TENSES:

1. Present tense
2. Future tense
3. Past tense

PRESENT INDEFINITE OR SIMPLE TENSE की रचना:

पहचान: मुख्य क्रिया के साथ ता, ते, ती का प्रयोग होता हैं|

SUBJECT: I, We, You, They and Noun (बहुवचन) की रचना:

Subject + Ist form of verb + object (Affirmative sentence)
Subject + do not + Ist form of verb + object (Negative sentence)
Do + Subject + Ist form of verb + object? (Interrogative sentence)

SUBJECT: He, She, It and Noun (एकवचन) की रचना:

Subject + Ist form of verb + s/es + object (Affirmative sentence)
Subject + does not + Ist form of verb + object (Negative sentence)
Does + Subject + Ist form of verb + object? (Interrogative sentence)
 Main verb ending with ‘O’ put ‘es’ (Goes).
 With the main verbs ending with ‘ss’ or ‘sh’ put ‘es’ (kisses, misses).
 Main verbs ending consonant + ‘Y’ (cry – cries, marry – marries).
 With the main verbs ending with vowel + ‘Y’ put ‘S’ (say –says, play –
plays).
 क्रकसी कथन पर बल दे ने के ललए क्रिया की पहे ली फॉमम के साथ Affirmative
sentence में Do or Dose का प्रयोग भी करतें हैं| (I do play, He does agree with
me).
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE की रचना:
पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ रहा हैं, रही हैं, रहा हूँ का प्रयोग क्रकया जाता हैं|

Subject + is/am/are + Ist form of verb + ing + object. (Affirmative sentence)

Subject + is/am/are not + Ist form of verb + ing + object. (Negative sentence)
Is/Am/Are + Subject + Ist form of verb + ing +object? (Interrogative sentence)
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE की रचना:
पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ चका हैं, चक
ु े हैं, चक
ु ी हैं, चका हूँ, ललया हैं, ददया हैं,
ली हैं, दी हैं, की हैं, आदद का प्रयोग क्रकया जाता हैं|

Subject + has/have + 3rd form of verb + object. (Affirmative sentence)

Subject + has/have not + 3rd form of verb + object. (Negative sentence)
Has/Have + subject + 3rd form of verb + object? (Interrogative sentence)
(He, She, it के साथ ‘has’ तथा I, We, You, they के साथ ‘have’ का प्रयोग करतें

हैं) |.
PRESENT PREFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE की रचना:
पहचान: ऐसे कायम के ललए प्रयोग होता हैं जो अतीत में आरम्भ होकर बोलने के

समय तक चल रहा हो| वाक्य के अंत में समय के साथ रहा हैं/ रही हैं/ रहें हैं का

प्रयोग होता हैं|. ( से के ललए Since/For का प्रयोग करतें हैं)

(Since – point of time, For – Duration of time)

Subject + has/have been + Ist form of verb + ing + object + Since/for + time.
(Affirmative sentence)
Subject + has/have not + been Ist form of verb + ing + object + Since/for + time.
(Negative sentence)
Has/Have + Subject + been + Ist form of verb + ing + object + Since/for + time?
(Interrogative sentence)

PAST INDEFINITE OR SIMPLE TENSE की रचना:

पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ ललया, ददया, आया, गया, ली, दी, की, आदद का प्रयोग
क्रकया जाता हैं|.
Subject + 2nd form of verb + object. (Affirmative sentence)
Subject + did not + Ist form of verb + object. (Negative sentence)
Did + Subject + Ist form of verb + object? (Interrogative sentence)
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE की रचना:
पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ रहा था, रही थी, रहे थे, का प्रयोग क्रकया जाता हैं|.
Subject + was/were + Ist form of verb + ing + object. (Affirmative sentence)
Subject + was/were not + Ist form of verb + ing + object. (Negative sentence)
Was/Were + Subject + Ist form of verb + ing +object? (Interrogative sentence)
(I, He, She, it के साथ ‘was’ WE, You, they के साथ ‘were’ लगते हैं)|.

PAST PERFECT TENSE की रचना:

पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ चका था, चक
ु ी थी, चक
ु े थे, ललया था, ददया था, ली
थी, की थी, आदद का प्रयोग क्रकया जाता हैं|.
Subject + had + 3rd form of verb + object. (Affirmative sentence)
Subject + had not + 3rd form of verb + object. (Negative sentence)
Had + subject + 3rd form of verb + object? (Interrogative sentence)
(सभी Subject के साथ ‘had’ का प्रयोग ककया जाता हैं)|.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE की रचना:

पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ रहा था, रही थी, रहे थे + समय के साथ ‘से’ का
प्रयोग क्रकया जाता हैं|.
Subject + had been + Ist form of verb + ing + object + Since/for + time. (Affirmative
sentence)
Subject + had not been + Ist form of verb + ing + object + Since/for + time. (Negative
sentence)
Had + Subject + been + Ist form of verb + ing + object + Since/for + time?
(Interrogative sentence)
FUTURE INDEFINITE OR SIMPLE TENSE की रचना:
पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ गा, गे, गी, का प्रयोग क्रकया जाता हैं|.
Subject + will/shall + Ist form of verb + object (Affirmative sentence)
Subject + will/shall not + Ist form of verb + object (Negative sentence)
Will/shall + Subject + Ist form of verb + object? (Interrogative sentence)
(I, We, के साथ ‘shall’ तथा शेष के साथ ‘will’ का प्रयोग ककया जाता हैं)|.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE की रचना:

पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ रहा होगा, रही होगी, रहें होंगे, रहा हूँ गा का प्रयोग
क्रकया जाता हैं|.
Subject + will/shall be + Ist form of verb + ing + object (Affirmative sentence)
Subject + will/shall not be + Ist form of verb + ing + object (Negative sentence)
Will/shall + Subject + be + Ist form of verb + ing + object? (Interrogative sentence)

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE की रचना:

पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ चका होगा, चक
ु ी होगी, चक
ु े होगें , ललया होगा, ददया
होगा, ली होगी, दी होगी, की होगी का प्रयोग क्रकया जाता हैं|.
Subject + will/shall have + 3rd form of verb + object. (Affirmative sentence)
Subject + will/shall not have + 3rd form of verb + object. (Negative sentence)
Will/shall + subject + have + 3rd form of verb + object? (Interrogative sentence)
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE की रचना:
पहचान: मख्
ु य क्रिया के साथ रहा होगा, रही होगी, रहें होंगे, + समय के साथ ‘से’
का प्रयोग क्रकया जाता हैं|.
Subject + will/shall have been + Ist form of verb + ing + object + Since/for + time.
(Affirmative sentence)
Subject + will/shall not have been + Ist form of verb + ing + object + Since/for +
time. (Negative sentence)
Will/shall + Subject + have been + Ist form of verb + ing + object + Since/for + time?
(Interrogative sentence)
SENTENCE (वाक्य):
In every language, there is a need of group of words to communicate. Such a group
of words, which can be communicate a complete message is called a sentence. Or A
group of words that makes a complete sense is called sentence. (शब्दों के ऐसे समह

को जजससे परा-परा आशय समझ में आ जाये, वाक्य कहे तें हैं) |.
Any language has only one alphabet and in English have 26 letters. Vowels (स्वर)-
a, e, I, o, u. Consonants (व्यंजन)-21.
Letters = words = sentences = paragraph.
TYPES OF SENTENCE:
 Assertive or declarative sentences (स्वीकारात्मक एवं कथात्मक वाक्य):
such sentences state a fact, opinion or an idea.
 Imperative sentences (आज्ञासच ू क वाक्य): such sentences are used to permit,
command or request.
 Interrogative sentences (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य): such sentences are used to ask
question.
 Exclamatory sentences (ववस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य): such sentences are used to
express sudden emotions (!).
 Affirmative sentences (सकारात्मक वाक्य): such sentence are used to agree
with a statement or to a request.
 Negative sentences (नकारात्मक वाक्य): such sentences are used to denial or
disagree with the statement.
NOUN (संज्ञा):
A noun is the name of a person, place or a thing. (क्रकसी व्यजक्त वस्तु, स्थान, गुण,
कायम या अवस्था को प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों को संज्ञा कहते हैं)|.
व्यजक्त: Ravi, Kavita गुण: Wisdom, Honest वस्तु: Pen, Book
कायम: Choice, Work स्थान: School, Office अवस्था: Sleep, Life
TYPES OF NOUN:
 Proper noun (व्यक्क्तवाचक संज्ञा): Name of a person (creature), place, or
thing. (क्रकसी व्यजक्त (प्राणी), स्थान या वस्तु का नाम) like, ram, tuffy,
Dehradun, parker pen, usha fan, ayansh.
  Common noun (जाततवाचक संज्ञा): class of person (creature), place or thing.
(क्रकसी प्राणी, स्थान, या वस्तु की जाती का बोध) like, mobile, boy, girl, man,
woman, toy, bag, fan, brother, state, city etc.
 Collective noun (समह ू वाचक संज्ञा): group of creatures, places or things.
(प्राणणयों, स्थान या वस्तओ
ु ं के समह का बोध)
People (group of persons), crowd (group of persons), batch (group of
students), team (group of players), army (group of soldiers), class (group of
students)
Collective noun सिा एकवचन में होता हैं| यदि उनका बहुवचन हो, तो उसे
हम common noun कहें गे|.
 Material noun (पिाथथवाचक संज्ञा/द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा): material noun denotes the
name of material. (क्रकसी भी पदाथम का नाम एक पदाथमवाचक संज्ञा हैं) like,
gold, wood, stone, silver, copper, glass.
Material noun की सिा मात्रा होती हैं संख्या नह ं होती, अत: हम उनको
मापते या तोलते हैं, गगन नह ं सकते| ये सिा एकवचन में रहतें हैं, और इनसे
पहले कोई article (a, an, the) नह ं लगते|.
 Abstract noun (भाववाचक संज्ञा): a noun that refer to a thing that does not
exist as a material object. An abstract noun = we cannot see, touch, hear, smell
or taste these nouns. (क्रकसी भी चीज को ददया गया एक नाम, जजसे छु या
दे ख नहीं सकते) like, honesty, love, theft, hate, time, feelings, mathematics,
expectation, art and science.
Abstract noun भी एकवचन होता हैं और इससे पहले कोई article नह लगता|
 Countable or uncountable noun: (countable noun (जजसे गगना जा सके)
like boy, pen, dog, cat, laptop, camera, mobile, hair, star) ,(uncountable noun
(जजसे गगना न जा सके) like water, gold, blood, sugar, love, honesty, money.)
PRONOUN (सवथनाम):
A pronoun is a word used in place of noun. (संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयक्
ु त होने वाले
शब्दों को सवमनाम कहे ते हैं)|.
TYPES OF PRONOUN:
 Subjective or personal pronouns (परु ु षवाचक सवथनाम): it is acts as a subject
in a sentences. He, she, I, you, they, we. Personal pronouns further classified
into a 3 category.
First person (बात करने वाला): I, we.
Second person (बात सन
ु ने वाला): you.
Third person (क्जसके ववषय में बात कह गई हो): he, she, it, they.
You use as both singular or plural in the sentences.
 Objective pronoun (वस्ततु नष्ठ सवथनाम): it is acts as an object in sentences
like him, her, me, you, them, us, such as (Ram is with you).
 Possessive pronoun (स्वत्वात्माक सवथनाम): a possessive pronoun tell us,
who owns a particular thing (like this is my book, this is book mine).
 Reflexive or intensive pronouns (तनजवाचक सवथनाम): it refers back to the
subject of the sentences (reflexive). It emphasizes its antecedent noun or
pronoun.
I will do it myself (reflexive) I myself will do it (intensive)
Himself, herself, myself, yourself or yourselves, themselves, ourselves.
 Indefinite pronouns (अतनक्श्चतकाल न सवथनाम): it refers to an indefinite or
general personal thing. (all, both, each, few, everyone, many, none)
 Demonstrative pronoun (संकेतवाचक सवथनाम): demonstrative pronoun
points out a noun like this, that, those.
 Interrogative pronouns (प्रश्नवाचक सवथनाम): an interrogative pronoun is
used to ask a question, the answer of which is definitely to be a noun or a
person.
What is your name, which is your pen (which, who, whose, whom, what).