NATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY

BHOPAL , M.P.

A Project Of History-II On The Topic

Analysing The Revolt Of 1857

Submitted to, Submitted by,

Prof (Dr) U.P.Singh Ajita Nadkarni
2012 BA LLB 101

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 Table Of Contents

Topic Page No:

1.Introduction.................................................................................................................3

2.Importance of revolt....................................................................................................3-4

3.Outbreak of the revolt...................................................................................................4

4.Causes for the revolt....................................................................................................5-7

5.Important centres of the revolt......................................................................................7

6.Important leaders involved in the revolt......................................................................7-11

7.Consequences of the revolt..........................................................................................11-12

8.Reasons for failure of the revolt....................................................................................12

9.Conclusion....................................................................................................................12-13

10.Bibliography.................................................................................................................13

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 Introduction
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army
on 10 May 1857, in the cantonment of the town of Meerut, and soon escalated into other
mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the
major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and
the Delhi region. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to East India Company power in
that region, and was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858. The rebellion is
also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian
Mutiny, the Rebellion of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy
Mutiny. The Mutiny was a result of various grievances. However the flashpoint was reached
when the soldiers were asked to bite off the paper cartridges for their rifles which were
greased with animal fat, namely beef and pork. This was, and is, against the religious beliefs
of Hindus and Muslims, respectively. Other regions of Company controlled India such
as Bengal, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency remained largely calm.
In Punjab, the Sikh princes backed the Company by providing soldiers and support. The large
princely states of Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the smaller ones
of Rajputana, did not join the rebellion. In some regions, such as Oudh, the rebellion took on
the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence. Maratha leaders, such
as Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, became folk heroes in the nationalist movement in
India half a century later; however, they themselves "generated no coherent ideology" for a
new order. The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858. It also led
the British to reorganize the army, the financial system and the administration in India. The
country was thereafter directly governed by the crown as the new British Raj.

Importance Of The Revolt Of 1857

The Sepoy Mutiny оf 1857 іѕ knоԝn tо bе оnе оf tһе bloodiest rebellions tһаt һаѕ еvеr
happened іn India. Аltһоugһ mаnу people died іn tһе process, tһіѕ event һаѕ аlѕо bееn оnе оf
tһе mоѕt significant happenings іn tһе country. Ԝіtһоut tһіѕ mutiny, tһе people оf India
ԝоulԁ nоt һаvе found tһе courage tо bе аblе tо rebel аgаіnѕt tһеіr colonizers аnԁ demand fоr
tһеіr independence.

Being оnе оf tһе mоѕt powerful countries іn tһе entire world аt tһаt time, tһе ruler оf Britain
һаԁ а dream tо expand һіѕ territory. Ѕіnсе tһеу һаԁ а lot оf resources аt tһаt time, tһеу ѕеnt
people tо Asia іn order tо find countries tо colonize. Eventually, tһе stumbled uроn India
ԝһісһ tһеу believed ԝаѕ аn uncivilized country. Іn tһеіr minds, tһеу viewed tһіѕ аѕ а good
deed bесаuѕе tһеу ԝоulԁ bе turning а backward country іntо а mоrе advanced аnԁ cultured
one.

When India ԝаѕ finally colonized bу Britain, tһе British East India Company ԝаѕ founded.
Тһіѕ faction ԝаѕ tasked tо recruit tһе native soldiers tо bесоmе tһе main Indian military tһаt

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 served tһе British. Тһеѕе natives ԝеrе trained іn European styles оf bоtһ armed аnԁ unarmed
combat аѕ ԝеll аѕ war tactics.

During tһе соurѕе оf tһе English rule, tһеrе ԝеrе іnԁееԁ mаnу small rebellions made bу tһе
Sepoys but ԝеrе vanquished instantly bу tһе mіgһt оf tһе British forces. А lot оf freedom
fighters popped оut bесаuѕе а lot оf tһе natives wanted tһеіr оlԁ lives back. Тһеу јuѕt ԁіԁ nоt
bеlіеvе tһаt аnоtһеr country ѕһоulԁ rule tһеіr home.

Of соurѕе tһе number оf freedom fighters increased tһrоugһоut time untіl tһе big army оf
Sepoys launched а massive attack аgаіnѕt tһе European forces. Тһе оnе event tһаt sparked
tһе anger оf tһе natives ԝаѕ ԝһеn tһе military commanded tһеm tо uѕе rifles tһаt һаԁ grease
inside tһе cartridges. Νоԝ іf оnе ԝеrе tо reload һіѕ rifle, tһеn һе ԝоulԁ nееԁ tо bite оut а part
оf cartridge іn order tо make іt work. Тһе problem ԝаѕ tһаt tһе grease ԝаѕ ѕаіԁ tо bе made оf
еіtһеr pig оr cow fat ԝһісһ totally offended tһе Hindu аnԁ Muslim soldiers.

The Indians оf tһе higher class uѕеԁ tһіѕ аѕ аn opportunity tо make tһе people ԝаnt tһеіr оԝn
freedom again. Аnоtһеr саuѕе оf а big blood bath ԝаѕ bесаuѕе tһе upper class hated tһе ԝау
tһе Europeans interfered ԝіtһ tһе traditions оf India. Ѕо ԝһеn combined, tһе Sepoys аnԁ tһе
people rеаllу gave tһе Europeans а big battle.

Europeans ԝеrе bеіng slaughtered еvеrуԝһеrе оn tһе streets оf India. Ԝһіlе аll оf tһе
freedom fighters marched tо Delhi unԁеr tһе command оf Bahadur Shah, tһеу killed аll
European men, women, аnԁ children. Аrоunԁ tԝо hundred оr mоrе people ԝеrе killed ԝһеn
tһіѕ happened.

It tооk months bеfоrе tһе British ԝеrе аblе tо stop tһе Indian forces. Ԝһеn tһеу did, аll оf
tһоѕе ԝһо ԝеrе involved ԝеrе еіtһеr beheaded оr hung оn tһе gallows. Νоԝ аltһоugһ tһе
Indians failed іn trуіng tо stop tһеіr colonizers, tһіѕ event ԁіԁ serve аѕ аn inspiration tо
freedom fighters tһаt ԝоulԁ арреаr іn tһе future. Тһе significance оf tһе Sepoy Mutiny оf
1857 ԝаѕ tо bring аbоut tһе patriotic spirit оf Indians іn tһе country.

Outbreak Of The Revolt

 On May 10, there was a mutiny of sepoys’ at Meerut (3rd native cavalry).
 Mutiny spread throughout UP along with some other parts of the country.
 ‘Mar to Delhi’ became the battle cry of the rebels. At Delhi, the Mughal emperor
Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed the Emperor of India.
 Where the rulers were loyal to the British, the soldiers revolted as in Gwalior and
Indore. In some places, the people revolted before the sepoys did.

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 In the beginning, the rebels were successful. Europeans were killed, law courts and
police stations were attacked and revenue records were destroyed. But reverses soon began to
occur.
Causes Of Revolt Of 1857

The following were some of the causes of the revolt of 1857:

1.Economic causes
2.Political causes
3.Social causes
4.Religious causes
5.Military causes
6.Immediate causes

1. Economic Causes:

The most important cause of popular discontent was the British policy of economically
exploiting India. This hurt all sections of society. The peasants suffered due to high revenue
demands and the strict revenue collection policy. Artisans and craftsmen were ruined by the
large-scale influx of cheap British manufactured goods into India which, in turn, made their
hand-made goods uneconomical to produce. People who made a living by following religious
and cultural pursuits lost their source of livelihood due to the withdrawal of royal patronage
caused by the displacement of the old ruling classes. A corrupt and unresponsive
administration added to the miseries of the people.

2. Political Causes:
The British policy of territorial annexations led to the displacement of a large number of
rulers and chiefs. The vigorous application of the policies of Subsidiary Alliance and
Doctrine of Lapse angered the ruling sections of the society. Rani Lakshmi Bai and Nana
Sahib became bitter enemies of the British and led to the revolt in their respective territories.

The annexation of Awadh, on grounds of misgovernment, was greatly resented. The Nawabs
of Awadh had always been loyal to the British. The annexation was widely seen as a blatant
act of back-stabbing by the British. It deeply hurt the sentiments of the Company’s sepoys
because most of them came from Awadh. Moreover, even under the new regime, the people
of Awadh got no relief from oppression. Peasants had to pay even higher revenue and
additional taxes were imposed. The British provided no alternative source of employment to
the people who lost their jobs due to the dissolution of the Nawab’s administration.

3. Social Causes:
The social reforms introduced by the British were looked upon with suspicion by the
conservative sections of the Indian society. Reforms such as abolition of ‘sati’, legalization of
widow remarriage and extension of western education to women were looked upon as
examples of interference in the social customs of the country. The social discrimination faced

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by the Indians due to the British attitude of racial superiority also led to much resentment.
Educated Indians were denied promotions and appointments to high office. This turned them
against the British.

4. Religious Causes:
A major cause of the outbreak of the revolt was the fear among the people that the British
government was determined to destroy their religion and convert Indians to Christianity. The
increasing activities of the Christian missionaries and the actual conversions made by them
were taken as a proof of this fear. The policy of taxing lands belonging to temples and
mosques lent further support to this idea. The belief that their religion was under threat,
united all sections of society against a common enemy.

5. Military Causes:
Indian soldiers formed seven-eighth of the total British troops in India. As they were an
integral part of the Indian society, they too suffered the consequences of the oppressive
British rule. Besides, they had other grievances. The Indian sepoys were looked upon as
inferior beings and treated with contempt by their British officers. They were paid much less
than the British soldiers. All avenues of the promotion were closed to them as all the higher
army posts were reserved for the British.

There were other specific and more immediate causes for the discontent among the sepoys.
The annexation of Awadh inflamed their strong feelings against foreign rule. They were also
influenced by the general fear that their religion was in danger. The order that forbade the
sepoys from wearing caste and sectarian marks hurt their sentiments deeply. So also the Act
of 1816 which required the new recruits to travel overseas, if needed. The Hindu sepoys
resented this as according to the popular Hindu belief, travel across the sea led to a loss of
caste. Another cause of sepoy discontent was the withdrawal of the Foreign Service
allowance (‘batta’), which the sepoys were getting for fighting outside the country.

6. Immediate Cause:
Discontent and resentment against British rule had been growing among the Indians for a
long time. By AD 1857, the stage was set for a massive revolt. Only a spark was needed to
set the country ablaze. That spark was provided by as small a thing as a rifle cartridge.

At this time, the Enfield rifle was introduced in the army. Its cartridges were covered with a
greased paper cover. This greased cover had to be bitten off before the cartridge could be
loaded into the rifle. The news spread that the grease was made of cow and pig fat. As the
Hindus consider the cow sacred and the Muslims do not eat pit’s meat, both these
communities were enraged at such a blatant attempt to harm their religion. This incident,
popularly known as the Greased Cartridges Incident, became the immediate cause of the
revolt.

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The first soldier to protest against using the greased cartridges was Mangal Pandey. He
belonged to the 34th Infantry stationed at Barrackpore. He refused to use the cartridges and
was subsequently hanged. On 24 April 1857, some soldiers stationed at Meerut also refused
to use the cartridges. On 9 May 1857, they were severely punished for this. This incident
sparked off a general mutiny among the sepoys of Meerut. On 10 May 1857, these rebel
soldiers killed their British officers, released their imprisoned comrades and hoisted the flag
of revolt. This was the official beginning of the ‘Great Revolt’. The soldiers then set off for
Delhi. On 11 May 1857, they reached Delhi. Here, they were joined by the local infantry. The
rebels seized Delhi and declared the Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar as the emperor of
India.

Important Centres Of Revolt Of 1857

Centre of revolt Leader involved Office who suppressed

the revolt
Delhi Bahadurshaha Zafar II,Bakht Nicolson,Hudson
Khan
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal,Bijris Colin Campbell
Quadir
Kanpur Nana Sahib,Tantya Tope Colin Campbell
Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai General Huroz
Allahabad Liyakat Ali Khan Col.Niel
Jagdishpur(Bihar) Kunwar Singh,Amar Singh William Taylor
Bareily Khan Bahadur Khan Vincet Eyre
Faizabad Maubli Ahmadulla General Renard

Leaders Involved In The Revolt

1.Azimullah Khan

A leading figure of the Revolt of 1857. He was brought up in a Muslim orphanage and was
probably educated in a school at Kanpur where he learnt English and French. From his
humble origin, Azimullah rose to the position of Nana Saheb Peshwa Bahadur’s agent. He
went to England to plead for this employer’s pension case and stayed there for every two
years. On the return journey he visited France and the Crimea and witnessed the military
operations there. A confidential advisory to Nana Saheb, Azimullah played a prominent role
in organizing the Revolt of 1857 at Kanpur. He toured the important stations in Northern
India and the advocated Hindu-Muslim unity. After reverses he fled with Nana Sahib to
Nepal and died there. Letters of Azimullah found in Bithur, were later published, A diary,
depicting the court life of Baji Rao II and Nana Saheb.

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 2.Bahadur Shah II

The last Mughal Emperor, he was the leader of the revolt in Delhi and was declared the King
emperor of Hindustan. He was then over eighty years of age. He was a poet of considerable
merit in both Hindi and Urdu and a patron of poets and literary men. He wrote under the pen-
name ‘Zafar’. During the revolt he exerted himself to the utmost to hold together his people
belonging to different faiths, to maintain order in the besieged city of Delhi, to sustain the
morale of his subjects, and to encourage his forces to continue the fight till the bitter end. He
banned cow slaughter in Delhi. His greatest remorse before death was: “How unfortunate is
Zafar that he could not secure even two yards of land for his burial in his motherland“.

3.Bakht Khan

In Delhi Bahadur Shah was the leader. But the real power lay with the soldiers. Bakht Khan,
who had let the revolt of the soldiers at Bareilly, arrived in Delhi on 3rd July, 1857. From that
date on he exercised the sufficient authority and infact was elevated to the post of General.
He formed a Court of soldiers composed of both Hindu and Muslim so as to control and
ensure smooth functioning of overall administration.

4.Begum Hazrat Mahal

The wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh, who had been deposed by the English in 1856,
played a memorable part in raising the banner of rebellion in Awadh. She ruled on behalf of
her 11 year old son Birjis Qadar with great wisdom and reorganized the machinery of
administration. She directed the attack on the Residency at Lucknow. After the fall of
Lucknow, she joined Maulvi Ahmadullah at Shajahanpur, but was defeated and escaped to
Nepal. She refused to accept the pension offered to her by British and chose to die
unmourned in Nepal.

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5.Khan Bahadur Khan

Khan Bahudar Khan was grandson of the Ruhela leader hafiz Rahamat Khan. He raised the
banner of rebellion in Ruhelkhand with epicenter at Bareilly (U.P). Though seventy years old
at the time, he defended Ruhelkhand with skill and undaunted courage defeating four
columns of British troops which had converged upon Bareilly, before he was forced to retreat
into the forests of the Himalayan foothills. He assumed the office of Viceroy under the
Mughal emperor Bhadur Shah and treated Hindus and Muslims with equality and statesman-
like wisdom; He was captured by treachery, tried and hanged.

6. Kunwar Singh

Born in a noble family, Kunwar Singh was the proprietor of extensive estates at Jagdishpur of
Shahbad in Bihar. He was natural leader of men, and a popular landlord. He rose in revolt in
1857 when British threatened to confiscate his land and assumed leadership of the rebellious
sepoys. He stormed Arrah. Already developed into a dashing Commander, he defeated the
British forces twice while occupying Azamgarh in February 1858. When the arrival of British
reinforcement made his position at Azamgarh hopeless, Kunwar Singh decided to move back
towards Bihar, Keeping the enemy at bay by brilliant rear guard actions he reached Arrah,
where the British hoped to intercept him. On 23 April 1853 Kunwar Singh inflicted a
crushing defeat on Le Grand’s troops and expired the following days as a victor. He died of
various wounds sustained. After him, his brother Amar Singh continued the fight against the
English till December 1859.

7.Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah

He is one of the best known Muslim Maulvis who prepared the ground for the popular revolt
revolt against the British. A native of Arcot (Tamil Nadu) Ahmadullah was educated at
Hyderabad. He became a preacher when young and settled down at Faizabad. In 1856, he was
seen moving from village to village preaching jehad (religious war) against the British and
urging people to rebel. He moved in a palanquin, with drumbeaters in front and followers at
the rear. He was therefore popularly called Danka Shah – the maulvi with the drum (danka).

He called upon “all true believers to rise against the English infiedels and to drive them out of
India”.This leading spirit of the Revolt of 1857 in Awadh was recognized even by the English
enemy as “a man of great abilities of undaunted courage, and of stern determination, and by
far the best soldier among the rebels.” After the fall of Lucknow, he escaped to Ruhelkhand
and gave a tough fight to the British at many places. He inspired so much terror by his
activities that the Governor General offered a reward of Rs. 50,000 to anyone who could
capture him. On June 5, 1858, he was shot dead at Powain, on the Awadh-Ruhelkhand
border.

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He was known for his courage and power. Many people in fact believed that he was
invincible, had magical powers, and could not be killed by the British. It was this belief that
partly formed the basis of his authority

8.Mangal Pandey

A sepoy of the 34th Native Infantry stationed at Barrack pore, refused to use the greased
Cartridges on 29th March 1857 and appealed his comrades to oppose the same. He in fact
attacked and fired at the Adjutant and was arrested. Later he was tried, court martialled and
hanged. He may rightly be called the first martyr of the revolt of 1857.

9.Nana Sahib

Dhondopant, popularly known as Nana Sahib was an adopted son of Pehswa Baji Roa II and
the heir to the dispossessed late Peshwa’s title and estate. Living at Bithur near Kanpur, Nana
resented the graduall loss of his status and the consequent humiliation. In vain he pleaded
with the British for the restoration of his position and sent his agent to influence the
authorities in England. The rebels at Kanpur made him their leader. Following the British
surrender he took over Kanpur, revived Indian administration and proclaimed himself the
Pehswa.

When Havelock’s forces came to reoccupy Kanpur, Nana grimly fought back, but lost the
battle, evacuated Bithur. Crossing over to Avadh, he came to Kalpi and re-organised his men
under Tatya Tope in a bid to recapture Kanpur. The attempt was, however, frustrated by Sir
Collin Campbell in November 1857. Thereafter, Nana pursued by his enemies, was on the
run from Farukhabad to Bareilly and Bahraich but refusing to give up his hope. At the end of
1858 he was forced by the British army to take refuge in the Nepalese terrain. The defiant
Nana Saheb died as a free man, probably in 1858, in spite of all the British attempts for his
capture.

10.Tantya Tope

Ramchandra Panduranga, alias Tatya Tope, was one of the few military leaders of ability of
the rebel side during the Revolt of 1857. He was a personal adherent of Nana Saheb and was
bound to his person by ties of loyalty and gratitude. Following the rising of Kanpur he
commended at the battle of Bithur on 16th August 1857 which was won by Havelock.

After the British re-occupation of Kanpur Tatya progressed with the Gwalior contingent and
forced General Windham to retreat from Kanpur, But soon his forces were defeated by Sir
Collin Campbell. When Jhansi was besieged by the British forces Tatya came to the rescue of
Rani Lakshmi Bai. Later Tatya sieged the fort of Gwalior, but Sir Hugh Rose retook it. Tatya
then escaped to Central India, and was defeated by General Napier’s troops. Resourceful and
intelligent, Tatya had a natural instinct for guerilla tactics and evaded British pursuits for ten

pg. 10
months in Rajasthan and Bundelkhand. He was betrayed into the hands of Captain Made in
the Paron Jungles by his friend Mansingh. He was tried, convicted and executed at Shivpuri
on 18th April, 1858.

11.Rani Lakshmi Bai

Rani Lakshmi Bai, the second wife of the ruler of Jhansi, Gangadhar Rao, was born probably
at Banars. When her husband died without issue in 1853 she was not permitted by the British
authorities to adopt a successor. Her territory was later annexed by Dalhousie, in
contravention of the Treaty of 1817, under the Doctrine of Lapse and a mere pension was
offered to her.

The Rani had no problem with the British government till Jhansi was annexed the child heir
pushed aside. She was initially hesitant to join the rebels. On June 4, 1858, Rani Lakshmi Bai
was proclaimed the head of the State and she provided spirited lead to the rebels and fought
heroically against the British forces. She did things she could never have imagined earlier.

She was reported to have declared then: Mera Jhansi Nahi Dungi (I shall not Surrender my
Jhansi). When the revolt started the spirited Rani was drawn into the thick of the struggle and
she became the authority of her region. She heroically defended Jhansi against Sir Huge
Rose’s protracted siege, although ultimately she had to escape.

As she was fleeing from Jhansi after the stormy battle over that city she met a Deccan
Brahmin, Vishnu Bhat Godse, who records that she was in a ‘Pathan’ dress. The Rani told
him that she was a poor widow who should have adopted the vidhwa dharma or the
prescribed customs for widows. But fate willed otherwise and she must now fight for the
honor of Hindu dharma, That Hindu dharma that decreed that the foreigners should be driven
away.

Later Rani Lakshmi Bai joined Tatya Tope and surprised the British by their capture of
Gwalior. When Sir Huge Rose renewed the British by their attack on Gwalior Fort, the Rani
fighting valiantly was killed in action. Her devoted followers determined that the British
should not boast that they had captured her even dead, burned her body.

An estimate of the Rani’s heroic personality has thus been made by Sir Huge Rose himself
who saluted Rani as “the best and bravest military leader of the rebels“.

It has been said by some British writers on the rebellion that if the rebels had about a dozen
such leaders, then English rule could never have been re-imposed. Apart from the above
mentioned leaders there were many taluqdars, zamindars, princes and leaders from the
masses who went into rebellion against the greatest colonial power of the world. Above all
the role played by the masses in all the popular resistance inevitably reflects their visions
attitudes, approach and courage.

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 Consequences Of The Revolt

The impacts of the 1857 revolt may be summarised as

 In August 1850, the British Parliament passed an act for Better Government of India,
1858, which put an end to the rule of the Company. The control of the British
government in India was transfered to the British Crown.
 A minister of British government, called the Secretary of State, was made responsible
for the Government of India.
 The British Governor general of India was now also given the title of Viceroy, who
was also the representative of the Monarch.
 Marked the end of British imperialism and Princely states were assured against
annexation. Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn.
 Marked the end of Peshwaship and the Mughal rule.
 After the revolt, the British pursued the policy of divide and rule.
 Far-reaching changes were made in the administration and increase of white soldiers
in the army.
 Total expense of the suppression of the Revolt was borne by the Indians.

Failure Of The Revolt

By July 1858, the revolt was completely suppressed. Following factors may be the reason for
the failure of revolt:

 Lack of coordination and central leadership. The revolt was supposed to have started
on May 31, 1857 as decided by Nana Saheb and his colleagues. But the Merrut
incidence led to early breaking of the revolt
 Lack of forward looking program.
 Indian leaders lacked resources and experience as compared to British.
 Lack of support and martial races of the North
 British power have remained intact in the eastern, western and southern parts of India
from where the forces were sent to suppress the revolt
 Tacit support of certain sections of Indian public.
 Limited territorial and base.
 Many native Indian states, influenced by the example of powerful Hyderabad, did not
join the revolt.
 Sikh soldiers of the Punjab area remained loyal to the British throughout.
 The aging Bahadur Shah was neither a brave general not an astute leader of people.

pg. 12
 Conclusion

The Great Indian Uprising Of 1857 was a major breakthrough and a historic moment in
the history of Indian Freedom Struggle.It played a very important role in uniting various
factions of the Indian society irrespective of their religion,caste,creed,sex etc.It was a
golden moment in the history of Indian freedom struggle.Though it was not a pan India
moment and its ambit was restricted to only some parts of the country but it was very
much instrumental in awakening a conscience among the Indians about their rights,duties
and obligations to fight for the cause of their motherland.It was for the first time that the
true spirit of Indianness was exhibited while fighting against the alien rule.

The freedom which our freedom fighters have won for us is a result of their rigour ,hard
work and sacrifice for the motherland.It is very precious and thus we as citizens of India
should not take this freedom for granted and we must always contribute our bit for the
empowerment and development of India.

Bibliography

1.en.wikipedia.org

2.www,preservearticles.com

3.www,jstor.org

4.www.upscguide.com

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