1.

Gram stain is not a dependable test

1. If bacterias are starved
2. Bacterias are treated with antibiotics
3. For the mycobacteria
4. For the mycoplasma
5. All of the above are true

2.The lack of nuclear membrane in prokaryotes:

1. Simplifies the requirements and control mechanisms of the synthesis of proteins
2. Make the process of protein synthesis more difficult

3.In prokatyotes electron transport and energy production are achieved;

1. In the mitochondria
2. In the cytoplasmic membrane

4.Peptidoglycan
1. Provides rigidity of the cell wall
2. Helps to determine the shape of the particular bacterial cell
3. All of the above are true

5.There are no teichoic and lipotheichoic acid ;

1. In the gram-negative cell wall
2. In the gram-positive cell wall
3. In both
4. All of above are true

6.Outer membrane is unique to;

1. Gram-negative bacteria
2. Gram- positive bacteria
3. Both of them
4. All of above are true

7.Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is also called;

1. Virulence factor
2. Antigen
3. Endotoxin
4. Exotoxin

8.The capsule:
1. Is a major virulence factor
2. It is protective from the environment
3. Can act as a barrier to toxic molecules
4. All of the above are true

9.Fimbriae (pili):
1.Promote adherence and transfer of the bacterial chromosomes between bacteria
2.High virulence factor
3.Can act as a barrier

10. Spore formers are

1. All gram- positive bacteria
2. All gram-negative bacteria
3. Some gram-positive bacteria
 4. Some gram-negative bacteria

11. The most precise method for classifying bacteria is

1. Gram stain
2. Using antibodies to detect characteristic antigens on the bacteria
3. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

12.Extrachromosomal DNAs
1. Nucleoid
2. Plasmids
3. Ribosome
.
13.Mycoplasma
1.Have no cell wall
2.Have structurally complex cell wall

14.Without the peptidoglycan layer

1.The bacteria succumb to the large osmotic pressure differences across the cytoplasmic membrane
2.Can survive for sentures

15.Mycobacteia surrounded
1.By a waxlike lipidcoat of mycolic acid
2.By a protein coat
3.By a lipopolysaccharide

16.O antigen
1.Distinguishes serotypes (strains) of a bacterial species
2.Determine cell wall shape
3.Determine rigidity of the cell wall
17.Oxygen is actually poison for many bacteria. Such bacteria are referred to as
1. Obligate aerobes
2.Obligate anaerobes
3.Facultative anaerobes
18.Some bacteria require the presence of molecular oxygen for metabolism. Such bacteria are
referred to as
1. Obligate aerobes
2.Obligate anaerobes
3.Facultative anaerobes

19.Universal intermediate, common for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

1.Acetyl-CoA
2.Butanol
4.Lactic acid
3.Pyruvate

20.The most commonly encountered bacteria are spherical. The microbiological term describing
this shape is
A. Coccus
B. Bacillus
C. Pleomorphic
D. Non of them

21.Plasmids are important to the genetics of many bacteria. This is because

 A.They are inherited from one generation to the next
B. They may carry genes that give their host a selective advantage
C.They can render bacteria drug resistant
D. All of above
22.Exposure of an individual to an organism can lead to one of three outcomes. The organism
can
A.Transiently colonize the person
B.Permanently colonize the person
C.Produce disease
D..All of above are true

23.In bacterial cells, ribosomes are packed into the cytoplasmic matrix and also loosly attachad
to the plasma membrane. What is the function of ribosomes
A. Site of energy production
B. Site of protein synthesis
C. Site of genetic reproduction
D. Non of them are true

24. Gram positive cells

A.Have thick peptidoglycan layer
B.Have large amounts of teichoic acids
C.Do not have an outer membrane
D. All of above are true

25.Strict pathogens are organisms

A.always associated with human disease
B..never associated with human disease
C.that are typically members of the patients normal microbial flora
D.all of above are true

26.Periplasmic space is
A. the area between the inner and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria
B, the area between the inner and outer membranes of gram-positive bacteria
C.the interior portion of mitochondria
D.the area outside the cell membrane that is influenced by the polymers

27.Which statements are true about opportunistic pathogen

A. most human infections are caused by opportunistic pathogen
B. they are typically members of the patients normal microbial flora
C. if a patients immune system is defective , the patient is more susceptible to disease caused by
opportunistic pathogens
D. all of above are true

28. The significance of plasma membrane is that

A. It selectively allows some molecules to pass into the organism
B. It prevents movement of molecules out of the organism
C. It is the site of protein synthesis
D. All of the above

29The cell walls of many gram positive bacteria can be easily destroyed by the enzyme known as
A. Lipase
 B. pectinaze
C. lysozyme
D. peroxidaze

30.Which of the following terms best describes bacteria that can use fermentation pathways and contain
superoxide dismutase?
A. Obligate aerobe
B. Obligate anaerobe
C. Facultative anaerobe
D. Aerobic heterotrophy
31.The transfer of genetic material between bacteria in direct physical contact is called;
A. Conjugation
B. Transformation
C. Transduction

32.The transfer of a naked fragment of DNA between bacteria is called;

A. Conjugation
B. Transformation
C. Transduction

33.The transport of bacterial DNA to other bacteria via bacteriaphages is called;

A. Conjugation
B. Transformation
C. Transduction

34.F factor plasmids play a major role in what bacterial process;

A. Transduction
B. Replication
C. Conjugation

35.Mobile genetic elements that carry the genes required for integration into the host
chromosomes:
A. Plasmids
B. Transposons
C. Replicon

36.A bacterium containing phage DNA integrated in its chromosome is __________.

A. Avirulent
B. Lysogenic
C. Virulent
D. Prophagic

37.Transduction is
A. Bacterial -mediated viral recombination
B. Viral – mediated bacterial recombination
C. Bacterial- mediated bacterial recombination
D. Non of them

38.Conjugation involves all of the following except __________.

A. Plasmids
B. Sex pili
C. Transformation
 D.Fertility factor

39.Bacteria….Which statement is true

a) Have cells wall and sometimes capsules

b) Have capsules and sometimes cell walls
c) Contain only DNA

d) Package their DNA in a nucleus

40.Bacteria…….Which statement is true

a) Contain mitochondria
b) Exchange genes via their flagellae
c) Are used in industry

d) Are now resistant to all antibiotics

41.Bacteria ……. Which statement is true

a) Are always spherical or rod-shaped

b) Can remain dormant in the form of spores
c) Are absent from the healthy gut

d) Are always parasitic

1. The initial step in the process of many bacterial infections is adherence of the organism to
mucous membranes. The bacterial component that mediates adherence is the:

A.Peptidoglycan
B.Nucleoid
C.Pilus
D.Plasmid

2. In the Gram stain procedure, bacteria are exposed to 95% alcohol or to acetone/alcohol mixture.
The purpose of this step is
A.To adhere the cell to the slide
B. To disrupt the outer cell membrane , so the purple dye can leave the bacteria
C.To retain the purple dye within all the bacteria
D.To facilitate the entry of the purple dye into the gram-negative cells
 3. In the process of studying how bacteria cause disease, it was found that a rare mutant of a
pathogenic strain failed to form a capsule. Which one of the following statements is the most
accurate in regard

A. It was nonpathogenic primarily , because it could not invade tissue

B. It was nonpathogenic primarily , because it was easily phagocytized
C. It was highly pathogenic because it could secrete larger amount of exotoxins
D. It was nonpathogenic primarily, because it could only grow anaerobically

4.Mycobacteria tuberculosis stains well with the acid-fast stain, but not with the Gram stain. Which one
of the following is the most likely reason for this observation
A.It has a large amount of lipid that prevents entry of the purple dye
B.It has a large number of pili that absorb the purple dye
C. It has histones that are highly negatively charged
D.It is too thin to be seen in the Gram stain

5.Of the following bacterial components, which one exhibits the most antigenic variation
A.Peptidoglycan
B. Lipid A of endotoxin
C. Capsule
D.Ribosome

6.B-lactamases are an important cause of antibiotic resistance. Which one of the following is the most
common site where B-lactamases are located
A. Free in the cytoplasm
B. Wihin the capsule
C.Within the periplasmic space
D.Attached to DNA in the nucleoid

7. Which one of the following is the most accurate description of the structural differences between
Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria
A. Gram positive bacteria form a sex pilus that mediates conjugation, whereas Gram-negative do not
B. Gram positive bacteria have plasmids, whereas Gram- negative do not
C. Gram positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layer, whereas Gram-negative have thin
peptidoglycan layer
D. Gram positive bacteria have capsule, whereas Gram negative do not

8. Lysozyme in tears is an effective mechanism for preventing bacterial conjunctivitis. Which one of the
following bacterial structures does lysozyme degrade
A. Pilus
B. Peptidoglycan
C.Plasmid DNA
D.Endotoxin

9. Several bacteria that form spores are important human pathogens. Which one of the following is the
most accurate statement about bacterial spores
A. They are metabolically inactive yet can survive for years in that inactive state
B. They are produced primarily by gram-negative cocci
C.They are formed primarily when the bacterium is exposed to antibiotics
D.They are produced by anaerobes only in the presence of oxygen

10. In which phase of bacterial growth curve antibiotics , such as penicillin can, most likely ,to kill
bacteria
A. Lag phase
B. Log phase
C. Stationary phase
D . Death phase

11. The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, especially in enteric gram negative rods, is medically
important phenomen. This most commonly occurs by a process that involves a sex pilus and subsequent
transfer of plasmids carrying one or more transposones. Which one of the following is the name that
best describes this process
A. Transduction
B. Conjugation
C. Transformation
D.Translocation

12. An outbreak of postsurgical wound infections caused by S. aureus has occurred in the hospital. The
infection control team was asked to determine whether the organism could be carried by one of the
operating room personnel. Using your knowledge of normal flora, which one of the following body sites
is the most likely location for this organism
A. Mouth
B.Nose
C. Colon
D.Gingival crevice