Sourae Mridha

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World University of Bangladesh

Term Paper

Course Title:- Laterally Loaded and Machine Foundation

Course Code:- CE 1113

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Rokhshana Parvin Name:- Sourae Mridha
Batch:-69(A)
Lecturer
Roll:-5310
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
World University of Bangladesh
World University of Bangladesh

Date of Submission:- 16/ 08/ 2020

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INDEX
Q.No. Question Name and description Page no.

1 Introduction 3

2 Objectives and applications of

laterally loaded and machine 4 - 6
foundation.
3 a) Describe and classify Sheet Pile Wall.
b) State the uses of sheet pile wall.
c) List the advantage of sheet piling over
other retaining structures.
d) An anchor sheet pile bulkhead is shown in
figure.
a) Calculate the actual depth of 7 - 20
penetration (Use,Dactual = 1.5
Dtheory)
b) Draw the pressure distribution
diagram, and
c) Determine the anchor force per unit
length of wall.
4 Conclusion 21

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Question No 1:-
Introduction
Answer to the question no 1

Madam, this is Sourae Mridha. Roll no is 5310. Since this roll number is
an even number. That is why the answer to my term paper is given
below for even number. But before that I want to say something about
the course.

This course is mainly designed for geotechnical engineers which is one

of the branch of civil engineering division. After completing this course
we will be able to gain knowledge about laterally loaded structures such
as retaining wall, Sheet pile, Caissons, Cofferdams, Slurry trench wall,
dewatering, liquefaction and machine foundation (effect of vibration on
soil, natural frequency, effect of embedment, shear modulus and elastic
constant). This will help us to be more skilled in foundation engineering.
Madam, lastly I would like to say that the presentation of the lecture
videos given by you was very simple and fluent. So especially it has
been very helpful for me to understand. That's why I would like to thank
you very much for all of this.

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Question No 2:-
Objectives and applications of laterally loaded and
machine foundation.
Answer to the question no 2

Objectives and applications

The laterally loaded and machine foundation is a branch of geotechnical
engineering. Below is a detailed discussion of the laterally loaded and
machine foundation objectives and applications.
Objectives:

 To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing

area so as to bring the intensity of load within the safe
bearing capacity of soil.
 To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate to avoid
differential settlement.
 To prevent the lateral movement of supporting material.
 To attain a level and firm bed for building operations.
 To increase the stability of the structure as a whole. To
carry out soil investigations for the design of foundation of
structures.

P.T.O.

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 To carry out design of structures as per the principles of
structural catalysis and design. He should also ensure that
the design is safe, durable, and economical.
 To prepare the estimates to know the probable cost of
completion of work.
Applications:
1. Foundations
The loads from any structure have to be ultimately transmitted to a soil
through the foundation for the structure. Thus, the foundation is an
important part of a structure, the type and details of which can be
decided upon only with the knowledge and application of the principles
of soil mechanics.

2. Underground and Earth-retaining Structures

Underground structures such as drainage structures, pipe lines, and
tunnels and earth-retaining structures such as retaining walls and
bulkheads can be designed and constructed only by using the principles
of soil mechanics and the concept of ‘soil-structure interaction’.

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3. Pavement Design

Pavement Design may consist of the design of flexible or rigid

pavements. Flexible pavements depend more on the subgrade soil for
transmitting the traffic loads. Problems peculiar to the design of
pavements are the effect of repetitive loading, swelling and shrinkage of
sub-soil and frost action. Consideration of these and other factors in the
efficient design of a pavement is a must and one cannot do without the
knowledge of soil mechanics.

4. Excavations, Embankments and Dams

Excavations require the knowledge of slope stability analysis; deep
excavations may need temporary supports—‘timbering’ or ‘bracing’, the
design of which requires knowledge of soil mechanics. Likewise the
construction of embankments and earth dams where soil itself is used as
the construction material requires a thorough knowledge of the
engineering behaviour of soil especially in the presence of waterfor
efficient design and construction of embankments and earth dams.

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Question No 3(a):-
Describe and classify Sheet Pile Wall.
Answer to the question no 3(a)
Sheet piles are structural sections that can be interconnected to form a
continuous sheet pile wall. Sheet piles rely on their structural stiffness to
resist lateral forces due to earth, water, or other loads. While different
types of sheet piles are available, steel sheet piles are the most common
in modern construction. The following paragraphs describe the main
types of sheet piles.

Steel Sheet Piles

Steel sheet piles are the most common types of sheet piles used. Modern
steel sheet piles comes in many shapes such as Z sheet piles, U sheet
piles, or straight piles. The sheet piles are interconnected with a male to
female joint. There are many different types of sheet pile connections
each with their own advantages or limitations. At corners, special
junction joints are utilized to connect one sheet pile wall line to the next.
The main advantages of steel sheet piles over other sheet pile types are:
1. Wide range of product availability

2. Increased strength

3. Durability when corrosion is not an issue

4. Can be utilized in heavy civil construction

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The main drawback of steel sheet piles versus other sheet pile types is
that corrosion protection is required in highly corrosive environments.
Also, with the exception of precast concrete sheet piles, steel sheet piles
are more expensive.

Timber Sheet Piles

Timber sheet piles typically consist of timber planks that are

interconnected with a tongue and groove joint. Different types of timber
sheet piles include simple planks, Wakefield timber sheet piles (when
many planks are nailed or glued together to form a single timber sheet
pile section), tongue and groove timber sheet piles, or splined timber
sheets. Timber sheet piles are seldomly used in modern heavy civil

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construction. Their most common application today is in relatively
shallow excavations for utilities when groundwater is not present.
Timber sheet piles could potentially be used in long-term or marine
environments when the timbers are properly treated. However, their
durability would be questionable.

Vinyl Sheet Piles and polymeric sheet piles

Vinyl sheet piles are quite similar to steel sheet piles but are fabricated
from synthetic materials. They are ideal for small environmental barriers
or sea-front projects where there is a small exposed height. Vinyl sheet
piles are commonly used as erosion protection barriers. Depending on

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the type of synthetic sheet pile material that is used, vinyl sheet piles can
perform differently under long term exposure to sunlight or chemicals.
Vinyl sheet piles have smaller yield strengths and are less stiff when
compared to steel sheet piles. An engineer specifying vinyl sheet piles
should consult with the individual manufacturer regarding any
restrictions or applicability of using a specific product.

Aluminum Sheet Piles

Aluminum sheet piles work similarly to steel sheet piles in provide

resistance. Aluminum strengths can vary from 8ksi to 45 ksi, and some
aluminum materials exhibit considerably different tensile yield and
maximum yield strengths. Aluminum has a modulus of elasticity of
10000 ksi, approximately 30% of the value of steel. As a result,
aluminum is considerably more flexible than comparable steel sheet pile
sections. Aluminum sheet piles on the other hand are lighter than steel
and offer improved corrosion resistance in marine environments. For
this reason, aluminum sheet piles might be ideal in some marine
applications.

Aluminum sheet piles may corrode in acidic soils or if placed directly

against marine treated lumber due to the fact that the lumber has a high

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concentration of copper, chrome and salt. This problem may be solved
simply by placing a membrane between the lumber and the aluminum.

Precast Concrete Sheet Piles

Precast concrete sheet piles are constructed by casting reinforced

concrete panel sheets with tongue and groove or fillable joint at the sheet
pile ends. Precast concrete sheet piles are relatively uncommon and
might be used when steel sheet piles are not available or under very
special conditions. They can offer substantial stiffness and strength
capacity but require extensive labor to fabricate, care to transport and
handle. Because of their increased thickness and tip area, precast
concrete sheet piles can be very hard if not impossible to drive. Precast
concrete piles might also experience tension cracks during driving as
driving tension stresses travel through the section.
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Fiberglass sheet piles

Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP sheet piles) products have been used in

many areas, FRP threaded bars, FRP rebar, FRP pipe, FRP fully

threaded tie rod, FRP waler etc. Superload Sheet Piling is manufactured

with electrical grade fiberglass and high strength resins. The pile

transfers pressure from the high side of the wall to the soil in front of the

wall.
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Question No 3(b):-
State the uses of sheet pile wall.
Answer to the question no 3(b)

Sheet piling retains soil, using steel sheets with interlocking edges and is
applied using both vibratory and vibration-free installation rigs.
Common uses of sheet piles -
 Support excavations
 Construct cofferdams
 Construct seawalls and bulkheads
 Create barriers to groundwater flow
 Retaining walls
 Bridge abutments
 Tunnels
 Pumping station
 Water treatment plants
 Basement
 Underground car parks
 Port facilities
 Locks and dams
 Waterfront structures
 Piled foundations
 Excavations and trenches

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 Cofferdams
 Ground water diversion
 Barrier for ground water treatment systems
 Containment walls
 Flood protection
 Coastal protection
 Tunnel cut and cover
 Bulkheads and seawalls
 Weir walls
 Slope stabilization
 Landfill

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Question No 3(c):-
List the advantage of sheet piling over other retaining
structures.
Answer to the question no 3(c)
There are various types of earth-retaining structures. Where a
differential surface level is to be established with a vertical interface, a
retaining wall is used. Steel sheet piling is one form of retaining wall
construction. Sheet piles resist soil and water pressures by functioning as
abeam spanning vertically between points of support.
Steel sheet piles are used for temporary and permanent retaining walls.
In temporary works and cofferdams the sheet piles enable deep
excavations to be made to facilitate construction below ground and
water level of other permanent works. On completion of construction the
sheet piles are usually extracted for reuse on other projects.
Applications have seen the use of steel sheet piles as permanent
retaining walls for structures including quay walls, bridge abutments,
underground storage tanks, basements and underground carparks.
Where retained heights are large, such as for underground transport
station access combined walls are used. These retaining walls require
propping at various positions and the retaining wall can comprise of high
modulus piles.

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The advantages of using steel sheet pile retaining walls can be
summarised as follows:

1. Construction is significantly quicker than that for reinforced

concrete walls.
2. Permanent sheet piling is a narrow form of construction, which can
be installed close up to the boundary of the site maximising usable
site space.
3. Steel sheet piles are suitable for all soil types.
4. There is no requirement to excavate for wall foundations.
5. There is no disturbance of existing ground unlike that for bored
concrete piling.
6. The steel components are factory quality as opposed to site quality.
7. Steel sheet piles can easily be made aesthetically pleasing.
8. Steel sheet piles can be placed in advance of other works.
9. Immediate load-carrying capacity is present.
10. Steel sheet piles can be used as curtain walling to contain the
working site.
11. They are a sustainable product as they are extracted easily
and minimise waste.

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Question No 3(d):-
An anchor sheet pile bulkhead is shown in figure.
d) Calculate the actual depth of penetration (Use,D actual = 1.5 Dtheory)
e) Draw the pressure distribution diagram, and
f) Determine the anchor force per unit length of wall.

l1 = 2.5 m Sand
3 0
L1 = 8 m γ = 18kN/m , φ = 30

Sand
L2 = 18 m 3 0
γsat = 22kN/m , φ = 30

Dredge Line
Sand
3 0
D γsat = 22kN/m , φ = 30

Answer to the question no 3(d)

Solution:-

l1 = 2.5 m Sand
L1=8 m 3 0
L1 = 8 m F γ = 18kN/m , φ = 30
𝜎′1

Sand
Pa
L2 = 18 m L2=18 m 3 0
γsat = 22kN/m , φ = 30

Dredge Line 𝜎′2

L3 Sand
Z 3 0
D L4 E γsat = 22kN/m , φ = 30
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l2 = L1 - l1
= 8 - 2.5
= 5.5 m
Step 1:-
Rankine active earth pressure coefficient,
𝜑 𝜑
Ka = tan2 (45 − ) = tan2 (45 − ) = 0.33
2 2

Rankine passive earth pressure coefficient,

𝜑 𝜑
Ka = tan2 (45 + ) = tan2 (45 + ) = 3
2 2

Step 2:-
Lateral pressure, when L1 = 8 m
𝜎′1 = 𝛾 L1 Ka = 18 x 8 x 0.33
= 47.52 kN/m2
Lateral pressure, when L2 = 18 m
𝜎′2 = 𝜎′1 + 𝛾′ L2 Ka
= 47.52 + (22 - 11) x 18 x 0.33
= 112.86 kN/m2
Step 3:-
𝜎′ 2
L3 =
𝛾 ′ (𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎 )

112.86
=
22−11 (3−0.33)

= 3.84 m

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Step 4:-
Net active pressure
1 1 1
Pa = L1 𝜎′1 + L2 𝜎′2 + L2(𝜎′2 - 𝜎′1) + 𝜎′2 L3
2 2 2
1 1 1
= (8 x 47.52) + (18 x 47.52) + 18(112.86 − 47.52) + (112.86 x 3.84)
2 2 2

= 190.08 + 855.36 + 588.06 + 216.69

= 1850.19 kN/m
Step 5:-
1 1 𝐿2 1 1
𝑀𝐸 = 2 L1 𝜎 ′ 1 x (3 x 𝐿1+L2+L3) + L2𝜎′1 X ( 2
+ L3) +
2
L2(𝜎′2- 𝜎′1) x ( x
3
1 2
L2+L3) + 𝜎′2 L3 x ( x L3)
2 3
1 1 18 1
= x(8 x 47.52) x ( x 8+18+3.84) +18 x 47.52 x ( +3.84) + x
2 3 2 2
1 1 2
18(112.86- 47.52) x ( x 18+3.84) + x(112.86 x 3.84) x ( x 3.84)
3 2 3

= 4658.23 + 10982.82 + 5786.51 + 554.73

= 21982.29 kN-m /m

𝑀𝐸 21982.29
Z= = = 11.88 m
𝑃𝑎 1850.19

Step 6:-
3𝑃𝑎 [ 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 −(𝑍+𝑙 1 )]
 L42 + 1.5 L42 (l2 + L2+L3) - =0
𝛾′ (𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎 )
3×1850.19[ 8+18+3.84 −(11.88−2.5)]
 L42 + 1.5 L42 (5.5+ 18 +3.84) - =0
22−11 (3−0.33)
 L42 + 41.01 L42 - 2921.75 = 0
 L4 = 8.34 m
∴ L4 = 8.34 m

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Step 7:-
Theoritical depth of penetration,
Dtheory = L3+L4
= 3.84 + 8.34
= 12.18 m
Actual depth of penetration,
Dactual = 1.5 x Dtheory
= 1.5 x 12.18
= 18.27 m (Answer)
Step 8:-
Anchor force per unit length,
1
F = Pa - 𝛾 ′ (𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎 ) L42
2
1
= 1850.19 - (22 - 11) x (3 - 0.33) x (8.34)2
2

= 828.77 kN/m (Answer)

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Question No 4:-
Conclusion
Answer to the question no 4
To become a civil engineer first of all to focus on foundation
engineering. Because the structure may be strong but for the durability
and stability of the structure its foundation needs to be strong enough for
which one should have thorough knowledge of foundation engineering.
The basic objective of this study is to discover improvements in practice
and procedures that will enable planning and conducting more effective
geotechnical site investigation programs. This subject presents the
subcommittee's judgments on matters that bear on achieving the study
objective. Civil engineer can apply their knowledge to specific fields
such as, foundation engineering, geotechnical engineering,
transportation engineering, surveying, construction engineering,
environmental engineering, and structural engineering, to become a civil
engineer must be obtained. Foundation Engineering is one of the most
necessary subjects of civil engineering since all the structures are to be
built on foundations. By knowing about the foundation engineering we
can improve the durability of any civil engineering structures.

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