ECONOMICS PROJECT

VIETNAM

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Prof. DHARMENDRA KHAIRAJANI AYUSH GUPTA

 TABLE OF CONTENT

STEEPLED OF VIETNAM…………………………………….…..3-11

PESTEL OF INDIA……………………………………………..…..11-12

EDUCATION FACTOR OF VIETNAM……………………...…..12-20

CONSULTANCY (VIETNAM)

BUSINESS……………………………………………………...…….20-23

PLACEMENT…………………………………………………..……23-25

TRAINING…………………………………………………………...25-26

INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM………………………………......26-31

CONSULTANCY-

BUSINESS..........................................................................................31-35

PLACEMENT………………………………………………........….35-37

TRAINING…………………………………………………….....….37-40

CONCLUSION.................................................................................41-45
 STEEPLED OF VIETNAM
Social relationships

Due to diverse cultural traditions, historical events, and the geography, there are a
number of distinct regions in the country that differ from one another. However
most Vietnamese in rural areas live in villages that focus on agriculture and family
is a central value throughout Vietnam. However more and more Vietnamese
immigrate to urban areas in search of jobs and a higher standard of living. 

During the period of Chinese rule and for centuries after, Vietnamese social
structure was patterned after the system prevalent in China. The vast majority of
people were farmers. The governing class comprised about 5 percent of the
population and was selected from candidates who had passed the Confucian civil
service examinations or from influential landholding families. There were also a
small number of artisans and merchants.

After the partition of Vietnam in 1954, the Communist government of North

Vietnam completely changed the social structure. Private property was eliminated,
and peasants and workers were given a new, if nominal, dominance in the social
order. At the top of the order, functioning as the new ruling class, were officials of
the Communist Party. In the South, on the other hand, the social structure remained
virtually unchanged after the partition. After the Communists won the civil war in
1975, however, they imposed the same social structure on the South as they had on
the North in 1954. Since the mid-1980s a more complicated social system has
developed as a result of market economic reforms. Although most Vietnamese
remain farmers, the number of industrial workers is increasing. Furthermore, an
urban middle class is emerging, which includes many private entrepreneurs.

TECHNOLOGY
Technology in Vietnam represents the wide scientific and technological advances
Vietnam has made and has been developing. The main managing agency
responsible for science and technology (S&T) in Vietnam is the Ministry of Science
and Technology (MOST). MOST's responsibilities include scientific research,
technology development and innovation activities; development of science and
technology potentials; intellectual property; standards, metrology and quality
control; atomic energy, radiation and nuclear safety; and state management on
public services in fields under the Ministry’s management as stipulated by law.
The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST, Vietnamese: Bộ Khoa học và
Công nghệ) is a government ministry in Vietnamresponsible for state administration
of science and technology activities; development of science and technology
potentials; intellectual property; standards, metrology and quality control; atomic
energy, radiation and nuclear safety.

ECONOMY
Vietnam’s development record over the past 30 years is remarkable. Economic
and political reforms under Đổi Mới, launched in 1986, have spurred rapid
economic growth and development and transformed Vietnam from one of the
world’s poorest nations to a lower middle-income country.

Vietnam’s economy is performing well, propelled by the sustained global

recovery and continued domestic reforms. Robust growth is boosting job creation
and income growth, leading to broad-based welfare gains and poverty reduction.
Vietnam’s gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated to have increased by 7.1
percent (y/y) in the first half of 2018. GDP growth was broad-based, led by strong
manufacturing growth of 13 percent, bolstered by strong external demand.
Agriculture output growth also accelerated to 3.9 percent largely due to strong
performance in the export-oriented fishery subsector. Meanwhile, expansion of the
service sector remained robust at 6.9 percent underpinned by strong underlying
retail sector growth supported by buoyant private consumption and record tourist
arrivals.

Vietnam’s medium-term outlook has improved further. Real GDP is now

projected to expand by 6.8 percent in 2018 before moderating to 6.6 percent in 2019
and 6.5 percent in 2020 due to the envisaged cyclical moderation of global demand.
Despite reduced slack in the economy, inflation is expected to remain around the 4
percent government target, predicated on some tightening of the monetary stance to
counter price pressures emanating from domestic input price pressures and rising
global commodity prices. On the external front, the current account balance is
projected to remain in surplus, but start narrowing from 2019, reflecting widening
deficits on the income and services accounts. Fiscal consolidation is expected to
contain public debt over the projection period.

Access to household infrastructure has improved dramatically. In 2016, 99

percent of the population used electricity as their main source of lighting, up from
14 percent in 1993. In rural areas, in 2016, 77 percent of the population had access
to sanitation facilities—compared to 36 percent in 1993. Rural access to clean water
has also improved, up from 17 percent in 1993 to 70 percent in 2016. Access to
these services in urban areas is above 95 percent.  

Vietnam - Environment
Vietnam has a tropical monsoon climate, with humidity averaging 84 percent
throughout the year. However, because of differences in latitude and the marked
variety of topographical relief, the climate tends to vary considerably from place
to place. During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to
April, the monsoon winds usually blow from the northeast along the China coast
and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture; consequently
the winter season in most parts of the country is dry only by comparison with the
rainy or summer season. During the southwesterly summer monsoon, occurring
from May to October, the heated air of the Gobi Desert rises, far to the north,
inducing moist air to flow inland from the sea and deposit heavy rainfall.

Annual rainfall is substantial in all regions and torrential in some, ranging from

120 centimeters to 300 centimeters. Nearly 90 percent of the precipitation occurs
during the summer. The average annual temperature is generally higher in the
plains than in the mountains and plateaus. Temperatures range from a low of 5°C
in December and January, the coolest months, to more than 37°C in April, the
hottest month. Seasonal divisionsare more clearly marked in the northern half
than in the southern half of the country, where, except in some of the highlands,
seasonal temperatures vary only a few degrees, usually in the 21°C-28°C range.

Principal Rivers
A relatively dense network of rivers traverses Vietnam. The principal rivers are
as follows: in the north, the Red and Thai Binh; in the center, the Ca, Ma, Han,
Thach Han, and Thu Bon; and in the south, the Mekong and Dong Nai.
Climate
Vietnam's climate is tropical and monsoonal; humidity averages 84 percent
throughout the year. Annual rainfall ranges from 1,200 to 3,000 millimeters, and
annual temperatures vary between 5°C and 37°C.

Natural Resources
Vietnam's main natural resources consist of coal, copper, crude oil, gold, iron,
manganese, silver, and zinc.

Land Use
In 2003 Vietnam's land use was distributed as follows: 21 percent, arable; 28
percent, forest and woodland; and 51 percent, other.

Environmental Factors
The National Environmental Agency, a branch of the Ministry of Science,
Technology, and Environment, is responsible for environmental protection. At
the provincial level, the Departments of Science, Technology, and the
Environment bear responsibility. Non-governmental organizations, particularly
the Institute of Ecological Economics, also play a role. Urbanization,
industrialization, and intensive farming are having a negative impact on
Vietnam's environment. These factors have led to air pollution, water pollution,
and noise pollution, particularly in urban and industrial centers like Ho Chi Minh
City and Hanoi. The most serious problem is waste treatment. Land use pressures
have led to significant environmental problems, including severe deforestation,
soil erosion, sedimentation of rivers, flooding in the deltas, declining fish yields,
and pollution of the coastal and marine environment. The use of Agent
Orange by the U.S. military in the Second Indochina War (1954-75) has had a
lingering effect on Vietnam in the form of persistent environmental
contamination that has increased the incidence of various diseases and birth
defects.

As a result of rapid economic development, population growth, and urbanization,

Vietnam faces significant environmental challenges. In 2006, Vietnam's
pollution "hot spots" included solid waste, water and air pollution, with water
pollution and solid waste treatment being the biggest challenges for the Ministry
 of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). According to MONRE,
Vietnam's environmental situation is deteriorating due to a lack of Governmental
resources to address these issues.

Pollution levels in surface water and ground water are another critical concern of
the Government. According to new research by the Department of Natural
Resources and Environment in Ho Chi Minh City, total organic carbon (TOC)
content of groundwater in some places is 31-86mg/l. Biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) of some large rivers supplying water to municipal water
treatment plants is higher than 5mg/l. Meanwhile, all drinking water treatment
plants in Vietnam lack the ability to reduce BOD levels. In order to upgrade the
current treatment process in Ho Chi Minh City alone, the Government must
invest $133 million per year for the five years 2004-2009, which represents one
percent of the city's GDP.

Drainage and sewage problems also represent a growing concern. Vietnam's

rapid urbanization and industrialization over the last ten years have placed huge
demands on its outdated sewage systems, much of which were constructed in the
19th century. Most drainage systems are for combined usage, mixing rainwater
runoff with untreated domestic wastewater. At present, except for Ho Chi Minh
City, Can Tho and Danang, which have projects underway to collect domestic
wastewater for treatment, none of the cities or provinces within the country has a
centralized wastewater treatment plant.

Except for solid waste from hospitals that is collected and burned in a controlled
environment, most industrial waste is still disposed of together with domestic
waste without proper treatment. Currently, there is no industrial waste
management and control system in place in Vietnam. Contamination from
pesticides and agricultural chemical runoff is growing at an alarming rate.

POLITICAL

The Vietnam Constitution which was adopted in 1980 and later revised in 1992
declares that Vietnam is a socialist nation, and is governed by the single
political party: The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The political power
in Vietnam is based on democratic centralism, which means that under this
principle, authority and power originate at the highest levels of the CPV and
 flow downward in the political structure. While a majority of the members in
the CPV are male, there has been a steadily growing presence of females in
politics. 

Policies Toward Business

Vietnam seems to be in a pursuit of foreign business and investment, with goals
such as attracting foreign money, technology, and international joint ventures
so that they can further their own plans of their state-owned enterprises. 

LEGAL SYSTEM
Vietnam has had a single, unified legal system since 1975. Vietnam's socialist legal
system is influenced by eastern and western legal traditions, the French civil law
system, and Soviet communist legal ideology. 
A detailed history of Vietnamese legal traditions is contained in Dao Tri Uc,
'Vietnam: Basic Information for Legal Research - A Case Study of Vietnam'
(2003) Doing Legal Research in Asian Countries China, India,
Malaysia,Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam 195-228 (full text in English available on
open access)
SOURCES OF LAW
Legislation (legal normative documents) is the most important source of law. The
Constitution is the supreme law. See Article 4 of the 2015 Law on Promulgation of
Legal Normative  Documents  (Law No 80/2015/QH13) for a full hierarchical list of
all legal normative documents.
Judicial decisions are not sources of law in Vietnam. However, guidelines on the
interpretation of laws are issued in the form of Resolutions by the Judge Council of
the People's Supreme Court (Article 21). This guidance is a source of law (Article
4).
Treaties - ratified treaties are a source of law. See the Treatiespage in this Guide
for more information.
In general, Customary Law / practice is not a source of law. However, customary
practice is referred to as a source of law in specific legal documents. See for
example Article 5 of the 2015 Civil Code.

ETHICS
One of the cornerstones of sustainable growth is ethics. An ethical organizational
culture provides support to achieve sustainable growth. Ethical leaders and
employees have great potential for positive influence on decisions and behaviors
that lead to sustainability. Ethical behavior, therefore, is expected of everyone in the
modern workplace. As a result, companies devote many resources and training
programs to make sure their employees live according to the high ethical standards.
This study provides an analysis of Vietnamese business students’ level of ethical
maturity based on gender, education, work experience, and ethics training. The
results of data from 260 business students compared with 704 working adults in
Vietnam demonstrate that students have a significantly higher level of ethical
maturity. Furthermore, gender and work experience are significant factors in ethical
maturity. While more educated respondents and those who had completed an ethics
course did have a higher level of ethical maturity, the results were not statistically
significant. Analysis of the results along with suggestions and implications are
provided.

DEMOGRAPHIC
Vietnam is experiencing rapid demographic and social change. After years of
growth, Vietnam’s population reached about 95 million in 2017 (up from about 60
million in 1986) and is expected to expand to 120 million before tailing off around
2050. Currently, 70 percent of the population is under 35 years of age, with a life
expectancy of close to 73 years. But the population is rapidly aging. There is an
emerging middle class—currently accounting for 13 percent of the population but
expected to reach 26 percent by 2026.
UN estimates

Total Population Population Population

populatio aged 0–14 aged 15– aged 65+
n (000's) (%) 64 (%) (%)

195
28 000 31.9 63.9 4.2
0

195
31 329 35.6 60.1 4.3
5

196
35 173 40.1 55.5 4.4
0

196
39 885 44.1 51.3 4.6
5

197
44 928 44.2 50.9 4.8
0

197
49 896 42.9 52.3 4.8
5

198
54 023 40.7 54.3 4.9
0

198
60 307 39.4 55.7 4.9
5
199
67 102 38.0 57.0 5.0
0

199
74 008 36.5 58.4 5.1
5

200
78 758 32.1 62.3 5.6
0

200
83 161 27.3 66.8 5.9
5

201
87 100 23.8 69.4 6.8
0

PESTEL OF INDIA
1. Political Factors
Being one of the largest democracies in the world, India runs on a federal form of
government. The political environment is greatly influenced by factors such as
government’s policies, politician’s interests, and the ideologies of several political
parties. As a result, the business environment in India is affected by multivariate
political factors. The taxation system is well-developed and several taxes, such as
income tax, services tax and sales tax are imposed by the Union Government. Other
taxes, such as octroi and utilities, are taken care of by local bodies. Privatization is
also influenced and the government encourages free business through a variety of
programs.

2. Economic Factors
The economy of India has been significantly stable, since the introduction of the
industrial reform policies in 1991. As per the policy, reductions in industrial
licensing, liberalization of foreign capital, formation of FIBP and so on, has resulted
in a constant improvement of India’s economic environment. The country registered
a GDP of $5.07 trillion in 2013 following a further improved GDP growth rate of
5% in 2014 as 4.35% in 2013.

3. Social Factors
The social factors refer to any changes in trends which would impact a business
environment. For instance, the rise in India’s ageing population is resulting in a
considerable rise in pension costs and increase in the employment of older workers.
India has a population of more than 1.2 billion people with about 70% between the
ages of 15 and 65. Therefore, there are structures with percentages according to age.
These structures contain varying flexibility, in education, work attitudes, income
distribution, and so on.

4. Technological Factors
Technology significantly influences product development and also introduces fresh
cost-cutting processes. India is served with both 3G and 4G technology which has
facilitated several of their technological projects. Furthermore, the country also
possesses one of the strongest IT sectors in the world, promoting constant IT
development, software upgrades and other technological advancements. Recently,
India has also attempted to launch their satellites into space.

5.LEGAL Factors
In the recent past, a number of legal changes have been implemented in India, such
as recycling, minimum wage increase and disability discrimination, which has
directly affected businesses there. However, when it comes to environment, the
quality of air in India has been adversely affected by industrialization and
urbanization, also resulting in health problems. As a result, there have been
establishments of environmental pressure groups, noise controls, and regulations on
waste control and disposal.

6. Environment factor

These factors have only really come to the forefront in the last fifteen years so on.
They have become important due to the increasing scarcity of raw material,
pollution targets, doing business as an ethical and sustainable company, carbon
 footprints targets set by government. These are just some of the issues marketers are
facing wthin the factors. More and more consumers are demanding that the product
they buy are sourced ethically.These factors impact on the economy and its
performance which in turn directly impacts on the organisation and its profitability.
Factors include interest rate, raw material costs and foreign exchange rate.

EDUCATION FACTORS OF VIETNAM

One of Vietnam’s strategies to achieve further economic growth is the

modernization of its education system, which is considered to be lagging behind
other Southeast Asian countries by outside observers. Education features
prominently in Vietnam’s current “socio-economic development strategy for 2011-
2020”, which seeks to advance human capital development, boost enrollments in
higher education, and modernize education to meet the needs of the country’s
industrialization in a global environment. The goals of several of the current
education reforms were already laid down in a government directive from 2005 on
the “Comprehensive Reform of Higher Education in Vietnam, 2006–2020”.

Among the bold reforms currently enacted are the establishment of new

accreditation and quality assurance mechanisms, the creation of a national
qualifications framework, and a drastic increase in higher education enrollments by
125 percent, from 200 students per 10,000 people in 2010 to 450 students per
10,000 people by 2020.

 Teaching quality will be improved by requiring almost all higher education

instructors to hold masters or doctoral degrees by 2020.
 Labor force development is being prioritized with large-scale investments in
applied, employment-geared training.
 70 to 80 percent of the student population should be enrolled in applied
programs by 2020.
 The secondary education system is also undergoing major reforms, most
notably with regards to high school graduation examinations and university
admissions.

Another goal of the current reforms is the internationalization of Vietnam’s still

somewhat insular higher education system. The government is trying to expand
English-language education in Vietnam, and promote transnational cooperation and
exchange with countries like Australia, France, the U.S., Japan, and Germany.
Vietnam has also acceded to international education agreements, such as the Asia-
Pacific Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education. Study
abroad of Vietnamese students and scholars is explicitly promoted, while the
government simultaneously seeks to increase the number of foreign students and
researchers in Vietnam.

These fast-evolving developments have implications for international credential

evaluation and student recruitment in Vietnam. To better understand these changes,
this article describes current trends and developments in Vietnamese education and
student mobility and provides an overview of the Vietnamese education system.
IN BRIEF: VIETNAM’S EDUCATION SYSTEM

Administration of the Education System

Until the 1980s, Vietnam’s education system was modeled after the system of the
Soviet Union. Economic liberalization policies enacted after the 1986 Đổi mới
reforms have since led to far-reaching changes in various sectors, including the
education system, but the country remains under the firm control of the Communist
Party of Vietnam (CPV). Many aspects of the education system, thus, are highly
centralized and directed by the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) in
Hanoi.

The MOET is responsible for most aspects of schooling and the implementation of

education policy.  Until recently, the ministry exercised far-reaching control over
higher education institutions; a fact often cited as a hindrance for the modernization
of education in Vietnam. The MOET stipulated rigid curricula and textbooks,
admissions guidelines and staffing. Curricula, for example, continued to include
mandatory Marxist-Leninist content, said to be of little practical relevance in the
labor market

However, the government has in recent years scaled back various regulations,
and plans to increase the autonomy of higher education institutions (HEIs) “in terms
of training, scientific research, organization, personnel, finance and
international cooperation.” The government has recently granted HEIs
increased autonomy to determine their curricula and admissions quotas. Despite
these changes, observers have noted that the system so far continues to be
characterized by a high degree of bureaucratic centralization and a tendency to
retain socialist curricula, even atVietnam’s privileged National Universities, which
technically already had greater autonomy than other institutions since their
inception in 1993.

In addition to universities overseen by the MOET, a sizeable number of public

institutions are under the purview of other government bodies, such as people’s
committees and different line ministries overseeing specialized institutions.
Since 1998, large parts of vocational education and training are overseen by the
Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA).

Education Funding
Vietnam has ramped up education spending significantly in recent years.
Education expenditures as a percentage of GDP increased from 3.57 percent in
2000 to 5.18 percent in 2006, and have since then remained above 5 percent,
reaching 5.7 percent in 2013. Education spending as a percentage of the
government budget has also been growing. Education is the largest expenditure
item on the state budget and stood at 20 percent of total government expenditures in
2015 (USD $10 billion), a far higher percentage than the global average of 14.1
percent (2013).

Increased funding notwithstanding, public schooling in nominally Socialist Vietnam

is not entirely free and getting increasingly expensive. Even though elementary
education is officially provided free of charge and the government covers most
costs, elementary schools charge a variety of supplementary fees, ranging from
maintenance levies to fees for the acquisition of books and uniforms. Secondary
public schools, meanwhile, are allowed to charge small tuition fees. In addition, it is
not uncommon for parents to pay school teachers for extra private lessons to ensure
the academic success of their children – an often corrupt practice that increases
costs and inequalities in public education.

In higher education, tuition fees averaged between USD $262 and USD $385
annually in 2015/16, but are bound to increase. Several public universities have
already been exempted from caps on tuition. Top universities like the Ho Chi Minh
City University of Technology are currently charging annual tuition fees of USD $
1,000 for bachelor’s programs.

To ease the financial burden on the state and modernize the education system,
the government also seeks to advance the privatization of education, an objective
that could further drive up costs for students. The goal is to increase the share of
private funding sources at public universities and ensure that up to 40 percent of the
student population will be enrolled at private institutions by 2020.

Enrollments and Progress in Elementary and Secondary Education

According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, about 7.8 million elementary
pupils, 5.14 million lower-secondary students, and 2.4 million upper-secondary
students were enrolled at 15,254 elementary schools, 10,321 lower-secondary
schools, 2,399 upper-secondary schools, and 986 mixed schools throughout
Vietnam in 2015/16.

Increased funding for education and other reform measures have led to

tremendous improvements in enrollment rates and educational quality. At the
elementary level, for instance, great progress has been made in closing gaps
between urban centers and rural regions – the net elementary intake rate in rural
regions like the Central Highlands and the Mekong Delta increased from 58 and 80
percent in 2000/01 to 99 and 94 percent in 2012/2013. Repetition and drop-out rates
fell significantly throughout the country.

The net intake rate for lower-secondary education increased from 69.5 percent in
2000/01 to 92 percent in 2012/13 nationwide, despite lingering disparities between
rural and urban regions at the secondary level. Other achievements include
significant improvements in student-teacher ratios and an increase of youth literacy
from 93 percent in 2002 to 97 percent in 2012. The upper-secondary school
graduation rate stood at 95 percentin 2015/16.
Underscoring recent improvements in educational quality at the secondary
level, Vietnam ranked 17th out of 65 countries, ahead of Western countries like
Australia, the U.S., or France, when for the first time it participated in the OECD
PISA study in 2012. Some observers have argued that the remarkably good results
do not truly reflect educational quality in Vietnam and may be the outcome of the
test’s emphasis on mathematics and its standardized testing format. Others contend
that Vietnam’s success is based on smart curricular design and should serve as a
model for lower-ranked ASEAN countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand.

Elementary Education
Elementary education(tiểu học) in Vietnam  begins at the age of six and lasts
five years (grades 1-5, until age 11). Subjects taught include Vietnamese,
mathematics, moral education, natural and social sciences, arts, and physical
education, as well as history and geography in grades four and five. In 2017, the
MOET announced that it would introduce foreign language and computer training
starting in grade three, and also offer minority languages as an elective subject.

The curriculum emphasizes rote memorization and the language of instruction is

Vietnamese. Textbook learning increases in higher grades. Promotion is based on
continuous assessment and year-end exams.  A final exit examination used to be
required until the 2000s but has since been abolished.

Until 2005, compulsory education in Vietnam ended with the completion of

elementary education at the age of eleven (grade 5) – an early age by international
standards. Vietnam’s education law of 2005 since stipulates universal and
compulsory education until grade 9, but that objective has of yet not been achieved.
Current reforms seek to universalize lower-secondary education by the end of the
decade and implement compulsory education until age 15 (grade 9) throughout the
country, beginning in 2020.

Lower Secondary Education

After completion of grade 5, pupils can continue their education in a four-year
lower-secondary education cycle (trung học cơ sở) or enroll in short-term
vocational training programs.

Admission to general lower-secondary education is open to all pupils who have

completed elementary education. It lasts from grade six to grade nine and concludes
with the award of a Lower Secondary Education Graduation Diploma (Bằng tốt
nghiệp trung học cơ sở).

The curriculum includes Vietnamese, foreign language, mathematics, natural

sciences, civics, history, geography, technology, computer science, arts, and
physical education. A second foreign language and minority languages are offered
as elective subjects. Students attend up to 30 45-minute classes per week, and
annual promotion is based on teacher assessment and examinations. A final
intermediate graduation examination used to be required for completing the
program but is no longer in use since 2006.

General Upper-Secondary Education

Access to non-compulsory upper-secondary education is competitive and
examination-based. The MOET has in recent years adopted various measures to
streamline entrance and graduation examinations, and the system is currently
undergoing frequent changes.  Voluntary supplementary exams to gain “priority
admission” at upper-secondary schools, for instance, were suspended in 2016.

Entry into public upper-secondary education nevertheless depends on rigorous

entrance examinations. Competition is particularly fierce for coveted spots at
prestigious “high schools for the gifted,” which only admit the very best students.
Other highly selective institutions include specialized high schools that offer
programs focused on subjects like foreign languages.

Students who do not score high enough in the entrance exams to be admitted into
upper secondary schools in the general track may seek admission to vocational
upper-secondary programs (discussed below) or have to attend expensive private
schools.

General secondary education encompasses grades 10 to 12 (ages 15-18) and

concludes with the award of the Secondary Education Graduation
Diploma (Bằng Tốt Nghiệp Phổ Thông Trung Học). Programs are usually offered
in three different streams or subject groups (technology, natural science, and social
sciences and foreign languages).

All course requirements in specialization subjects used to be stipulated by the

MOET and involved a total of 6 hours per week in mathematics, physics, chemistry,
and biology in the natural science track; and literature, history, geography, and
foreign languages in the social sciences and foreign language track. Current
reforms, announced in 2017, however, will allow for greater individual
customization with elective concentration subjects now making up one-third of the
curriculum. Beyond concentration subjects, all students take a core curriculum that
includes subjects ranging from Vietnamese to foreign language (mostly English),
mathematics, and physical and military education.

Upper-secondary students attend up to 30 45-minute classes per week. Promotion is

based on teacher assessment and year-end exams. Students who fail the annual
examinations twice have to repeat the year. High school graduation requires passing
a rigorous final secondary school graduation examination, which is also used to
determine admission to higher education 

CONSULTANCY FACTORS OF VIETNAM

Vietnam has enjiyes strong economic growth . Since 1990 , Vietnam's GDP per
capita growth has been among the fastest in the world , averaging 6.4 percent a year
in the 2000s. Vietnam's economy countinued to strengthen in 2015 , with an
estimated GDP growth rate of 6.7 percent . Vietnam's economic activity moderated
in the first half of 2016 , with GDP expanding by 5.5 percent , compared to 6.3
percennt over the same period in 2015. This slow-down is considered a result of
severe drought - affecting agricultural production and slower industrial growth.
FACTS ABOUT VIETNAM

91.6 mln
Population
 
6.7 %
 GDP growth
 
3.3%
Unemployment
 
-4.1%
Trade Balance
Expanding gross domestic product (GDP), modern infrastructure and a dramatic
increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) are signs that Vietnam has transformed
into an attractive investment destination, but there are still barriers to doing business
which are best navigated with local help on board.

Since 1988, there have been 13,544 foreign investment projects with a total
registered capital of US$213 billion in Vietnam, building a large overseas
investment sector which occupies about 17% of GDP and 43.4% of industrial
product value. Overseas firms are attracted by Vietnam’s 87 million-strong
population which supports a large and young workforce and that has also seen an
increase in disposable income in recent years.

Strong economic growth rates have been a common feature of the Vietnamese
economy since the 1990s, and even though the high levels slumped slightly during
the global financial crisis, the country has rapidly returned to pre-crisis growth
trends and is expected to continue on this path. Infrastructure, tourism development,
and related real estate and retail sector development in urban areas are all attracting
large amounts of FDI, and overseas firms are increasingly attracted by the country’s
move from a centralised to a market-orientated economy.

However, The World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) rank
Vietnam in 99th place in the world for ease of doing business, which means it is
essential to seek local help when expanding in the country.

Starting a Business

There are 10 procedures to undertake when starting a business in Vietnam, making

it among the most complex start-up environments in the world. What’s more, many
tasks facing new corporate entities may be unfamiliar to overseas companies,
making the task far more rigorous. Registration of the seal-sample at the Police
Department, for example, or publically announcing the formation in a local
newspaper are procedures most companies generally don’t have to complete.

Dealing with Construction Permits

It takes 110 days and 11 procedures to get permits for construction in Vietnam,
once again requiring interaction with several official departments. Inspections must
be carried out by the Department of Construction and the municipality, and
certificates should be obtained from the Firefighters Prevention Department, the
Department of Construction and the Department of Natural Resources and
Environment.

Getting Electricity

Getting electrical connection is among the most rigorous tasks facing startups in
Vietnam, taking 115 days to complete and costing a significant percentage of
income per capita. Inspections by the local power corporation are required before
completing processes with the Traffic and Transport Department and the
Firefighters Prevention Department.

Registering Property

Registering property takes 57 days to complete, which is far higher than the OECD
norm but around average for East Asia and Pacific. Contracts between the transferor
and the transferee are signed before taxation is paid and registration for the right to
use land is complete.

Getting Credit 

Vietnam is home to quite a stable credit environment, and obtaining capital is a

relatively smooth process for businesses. However, the lack of a private credit
bureau can make the process a little trickier for overseas firms.

Protecting Investors

Investor protection is an area in which Vietnam fails miserably. It is ranked in 169th

place by the World Bank and IFC, with a weak director liability index and
shareholder suits index. 
Paying Taxes 

There are a massive 32 corporate tax payments to be made each year which takes an
average of 872 company hours to complete. Compared to the OECD norm of 176
and the East Asia and Pacific average of 209, taxation is one of the most
burdensome processes of doing business in Vietnam.

Trading Across Borders

Given its strong manufacturing base and reliance on interconnectivity, trading

across borders is a cheap endeavour. However, that isn’t to say the process is not
complicated, and the stream of documentation required for both importing and
exporting highlights that cross-border trade can be difficult at the best of times.  

Enforcing Contracts and Resolving Insolvency

Enforcing contracts takes 400 days to complete and 34 procedures. Resolving

insolvency is a far more laborious process, taking five years on average to complete
and with a low recovery rate.

Culture

The Vietnamese believe in the teachings of the early Chinese philosopher

Confucius which emphasise the importance of relationships, responsibility and
obligation. Vietnam is also a collectivist country and community concerns will
almost always come before business or individual needs.

TMF Group

We have the local knowledge to help you navigate these minefields. Whether you
want to set up in Vietnam or just want to streamline your Vietnamese operations,

Placements
A rapidly growing economy and a fast-evolving country, Vietnam offers a wide
variety of internship opportunities, ranging from global development to science and
technology. The small Southeast Asian country located on the Indochina Peninsula
and bordered by the South China Sea boasts the 13th largest population in the
world.

Vietnam’s capital city, Hanoi, and largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, are two of
Southeast Asia’s most lively cities. They not only promise exciting careers, but also
provide an enjoyable after-work life and active expat communities. You will find
yourself immersed in a combination of both cultural-historical discoveries and
bustling urban life.

Top companies
Starting from Doi Moi, an economic reform policy initiated in 1986, set out to
change the country from a controlled economy to a socialist oriented market
economy, Vietnam has been growing rapidly. PricewaterCoopers predicts Vietnam
to be the fastest growing emerging economy in the world by 2025 and its rapid
growth would allow the country’s economy to rival that of the UK’s in the next few
decades.

Foreign investment and domestic savings have multiplied since the early 2000s.
Vietnam boasts a booming variety of industries and more and more Vietnamese are
able to afford a comfortable lifestyle. Work opportunities in Vietnam are diverse, so
interns can choose to work with large enterprises in city center skyscrapers or on
global development and education projects in smaller villages and towns.

Banking and Finance

With the influx of large foreign investments in profitable Vietnam banks, a banking
career in banking is becoming one of the most coveted and prominent intern
options. Top Vietnam banks include VietinBank, Agribank, Vietcombank, and
BIDV, which all offer exciting summer internship opportunities that can furnish not
only your resume, but also your professional experiences. Alternatively, interns
interested in finance and stock exchanges can work at the two large stock trading
centers, Ho Chi Minh City Securities Trading Center or the Hanoi Securities
Trading Center.
Healthcare and Medicine

Medical students, healthcare professionals, and childcare workers have a prime

opportunity to make tangible impacts on the lives of patients in Vietnam, especially
when working with children with disabilities, which are sometimes caused by
Agent Orange released during the Vietnam War. Interns will have the opportunity
to work in occupational therapy, speech therapy, or medical education with
hospitals, or charities, such as Children of Vietnam. Vietnam is a great country for
health practitioners and medical interns to gain some unique first-hand treatment
and therapy experience and build lifelong relationships.

Technology

The tech industry in Indonesia is one of the most stimulating budding industries for
software engineers and programmers who want to make a difference. With a
growing number of startups, Vietnam has a burgeoning software development
industry, which was worth $2.3 billion USD in 2012. The usage of technology not
only makes Vietnam one of the biggest providers of outsourced IT work, but also
allows for more efficient infrastructure construction and improvement. You have
the choice to work as an innovative developer for a startup or as a tech intern in a
government office.

Training

The market for corporate training has witnessed positive technological advances
which had significantly altered the training methodology across organizations. E-
learning has eased the conduction of training programs for geographically
diversified teams. Also, organizations have showcased greater inclination towards
blended modules from the traditional instructor-led classroom trainings. Company
budget allocation towards corporate training has seen an increment from being ~%
five years ago to approximately ~% of the overall company cost currently. Larger
organizations and MNCs spend around ~% of their overall cost on corporate
training programs. Training programs has evolved from being just a tool for
employee skill upgradation to a medium for developing strategic initiatives to
streamline business goals. The corporate training market in India scaled at a CAGR
of ~% over the period FY’2010-FY’2015 to register revenues worth INR ~ billion
in FY’2015. Global expansion of businesses and confrontation of domestic as well
as global competition has been a major growth driver for the market.

Corporate trainings have also been an important mechanism for employee retention
which has lent a positive push for the development of market in India. A significant
challenge for the market has been the unavailability of any robust measure to gauge
the effectiveness of training programs. IT/ITES accounted for a massive ~% of the
revenue generation in the market. The nature of the work itself requires specialized
trainings and the continuous development in software applications have further
widened the requirements. IT companies in India have been allocating ~ months of
training at an average cost of INR ~ per enrollee. Telecom has been one of the
fastest growing sectors in India, expanding at the rate of ~% per year and has
emanated as one of the major consumer base accounting for around ~% of the
overall revenue generation in the market. Expenditure on technical trainings across
sectors accounted for ~% of the overall revenue generation in the industry.
Leadership trainings accounted for ~% of the overall market revenue which was
followed by managerial and sales trainings that accounted for ~% and ~%
respectively in the revenue split.

An aggregate of ~% of the trainings were outsourced in the Indian market. Moving

on to the training demand from different level of employees, trainings at the non-
managerial levels generated ~% of the revenues for the overall market. Mumbai
accounted for the highest revenue generation garnering a share of ~% of the overall
market revenue in FY’2015. Mumbai was followed by Delhi NCR as the major
demand base for corporate trainings. Cities like Gurgaon, Noida and New Delhi has
made NCR a corporate hub and the consolidated training expenditure from the
region accounted for ~% of the overall market revenue. Bangalore, Pune,
Hyderabad and Chennai have been the other major cities catering to the growth of
training market in India. Indian corporate training landscape is marked by a
considerable demand for customized trainings. Only ~% of the trainings were
consumed without any modification.

INDIA CONSULTANCY
1.EDUCATION

Universalization of good quality basic education:

Almost two decades of basic education programs have expanded access to

schools in India.The number of out of school children decreased from 25 million in
2003 to an estimated 8.1 million in 2009. Most of those still not enrolled are from
marginalized social groups. Two issues remain:

- Reaching some 8 million children not yet enrolled and ensuring retention of
all students till they complete their elementary education (Grade 8)

- Ensuring education is of good quality so it improves learning levels and

cognitive skills.

Also, India still faces challenges in providing quality Early Childhood Development
programs for all children.

Expanding secondary education and improving quality:

Secondary education yields social and economic benefits but constitutes the
primary bottleneck in the education system today. Access, equity, management and
quality all need major improvement. Things to consider:

- While more than 95 percent of children attend primary school, just 40

percent of Indian adolescents attend secondary school (Grades 9-12).

- Curriculum and teaching practices need upgrading to impart more relevant

skills, such as reasoning skills,problem solving,learning-to-learn, and critical and
independent thinking.
- Public-private partnerships need to be expanded to tap into the potential
offered by the 60 percent of secondary schools which are privately managed in
India

Reforming vocational education and training:

More and higher quality vocational education is required to adequately prepare

youth for current jobs. This requires:

- Expanding vocational training in high-growth sectors to overcome existing

skills shortages

- Setting common standards for training and reforming institutional governance

for greater private sector involvement so that training can dynamically adapt to
changing labor market demand.

- Ensuring accountability and good use of resources.

Expanding and Improving Technical and Tertiary Education:

India’s tertiary education system is one of the largest in the world with over ten
million students. Nevertheless, only 1 out of 10 young people has access to higher
education, and this is predominantly among the well-off. Tertiary education needs
to be expanded, especially among low and middle-income students. This will
require reforms in the governance structure of higher education,
decentralization, and major investments in faculty development.

Since 2000, the World Bank has committed over $2 billion to education in India. It
also provides technical support. Assistance includes:
Early Childhood Development: The World Bank supports India’s Integrated Child
Development Services with several operations [Phase II] and [Phase III]. These
projects include lessons learned from research and analysis such as Reaching out to
the Child which recommends decentralized and integrated approaches to early
childhood development. The World Bank is also doing research to explore
improvements in service delivery using micro-planning and finding synergies
among various social programs for children.

Elementary/Primary education: Since 2003, the Bank has been working with
Central and State governments, along with development partners (UK's DFID and
the European Union) to support the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program. In Phase 1
(2003-2007) the Bank invested $ 500 million to expand facilities and improve
infrastructure, get children to school, and set up a system to assess learning. In
Phase 2 (2007-2012) the Bank will provide a total of $ 1.35 billion to expand access
to upper primary education, increase retention of all students until completion of
elementary education (Grade 8), and improve learning levels. In addition, Bank
evaluations and research provide pointers to further improvements. This includes
studies on financing elementary education, teacher absenteeism, instructional time
and quality in primary education and the impact of information sharing with village
education committees, inclusive education for children with disabilities,
comparisons between public and private schooling in UP, AP, and MP, and
incentives to improve quality.

Secondary Education: The World Bank is in the process of preparing support to

the Government of India’s new centrally sponsored scheme for secondary
education, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), for an estimated $ 500
million. This is largely based on the analytical work completed on secondary
education, published in 2009, which focused on strategies to improve acccess,
equity, management and quality. In addition, the Bank has conducted research into
the feasibility for expanded public private partnerships at the secondary level, and
has supported learning workshops on the role of information and communication
technologies at the secondary level.

Vocational education and training: Based on analysis of vocational education and

training in India, the World Bank is supporting efforts to upgrade this sector with a
$280 million project. It will upgrade 400 Industrial training institutes (ITIs) as
centers of excellence.

Technical and Higher education: A $300 million operation is helping improve

India’s technical/engineering education was recently approved by the World Bank
(TEQUIP II), following the successful completion of TEQUIP I. This will finance
major reforms in 130 + competitively selected engineering institutions from around
the country to improve quality of education and meet the demands of a fast growing
economy. Further, several reports examine the increased demand for skilled
workers in India and its importance for national competitiveness.

Support to States: World Bank Development Policy Credits in a few

states support state level education reforms through policy dialogue and
research. Studies were undertaken in Karnataka. The World Bank is
currently engaged in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa.
Actions supported under these Development Policy Loans include
recruitment of additional teachers, establishment of teacher management
information systems, capacity-building for school-based mass de-worming
programs for improved student health, evaluations of teacher training
 programs, and research into the most cost-effective interventions to
improve student learning.

2. Consultancy industry
BUSINESS INDUSTRY

Business and management consulting in India has breached $11.5 billion, or Rs.
73,800 crores in revenues this year, and is forecasted to register continuous growth
over the next few years as per new estimates. Business consulting is a broad field,
covering a spectrum of consulting activities including finance, advisory,
management, digitalisation, implementation and strategy, among others.
Having reached the $11.5 billion mark this year, the Indian business consulting
market is due to book further growth over the next year, with Statista analysis now
forecasting the market to rise over the $12 billion threshold by 2018. The growth is
consistent with a trend over the last few years which has seen the Indian
management consulting sector having registered an average growth rate of 6.75%
since 2013.Of the $11.5 billion market, $1.5 billion (approximately 13%, Rs. 9,600
Crore) is contributed by the management consulting segment, which includes the
strategic functions of the market (‘strategy consulting,’) as well as a number of
other organisational advisory functions. The management segment has also
registered consistent growth over the last few years, projected to reach around the
$1.7 billion (Rs. 10,900 Crore) mark by next year. A number of transformational
factors are responsible for this rapid development, which include a general wave of
digitalisation, as well as the widespread opening up of the Indian economy since the
establishment of the Modi administration in early 2014. The Modi regime has been
built on promises of market-liberalisation and pro-business policies.
Among the liberalisation policies pursued by the Modi administration, perhaps the
most influential has been the significant increase in Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) in the country. The opportunity for Multinational Cooperations
(MNCs) to invest in the Indian market simultaneously opened up opportunities for
strategic and financial advisory firms to help them integrate into the market
efficiently, thereby boosting growth in the consulting industry. Both local as well as
international consulting firms have benefitted from the expansion, as local firms
provide assistance to MNCs in India while large international advisories help Indian
firms integrate with the international market.
According to analysis from Source Global Research, meanwhile, the largest
consumer of consulting services is the financial services industry, at 30% of the
total amount. technology, media, and telecoms (TMT) comprise 9% of the sectors
seeking consulting services, while pharmaceuticals and biotech represent 3% of the
consumers. On the other hand, the largest provider of services in the market by a
huge margin is the technology consulting sector, comprising a formidable 45% of
the total market size. This can be explained by the fact that rapid digitalisation is
one of the biggest drivers of growth in the Indian market.

International Position
The rapid growth in the Indian consulting market has placed it amongst the biggest
markets on the international stage. This year, the 6% growth registered by India
exceeded the growth rate of several of the biggest members of the global consulting
market, including the UK (5%), Germany (1%) and the Netherlands (0%).
However, data reveals that India still has a long way to catch up with these
economies in terms of total market value. The UK consulting market, for example,
is worth more than seven times the Indian market at $81 billion, while the German
and the Dutch markets are also significantly ahead at approximately $31 billion and
$17 billion respectively.
One of the possible reasons for this significant gap between India and the developed
consulting markets  is the divide between the low value in technology
implementation and the relatively high value of strategy work. Moreover, there is
also considerable stagnation and deficiency in the consulting fees in India, which
significantly dents the potential profits for consulting firms in the region. Similar
issues are typically faced by emerging consulting markets that lie outside of the
matured western consulting economy.

A number of measures are being taken within the Indian market to potentially
remedy some of these issues. An important driver of these remedies is the
technological capability within the Indian market. While there was growth across
the board in the consulting market, Indian technology firms did particularly well,
registering growth of 7.1%. According to analysts, these firms are increasingly
offering end-to-end services, and might push up the standard of technology
implementation within the market. With respect to the fee structures, firms are
looking to boost fees by hunting more sophisticated projects, enhancing their
reputation in the market, as well as maintaining flexibility to manage costs and
profits. All in all, despite its challenges, the consulting market in India seems poised
and well-equipped for further growth and expansion in years to come.

3.PLACEMENT INDUSTRY

Placement firm is a human resources sourcing or a recruitment firm, which does the
employee hunting for their clients . It is also called manpower consulting,
manpower recruitment agencies, hr consultants or hr recruitment firms. For
recruitment and selection almost all the big or small companies these days do
human resources outsourcing. These recruitment firms find the suitable employee as
per their client's requirements. The initial round of interview are either taken up in
these recruitment firms or can be scheduled at the company itself. Or the human
resourcing outsourcing firms can schedule the candidate's interview over the phone.
The placement consultant agencies not only work for Indian companies but also do
the hiring for organizations in abroad.
Role of Placement Consultant AgenciesThese placement consultant agencies are
in contact with top MNCs, corporate firms, private limited firms and other big &
small companies in India and abroad. Companies, which are commonly called
client, tell their manpowerrequirements to these placement agencies which in turn
find the right candidate for them. Internationally India is a place that is the most
sought after for employees because they have right mind set, education and
knowledge. Sincerity, responsibility and dependability are other features that has
led to the more demand of Indian manpower. So with this placement consultant
agencies are mounting in number. Sincerity, responsibility and dependability are
other features that has led to the more demand of Indian manpower. So with this
placement consultant agencies are mounting in number.

With the increase in the number of candidates and need for job, the human
resources outsourcing firms or the placement industry India is recognized as the
fastest growing industry. In India only, while 150 lacs agencies help non-
professional labor with placements such as construction, transport and certain
industrial jobs, about 800 lacs work with professionals inever-widening fields, such
as nursing, IT, HR, engineering and teaching. Recruitment firms or consultants take
the commission from employee's salary if their selected candidate got the job. HR
Sourcing (placement) is a large and complex universe in itself, encompassing many
different functions associated with the HR department. The human capital
marketplace remains highly competitive and is poised for enormous growth in the
next 10 years, since, companies around the world are investing heavily in their
human resources infrastructure.

Key Players in Placement Industry

Hewitt Associates, Towers Perrin, Watson Wyatt, Sibson, Mercer Human

Resources Consulting, AON Consulting 

4.TRAINING

Training consultancy factor in India are the important factor.Training Market

Forecasts to 2020 – Incremental Allocation of Training Budgets in MSMEs and
PPP in Skill Development Initiatives to Propel Growth” which provides a
comprehensive analysis of the corporate training market in India. The report covers
various aspects such as overall size of India corporate training market, segmentation
on the basis of demand from major sectors, training services, industry, mode of
learning, training demand from level of employees, major cities, demand for open
and customized learning, different learning tools, learning modes, demand from
small medium and large organizations, and demand from MNCs and domestic
organizations. The report also covers the investment model, decision making
procedure and pricing analysis in the industry. Additionally, the report offers
prevalent trends, developments and challenges in industry, PORTERS and SWOT
analysis of the current market. The report also covers the competitive landscape of
the industry, market share of major players, and comprehensive profile of leading
and emerging players operating in the market. Moreover, the report also offers
information regarding the business models and exhaustive list of revenue streams of
a typical corporate training company operating in the segment. Major
macroeconomic indicators affecting the market have also been highlighted in the
report. The report is useful for existing corporate training companies and other
talent and development agencies, freelancers, consultants, emerging players who
wish to capitalize the market potential and investors who are looking forward to
venture into the corporate training market in India.
The market for corporate training has witnessed positive technological advances
which had significantly altered the training methodology across organizations. E-
learning has eased the conduction of training programs for geographically
diversified teams. Also, organizations have showcased greater inclination towards
blended modules from the traditional instructor-led classroom trainings. Company
budget allocation towards corporate training has seen an increment from being ~%
five years ago to approximately ~% of the overall company cost currently. Larger
organizations and MNCs spend around ~% of their overall cost on corporate
training programs. Training programs has evolved from being just a tool for
employee skill upgradation to a medium for developing strategic initiatives to
streamline business goals. The corporate training market in India scaled at a CAGR
of ~% over the period FY’2010-FY’2015 to register revenues worth INR ~ billion
in FY’2015. Global expansion of businesses and confrontation of domestic as well
as global competition has been a major growth driver for the market.

Corporate trainings have also been an important mechanism for employee retention
which has lent a positive push for the development of market in India. A significant
challenge for the market has been the unavailability of any robust measure to gauge
the effectiveness of training programs. IT/ITES accounted for a massive ~% of the
revenue generation in the market. The nature of the work itself requires specialized
trainings and the continuous development in software applications have further
widened the requirements. IT companies in India have been allocating ~ months of
training at an average cost of INR ~ per enrollee. Telecom has been one of the
fastest growing sectors in India, expanding at the rate of ~% per year and has
emanated as one of the major consumer base accounting for around ~% of the
overall revenue generation in the market. Expenditure on technical trainings across
sectors accounted for ~% of the overall revenue generation in the industry.
Leadership trainings accounted for ~% of the overall market revenue which was
followed by managerial and sales trainings that accounted for ~% and ~%
respectively in the revenue split.

An aggregate of ~% of the trainings were outsourced in the Indian market. Moving

on to the training demand from different level of employees, trainings at the non-
managerial levels generated ~% of the revenues for the overall market. Mumbai
accounted for the highest revenue generation garnering a share of ~% of the overall
market revenue in FY’2015. Mumbai was followed by Delhi NCR as the major
demand base for corporate trainings. Cities like Gurgaon, Noida and New Delhi has
made NCR a corporate hub and the consolidated training expenditure from the
region accounted for ~% of the overall market revenue. Bangalore, Pune,
Hyderabad and Chennai have been the other major cities catering to the growth of
training market in India. Indian corporate training landscape is marked by a
considerable demand for customized trainings. Only ~% of the trainings were
consumed without any modification.

Mobile learning is still at a nascent stage in India and is rarely used as a training
tool due to connectivity and bandwidth issues in the country. Instructor-led
classroom trainings had a dominant share of ~% in various modes of learning in the
corporate structure. ~% of all trainings were done through the blended module.
Virtual classroom and mobile learning did not had much traction and would take
some more time to pick up in India. Mid-sized businesses were found to organize
on an average ~ training days annually and accounted for ~% of the revenue
generated in the corporate training market while large sized businesses shared ~%
of the share. Domestic organizations in lieu of imitating the MNC culture have been
undertaking regular training programs and deploying increased budgets for the
same. Corporate training in MNCs accounted for ~% of the revenue share in
FY’2015.
 CONCLUSION
COMPARSION BETWEEN VIETNAM AND INDIA INDUSTRY
EDUCATION INDUSTRY: Vietnam was seen two major conflicts in the last
century which left the country reeling and in shambles. The process of rebuilding
started in the right earnest only after 1980s and in only about 4 decades they are
ahead of us in school education, especially when it comes to the best practices.

This opinion was shared by R. S. S. Nehru, faculty, Department of Teacher

Education, Central University of Odisha, Koraput. He was speaking at the sidelines

of a seminar that he was attending at the Andhra University.

Dr. Nehru has recently completed his post-doctoral fellow on ‘comparative study of

education and teacher education in India and Vietnam’, from the National

University of Vietnam and University of Education. He pointed out that India has

been slow off the blocks in designing and implementing the Right to Education

(RTE), whereas it has been implemented in Vietnam in 1991.

He added that the RTE implementation in Vietnam was in its essence and spirit,

whereas it is yet to take off as desired in India.

“School education over there is completely government owned and controlled and it

is free from LKG to class XII,” he said.

He elaborated that although the education is government controlled, however,

schools and students have been accorded total autonomy and financial freedom. It is
mandatory for children from all sections of the society to study only in government-

run schools.

The classrooms and facilities in Vietnam

“The government schools are not like the ones that we have here. The schools are

on par with any international school and each class is an e-classroom. They follow

the blended learning system, which includes use of technology and face-to-face

teaching,” said Dr. Nehru.

Besides world class teaching facilities, every school has a fully-equipped dispensary

with at least 2 beds and free safe drinking water. According to him, regular faculty-

development-programme and training is embedded in the teaching system and

anyone from the public can access any information about the education system from

the school or government website.

So , by analysing these conditions of Vietnam and India we can conclude that

education industry is better in Vietnam than in India.

BUSINESS in VIETNAM and INDIA

India and Vietnam also have virtually identical urbanization rates of around
32-33%. That means, both are still well poised to continue to ride one of the biggest
drivers of economic growth – urbanization. Both countries have the exact same
and high proportion of their workforce tied up on farms (47% for both
countries) which means that the migration from agricultural work to higher-
productivity factory and service jobs will continue to drive economic growth
for a while to come. This is in sharp contrast to other emerging markets like China
where the rural-to-urban and farm-to-factory migrations have already played out
and future growth will have to come from productivity gains (54% of China’s
population lives in urban areas and only ~ 35% of its workforce is now employed in
agriculture).
Now for the economic vital stats. Both India and Vietnam are hovering around
the USD 2,000 GDP per head (USD 5,800 for India and USD 5,700 for Vietnam
on a PPP basis). This has empirically been observed to be an inflection point in
the evolution of consumer demand patterns in several countries around the
world – in particular, demand for branded food and beverages, consumer durables,
etc. tend to take off at this point. This means that the vibrancy of domestic
consumerism in each country is just the tip of the iceberg – the party has only just
started and will be a long one.
Both countries are also growing their wealth at a rather similar and – may I add,
rapid – clip. Vietnam’s real GDP growth for this year is forecasted at around
6.5% while India’s is expected to come in at 7.5% according to the ADB; both
countries are experiencing a cyclical recovery after a period of slow growth
and surging inflation. If it were not for a bit of statistical tweaking employed by
the Indian Statistic bureau which revised its GDP measurement methodology this
year, India’s 2015 GDP growth rate would probably be virtually identical to
Vietnam’s. And both countries owe a good deal of their improving economic
prospects to the moribund global commodity price landscape. Vietnam and India
are both sizeable importers of energy and other commodities and both have
inflationary tendencies. Vietnam’s inflation rate hit 20% in 2011 in large part due to
sky rocketing commodity prices. India’s inflation also touched double-digits in
2012 driven by an overheating economy and high energy prices. This weighed on
the currency of both countries – the VND tumbled by 9% in 2011 and the INR
appeared to be in freefall in 2013 before the new central bank governor came to
rescue with his hawkish inflation targeting policies. It seems that the Vietnamese
leadership has also learnt a thing or two about the importance of managing inflation
– the “growth-at-all-costs” approach of yester years seems to have given way to a
focus on quality of growth and a strong distaste for boom-bust cycles. And
regardless of whether the policy-makers in each country take their eyes off the
inflation gauge or not, both countries should continue to see benign inflation
through 2016 as the commodity outlook continues to be bleak. This gives them
room to give that little extra push to growth. Contrast that with the rest of the
emerging world where commodity price declines are hammering currencies, leading
to budget crises and putting the brakes on growth – Brazil, Russia, Indonesia,
Malaysia and a host of sub-Saharan African countries come to mind.
 . PLACEMENT INDUSTRY in VIETNAM and INDIA

VIETNAM- if we talk about placement industry in Vietnam that is too good. As

the jobs offer by the government to its citizen satisfy them. Vietnam is the
country which have good employment rate compare to other country that’s why
jobs placement and happy people index is good .
INDIA- In India placement industry have the good significant role as company
provide placement to their employee. With the increase in the number of candidates
and need for jobs, the human resources outsourcing firms or the placement industry
India is the recognized as the fastest growing industry. In India only, while 150 lacs
agencies help non professionallabor,with placement such as construction, transport
nd certain industrial jobs about 800 lacs work with profesionals jobs such as
nursing, IT, engineering and teaching.

Hence India placement industry is better than Vietnam, but Vietnam is never the
less and can easily cope-up with India and other leading countries in World.

4.TRAINING INDUSTRY
VIETNAM- In Vietnam the training concept have the wide impact like training
program establish to improve the quality of human resources in the country, are
often of good quality and practical driven jobs due to resources constraints and a
lack of technical teachers. Vietnam made a significant progress education system
training.
The programs like labour market oriented education and training programme
supports the Vietnam country for the women training .

INDIA- In India the training concept refers to the jobs of 92% Indian which is
currently skill based a sharp contradiction to the current figure of only 5.6%
trained workforce in India. India sector skills is expected to become an over low.
The Indian system has the capacity to train only 3 million youth against 12 million
entering the labor force annually. Because of less training issue and not sharp
people the government of India has initiated its ‘skill training’ project with an
ambitious target of imparting skills training 500 people by 2022.

The technical training sector is not good or upto the mark in both the countries as it
can be clearly seen from the research conducted here.

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