), we have
𝑑′
𝑓𝑠1 = 87 1 − ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
𝑑
𝑓𝑠2 = 87 − 1 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑐

Mechanics

Putting values of 𝑓𝑠1 and 𝑓𝑠2 in eq.(8.3) and setting ∅𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃𝑢 , we get
𝑑′ 𝑑
𝑃𝑢 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 87 1 − − 87 −1
𝑐 𝑐
𝑑′ 𝑑
𝑃𝑢 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 + 87𝐴𝑠 2− − ---- (A)
𝑐 𝑐
Equation (A) can be transformed into a quadratic equation to obtain the

value of “c” for a particular demand 𝑃𝑢 and assumed 𝐴𝑠 .

Mechanics

Simplifying eq.(A) yields the following quadratic equation
𝑃𝑢 = 0.85∅𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑏 𝑐 2 + 174∅𝐴𝑠 − 𝑃𝑢 𝑐 + 87∅𝐴𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑′ = 0 ---- (B)
However such approach will not be convenient because the check that
stresses in reinforcement layers 𝑓𝑠1 and 𝑓𝑠2 shall not exceed 𝑓𝑦 can not
be applied in the above equation.

Mechanics

As an example; for;
𝑃𝑢 = 145𝑘𝑖𝑝 , 𝑀𝑢 = 40𝑘. 𝑓𝑡, 𝐴𝑠 = 0.88𝑖𝑛2 , 𝑓𝑐′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖 , 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑏 = ℎ = 12″, 𝑑 = 9.5″ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑′ = 2.5″
The value of c from equation (B) comes out to be 6.08″
Now, with this value of c;

𝑑′ 2.5
𝑓𝑠1 = 87 1 − = 87 1 − = 51.23𝑘𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 6.08
𝑑 9.5
𝑓𝑠2 = 87 − 1 = 87 − 1 = 48.94𝑘𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 6.08

Mechanics

⚫ It means that every time when we obtain value of c, we have to

check stresses in steel and only that value of c will be used when 𝑓𝑠1
and 𝑓𝑠2 are ≤ 𝑓𝑦 .
⚫ Therefore this method of trial and success will not work in members
subjected to axial load and flexure together.
⚫ We now look at another approach.

Mechanics

⚫ Instead of calculating c, we assume c and calculate ∅𝑃𝑛 and ∅𝑀𝑛 for

a given set of data such as follows:
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠1 − 𝑓𝑠2
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 0.425𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 ℎ − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑠 0.5ℎ − 𝑑′ 𝑓𝑠1 + 𝑓𝑠2
For, 𝑃𝑢 = 145𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑀𝑢 = 40𝑘. 𝑓𝑡 , 𝐴𝑠 = 0.88𝑖𝑛2 , 𝑓𝑐′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖 , 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖 ,
𝑏 = ℎ = 12″, 𝑑 = 9.5″ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑′ = 2.5″, all values in the above equations

are known except “c”.

Mechanics

⚫ ∅𝑃𝑛 and ∅𝑀𝑛 are calculated for various values of “c” from 0 to h, with
the check that during calculations 𝑓𝑠1 and 𝑓𝑠2 do not exceed 𝑓𝑦 for
both equations. The summary of calculations are tabulated below
c ∅𝑷𝒏 ∅𝑴𝒏
(in.) (kips) (kip-ft)
3.69 55.55 34.39
5 84.53 40.64
7 123.45 41.69
9 172.27 35.05
12 236.12 18.86
Axial capacity 281 0

Mechanics

⚫ Plot the values and check the capacity of the column for the demand
equal to Mu = 40 ft-kip and Pu = 145 kips
𝑷𝒍𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒇 ∅𝑷𝒏 𝒗𝒔 ∅𝑴𝒏

350
300
250
∅𝑃𝑛 (𝑘𝑖𝑝)
200
150
Demand point
100
(40,145)
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
∅𝑀𝑛 (𝑘. 𝑓𝑡)

Interaction Diagram
 Introduction
⚫ For a column of known dimensions and reinforcement, several pairs
of P and M from various values of “c” using equations 8.3 and 8.4
can be obtained and plotted as shown.
⚫ Such a graph is known as capacity curve or interaction diagram.
⚫ Nominal and Design Interaction diagrams are shown on the next

slide

Interaction Diagram
 Introduction
⚫ Nominal and Design Interaction Diagrams
𝑃𝑛
0.8𝑃𝑛 𝑀𝑛 , 𝑃𝑛
Axial capacity
∅𝑃𝑛
0.8∅𝑃𝑛 ∅𝑀𝑛 , ∅𝑃𝑛
Flexural capacity

Interaction Diagram
 Important features of Interaction diagram

▪ Failure Criteria
⚫ If the factored demand in the form of 𝑃𝑢 and 𝑀𝑢 lies inside or at the

border line of the design interaction diagram, the given column will
be safe against that demand, otherwise it will be failed.
0.8𝑃𝑛 𝑀𝑛 , 𝑃𝑛 Compression controlled region

Axial capacity
0.8∅𝑃𝑛 ∅𝑀𝑛 , ∅𝑃𝑛 Balanced Condition
Compression
Transition Tension controlled
controlled
Tension controlled region
Flexural capacity

Interaction Diagram

▪ Horizontal Cutoff
⚫ The horizontal cutoff at upper end of the curve at a value of 𝛼∅𝑃𝑛

represents the maximum design load specified in the ACI 318-19
10.4.2.1 for small eccentricities i.e., large axial loads.
0.8𝑃𝑛 𝑀𝑛 , 𝑃𝑛 Compression controlled region

Axial capacity
0.8∅𝑃𝑛 ∅𝑀𝑛 , ∅𝑃𝑛 Balanced Condition
Compression
Transition Tension controlled
controlled
Tension controlled region
Flexural capacity

Interaction Diagram

▪ Linear variation of Strength reduction factor ∅
Variation of Φ from 0.65 to 0.90 is applicable for 𝜖𝑡 ≤ 𝑓𝑦 /𝐸𝑠 to 𝜖𝑡 = 𝜖𝑦𝑡 + 0.003

respectively.
𝜖𝑡 − 𝜖𝑡𝑦
0.75 + 0.25
0.003 0.8𝑃𝑛 𝑀𝑛 , 𝑃𝑛
𝜖𝑡 − 𝜖𝑡𝑦 Axial capacity 0.8∅𝑃𝑛 ∅𝑀𝑛 , ∅𝑃𝑛

0.65 + 0.25
0.003
𝜖𝑡
𝜖𝑡 = 𝜖𝑡𝑦 𝜖𝑡 = 𝜖𝑡𝑦 + 0.003 Flexural capacity
Fig. R21.2.2b Interaction Diagram

Interaction Diagram
 Development of Interaction diagram

⚫ Interaction diagram can be developed by calculation of certain points
as discussed below.
Point Value of c Strain values 𝝐𝒕 Remarks

h
1 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 d
d'
Compression-controlled region
2 𝑐=ℎ b c
∅ = 0.65
N.A
3 𝑐 = ℎ − 𝑑′
0.003 Balanced condition

4 𝑐= 𝑑 𝜖𝑡 = 𝜖𝑡𝑦
0.003 + 𝜖𝑡 ∅ = 0.65
0.003
5 𝑐= 𝑑 𝜖𝑡 = 𝜖𝑡𝑦 + 0.003
0.003 + 𝜖𝑡 Tension-controlled region
0.003 ∅ = 0.65 or ∅ = 0.90
6 𝑐= 𝑑 𝜖𝑡 ≫ 𝜖𝑡𝑦 + 0.003
0.003 + 𝜖𝑡

Interaction Diagram

❑ Point No.1:
⚫ Point representing capacity of column when concentrically loaded.
⚫ This is the point at which 𝑀𝑛 = 0.
⚫ Design axial capacity equation of concentric column will be used.
ϵ𝑐 = 0.003
Point 1
∅𝑃𝑛
∅𝑀𝑛 b Strain Diagram

Interaction Diagram

❑ Point No.2
⚫ Point 2 corresponds to crushing of the concrete at the compression face
of the section and zero stress at the other face.
⚫ 𝑐=ℎ
ϵ𝑐 = 0.003
1
Point 2
∅𝑃𝑛
c h
N.A
∅𝑀𝑛 b Strain Diagram

Interaction Diagram

❑ Point No.3
⚫ At Point 3, the strain in the reinforcing bars farthest from the compression
face is equal to zero.
⚫ 𝑐 = ℎ − 𝑑′
ϵ𝑐 = 0.003
1
2
Point 3
∅𝑃𝑛
c h
ϵ𝑡 = 0
N.A
Strain Diagram
∅𝑀𝑛 b

Interaction Diagram

❑ Point No.4: Balanced condition
⚫ Point representing capacity of column for balance failure condition
ϵ𝑡 = ϵ𝑡𝑦 , ϵ𝑐 = 0.003 and ∅= 0.65
0.003
𝑐= 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑐40 = 0.69𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐60 = 0.59𝑑
0.003 + 𝜖𝑡𝑦
ϵ𝑐 = 0.003
1
2
3
c
∅𝑃𝑛
Point 4 Balanced
condition h
N.A
ϵ𝑡 = ϵ𝑡𝑦
Strain Diagram
∅𝑀𝑛 b

Interaction Diagram

❑ Point No.5
⚫ Point on capacity curve for which ϵ𝑡 = ϵ𝑡𝑦 + 0.003, ϵ𝑐 = 0.003 and ∅= 0.90
0.003
𝑐= 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑐40 = 0.41𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐60 = 0.37𝑑
0.006 + 𝜖𝑡𝑦
ϵ𝑐 = 0.003
1
2
3
c
∅𝑃𝑛
N.A
4
h
Point 5
ϵ𝑡 = ϵ𝑡𝑦 + 0.003
Strain Diagram
∅𝑀𝑛 b

Interaction Diagram

❑ Point No.6
⚫ Point on capacity curve for which ϵ𝑡 ≫ ϵ𝑡𝑦 + 0.003, ϵ𝑐 = 0.003 and ∅= 0.90
⚫ Assuming ϵ𝑡 = 2 × (ϵ𝑡𝑦 + 0.003)
0.003
𝑐= 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑐40 = 0.26𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐60 = 0.23𝑑
0.003 + 2ϵ𝑡𝑦 + 0.006
ϵ𝑐 = 0.003
1
2
3 c
N.A
∅𝑃𝑛
4
h
5
Point 6 ϵ𝑡 ≫ ϵ𝑡𝑦 + 0.003
Strain Diagram
∅𝑀𝑛 b

Interaction Diagram
 Example 8.3
⚫ Develop interaction diagram for the given column. The material
strengths are 𝑓𝑐′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖 with 4 #6 bars.
12ʺ
12ʺ

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
⚫ Given Data
𝑏 = 12″
ℎ = 12″ 12ʺ
A𝑠 = 4 × 0.44 = 1.76𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑦 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖
⚫ Required Data 12ʺ
Develop Interaction diagram

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Point No.1: This represents capacity of column when
concentrically loaded
From eq.(8.1) (ignoring 𝛼), we have
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
On substituting values;
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 0.85 × 3 (144 − 1.76) + 40 × 1.76
∅𝑃𝑛 = 281.52𝑘𝑖𝑝
Now,
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Point No.2: When c = h
From eq.(8.3) and (8.4) we have
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠1 − 𝑓𝑠2
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 0.425𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 ℎ − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑠 0.5ℎ − 𝑑 ′ 𝑓𝑠1 + 𝑓𝑠2
Setting 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85𝑐 and putting all the relevant values, we get
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 0.85 × 3 × 12 0.85𝑐 + 0.88 𝑓𝑠1 − 𝑓𝑠2
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ 26.01𝑐 + 0.88 𝑓𝑠1 − 𝑓𝑠2 ---- (A)

• Assume 𝑐 and calculate
values of 𝑓𝑠1 & 𝑓𝑠1 .
• Then put in these equation
And to determine ∅𝑃𝑛 and ∅𝑀𝑛 .
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 156.06𝑐 − 11.054𝑐 2 + 3.3 𝑓𝑠1 + 𝑓𝑠2 ---- (B)

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
𝑑′ and 𝑑 can be calculated as;
3 6 𝑑
𝑑′ = 1.5 + + = 2.25" 12ʺ
8 16
and
𝑑 = 12 − 𝑑′ = 9.75" 𝑑′
Now, 12ʺ
𝑑′ 2.25
𝑓𝑠1 = 87 1 − = 87 1 − = 70.69𝑘𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠1 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑐 12
𝑑 9.75
𝑓𝑠2 = 87 − 1 = 87 − 1 = −16.31𝑘𝑠𝑖 < 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠2 = −16.31𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑐 12

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
Putting c = 12", 𝑓𝑠1 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑠2 = −16.31𝑘𝑠𝑖 in eq. (A) and (B), we get
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 26.01 × 12 + 0.88 40 − −16.31 = 235.09𝑘𝑖𝑝
And
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.65 156.06 × 12 − 11.054 × 122 + 3.3 40 + −16.31
∅𝑀𝑛 = 233.43𝑖𝑛. 𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑟 19.45𝑘. 𝑓𝑡

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Point No.3: When 𝒄 = 𝒉 − 𝒅′ (Compression controlled region)
𝑐 = 12 − 2.25 = 9.75"
𝑑′ 2.25
𝑐 9.75
𝑑 9.75
𝑓𝑠2 = 87 − 1 = 87 − 1 = 0 < 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠2 = 0
𝑐 9.75
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 26.01 × 9.75 + 0.88 40 − 0 = 187.72𝑘𝑖𝑝
And
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.65 156.06 × 9.75 − 11.054 × 9.752 + 3.3 40 + 0
∅𝑀𝑛 = 391.8𝑖𝑛. 𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑟 32.65𝑘. 𝑓𝑡

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Point No.4: When 𝒄 = 𝒄𝒃 (Balanced failure)
𝑐𝑏,40 = 0.69𝑑 = 0.69 × 9.75 = 6.73"
𝑑′ 2.25
𝑐 6.73
𝑑 9.75
𝑓𝑠2 = 87 − 1 = 87 − 1 = 39.04 < 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠2 = 39.04𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑐 6.73
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 26.01 × 6.73 + 0.88 40 − 39.04 = 114.33𝑘𝑖𝑝
And
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.65 156.06 × 6.73 − 11.054 × 6.732 + 3.3 40 + 39.04
∅𝑀𝑛 = 526.79𝑖𝑛. 𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑟 44.0𝑘. 𝑓𝑡

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Point No.5: When 𝛜𝒔 = 𝝐𝒕𝒚 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 (Tension controlled region )
𝑐40 = 0.41𝑑 = 0.41 × 9.75 = 4"
𝑑′ 2.25
𝑓𝑠1 = 87 1 − = 87 1 − = 38.06𝑘𝑠𝑖 < 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠1 = 38.06𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑐 4
𝑑 9.75
𝑓𝑠2 = 87 − 1 = 87 − 1 = 125.06 > 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠2 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑐 4
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.90 26.01 × 4 + 0.88 38.06 − 40 = 92.1𝑘𝑖𝑝
And
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 156.06 × 4 − 11.054 × 42 + 3.3 38.06 + 40
∅𝑀𝑛 = 634.48𝑖𝑛. 𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑟 52.87𝑘. 𝑓𝑡

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Point No.6: When 𝛜𝒕 ≫ 𝝐𝒕𝒚 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 (Tension controlled region )
Let, 𝜖𝑡 = 2 𝜖𝑡𝑦 + 0.003 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐40 = 0.26𝑑 = 0.26 × 9.75 = 2.54"
𝑑′ 2.25
𝑓𝑠1 = 87 1 − = 87 1 − = 9.93𝑘𝑠𝑖 < 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠1 = 9.93𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑐 2.54
𝑑 9.75
𝑓𝑠2 = 87 − 1 = 87 − 1 = 246.96 > 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠2 = 40𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑐 2.54
∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.90 26.01 × 2.54 + 0.88 6.77 − 40 = 33.14𝑘𝑖𝑝
And
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 156.06 × 2.54 − 11.054 × 2.542 + 3.3 6.77 + 40
∅𝑀𝑛 = 431.48𝑖𝑛. 𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑟 35.96𝑘. 𝑓𝑡

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Summary of calculations
C 𝑓𝑠1 𝑓𝑠1 ∅𝑃𝑛 ∅𝑀𝑛

Point Remarks
(𝑖𝑛. ) (𝑘𝑠𝑖) (𝑘𝑠𝑖) (𝑘𝑖𝑝) (𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡)
1 Axial capacity --- --- 281.52 0

Compression
2 12 40 -16.31 235.09 19.45 controlled region
3 9.75 40 0 187.72 32.65
4 6.73 40 39.04 114.33 44.00 Balanced condition
5 4 38.06 40 92.10 52.87 Tension controlled

region
6 2.54 9.93 40 33.14 35.96

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Plot of Interaction curve
0.8∅𝑃𝑛

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Plot of Interaction curve ( in sPCOLUMN)
Click here to view detailed report

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Plot of Interaction curve in sPCOLUMN
▪ Control Points
About Point P X-Moment Y-Moment NA Depth dt Depth 𝝐𝒕 ɸ
kip k-ft k-ft in in in/in
X @ Max compression 281.5 0 0 18.05 9.75 -0.0014 0.65
X @ Allowable comp. 225.2 21.77 0 11.66 9.75 -0.0005 0.65
X @ fs = 0.0 186.3 32.19 0 9.75 9.75 0 0.65
X @ fs = 0.5 fy 144 39.65 0 7.93 9.75 0.00069 0.65
X @ Balanced point 111.5 43.59 0 6.68 9.75 0.00138 0.65
X @ Tension control 88.9 51.95 0 3.96 9.75 0.00438 0.9
X @ Pure bending 0 25.13 0 1.9 9.75 0.01241 0.9
X @ Max tension -63.4 0 0 0 9.75 9.99999 0.9

Interaction Diagram
 Solution
❑ Plot of Interaction curve in sPCOLUMN
▪ Control Points

Design Aids
 Introduction
⚫ The design of eccentrically loaded columns using Interaction
diagram Is a “trial and error method” meant it requires that a trial
column be selected. The trial column is then investigated to
determine if it is adequate to carry any combination of Pu and Mu
that may act on it.
⚫ Furthermore, economical design requires that the controlling

combination of Pu and M be close to the limit curve. If these
conditions are not met, a new column must be selected for trial.

Design Aids
 Introduction
⚫ In practice, Design aids are used such as are available in handbooks
and special volumes published by the American Concrete Institute.
⚫ They cover the most frequent practical cases, such as symmetrically

reinforced rectangular and square columns and circular spirally
reinforced columns.
⚫ Design Aids for different ranges of 𝑓𝑐 ′ and 𝑓𝑦 are provided in

Appendix. (at the end of lecture).
⚫ There are also a number of commercially available computer

programs for example, spCOLUMN, Skokie and Illinois etc.

Design Aids
 Procedure of using Design Aid

1. Select a trial cross-sectional
dimensions 𝑏 and ℎ
2. Calculate the ratio 𝛾 based on

required cover distances to the
bar centroids, and select the
corresponding column design
chart.
ℎ − 2 𝑑′
𝛾 =
ℎ

Design Aids
 Procedure of using Design Aid

4. Calculate 𝐾𝑛 and 𝑅𝑛 factor
𝑃𝑢
𝐾𝑛 =
∅𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏ℎ
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏ℎ2
5. Using values of 𝐾𝑛 and 𝑅𝑛 , read

the required reinforcement ratio
𝜌𝑔 from the graph.
6. Calculate the total steel area

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑏ℎ

Interaction Diagram
 Example 8.4
⚫ Using design aids, design a 12″ square column section to support a
factored load of 145 kip and a factored moment of 40 kip-ft. The
material strengths are 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖.
12″
12″

Design Aids
 Solution
1. Dimensions are already given to us;
𝑏 = ℎ = 12"
2. Calculate ratio 𝛾
ℎ − 2 𝑑′
𝛾 =
ℎ
Assuming 𝑑′ = 2.5𝑖𝑛
12 − 2(2.5)
𝛾= = 0.583
12
𝛾 ≈ 0.60

Design Aids
 Solution
3. Calculate 𝐾𝑛 and 𝑅𝑛 factor
𝑃𝑢 145
𝐾𝑛 = =
∅𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏ℎ 0.65 × 4 × 12 × 12
𝐾𝑛 = 0.40
𝑀𝑢 40 × 12
𝑅𝑛 = =
∅𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏ℎ2 0.65 × 4 × 12 × 122
𝑅𝑛 = 0.11
For 𝛾 = 0.60, 𝑓𝑐′ = 4𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖, The relevant Design Aid
is DA-5 (from Appendix)

Design Aids
 Solution
3. Read 𝜌𝑔 from the graph INTERACTION DIAGRAM, DA-5 h
h
f /c= 4 ksi
g = 0.08
𝜌𝑔 = 0.007 < 0.01 1.8 fy = 60 ksi
 = 0.6
0.07
→ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜌𝑔 = 0.01 1.6

0.06
Kmax
e Pn
1.4 0.05
4. Calculate Area of steel 0.04

1.2 𝑓𝑠 /𝑓𝑦 = 0
2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.01 = 1.44𝑖𝑛 0.03
∅𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔
𝑃𝑢
1.0 0.02
𝐾𝑛 =
0.25
Using #6 bar 0.8
0.01
0.007
1.44 0.50
No. of bars = ≈4 0.6

0.44
0.75
0.4
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0 𝑃𝑢 𝑒
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 ℎ

Interaction Diagram
 Example 8.5 (Class Activity)

⚫ Using design aids, design a 15″ square column section to support a
factored load of 200 kip and a factored moment of 80 kip-ft. The
material strengths are 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖.
15″
15″

References
 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.
 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)
Figure 9

Appendix
 DESIGN AIDS (DA-1)

INTERACTION DIAGRAM DA-1 h
h
f /c= 3 ksi
2.2 g = 0.08
fy = 60ksi
 = 0.6
0.07
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
0.04
1.4 fs/fy = 0
0.03
𝑃𝑢
1.2
𝐾𝑛 =
0.02 0.25
1.0
0.01
0.8 0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
0.2 1.0
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
𝑃𝑢 𝑒
𝑅𝑛 =

Appendix

INTERACTION DIAGRAM, DA-2 h
h
g= 0.08 f /c= 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.7
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
0.04 fs/fy =0
1.4
0.03
𝑃𝑢
1.2
0.25
𝐾𝑛 =
0.02
1.0
0.01
0.50
0.8
0.75
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
𝑃𝑢 𝑒
𝑅𝑛 =

Appendix

INTERACTION DIAGRAM , DA-3 h
h
g= 0.08 f /c = 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.8
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6
fs/fy = 0
0.04
1.4
0.03
𝑃𝑢
1.2 0.25
𝐾𝑛 =
0.02
1.0
0.01 0.50
0.8
0.75
0.6
0.4 1.0
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
𝑃𝑢 𝑒
𝑅𝑛 =

Appendix

g = 0.08 h
f /c= 3 ksi
2.2
fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.9
2.0
Kmax
0.06
1.8 Pn
e
0.05
1.6 fs/fy = 0
0.04
1.4
0.03
0.25
𝑃𝑢
1.2
𝐾𝑛 =
0.02
1.0 0.50
0.01
0.8
0.75
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
𝑃𝑢 𝑒
𝑅𝑛 =

Appendix

h
f /c= 4 ksi
g = 0.08
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
 = 0.6
0.07
1.6 Kmax
0.06
e Pn
1.4 0.05
0.04
1.2 fs/fy = 0
0.03
𝑃𝑢
1.0 0.02
𝐾𝑛 =
0.25
0.01
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
𝑃𝑢 𝑒
𝑅𝑛 =

Appendix

h
f /c= 4 ksi
g = 0.08
1.8 fy = 60ksi
0.07
 = 0.7
1.6 Kmax
0.06
e Pn
1.4 0.05
0.04
fs/fy = 0
1.2
0.03
𝑃𝑢
1.0 0.02
0.25
𝐾𝑛 =
0.01
0.8
0.50
0.6
0.75
0.4
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
𝑃𝑢 𝑒
𝑅𝑛 =

Appendix

h
g = 0.08 f /c= 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.8
1.6 Kmax
0.06
e Pn
0.05
1.4
0.04 fs/fy =0
1.2
0.03
0.25
𝑃𝑢
1.0 0.02
𝐾𝑛 =
0.01
0.50
0.8
0.6 0.75
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
𝑃𝑢 𝑒
𝑅𝑛 =

Appendix

h
g= 0.08 f /c= 4 ksi
1.8 fy = 60 ksi
0.07  = 0.9
1.6 0.06 Kmax
e Pn
0.05
1.4
fs/fy = 0
0.04
1.2
0.03
0.25
𝑃𝑢
0.02
1.0
𝐾𝑛 =
0.01 0.50
0.8
0.75
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
𝑃𝑢 𝑒
𝑅𝑛 =

Lecture 08 Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns Updated 20 06 2022

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Lecture 08 Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns Updated 20 06 2022

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Updated: Jun 20, 2022 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Reinforced Concrete

 The PowerPoint Presentation of this lecture has been organized

▪ Part-I: Covers the design of Concentrically loaded columns, and

▪ Part-II: Includes the design of Eccentrically loaded columns

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 2

▪ ACI Code Recommendations

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 3

▪ Use of Design Aids

▪ Development of Interaction Diagram

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 4

 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

➢ Develop interaction diagrams for rectangular RC columns

➢ Design Concentric and Uniaxially eccentric RC columns

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 5

⚫ However, columns would generally carry bending moments as well,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 6

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 7

⚫ The longitudinal bars are provided parallel to the direction of the

⚫ The lateral ties are bars arranged in a square, rectangular or

⚫ The continuous spiral contain/retain concrete, thus increasing the

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 8

Based on Lateral Based on Based on

Tied Spiral Concentric Eccentric Short Long

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 9

⚫ Columns reinforced with longitudinal

⚫ Columns reinforced with longitudinal

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 10

1. Concentric/Axially loaded column P

No eccentricity. Centre of gravity and

Eccentric load is applied.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 11

⚫ The column which fails due to the failure

⚫ Most of the concrete columns falls in this

2. Long /slender column

⚫ Columns in which failure occurs due to

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 12

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 13

 Nominal Axial Capacity

At the ultimate stage, when concrete strain reaches 0.003, then

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 14

 Nominal Axial Capacity

Therefore, the preceding equation becomes

From which the Design axial capacity is determined as;

∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 15

 Nominal Axial Capacity

∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( For Tied column)

∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( For Spiral column)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 16

 Nominal Axial Capacity

𝛼∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.80 × 0.65 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( For Tied column)

𝛼∅𝑃𝑛 = 0.85 × 0.75 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ( For Spiral column)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 17

 Nominal Axial Capacity

𝑃𝑢 = 0.80 × 0.65 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ---- (8.1) ( For Tied column)

𝑃𝑢 = 0.85 × 0.75 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 ---- (8.2) ( For Spiral column)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 18

ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 19

ACI 318 Code Provisions for RC Columns

⚫ As per ACI 318-19, section 10.6.1.1, for nonprestressed

⚫ Minimum Reinforcement is necessary to provide resistance