Effect of Motor Bike Service on Roadway Stream

A project report submitted to the World University of Bangladesh in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

i
 Statement of the Supervisor

I, Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman Titu, M.Sc.(2nd), FIEB , Associate Professor I, Department of
Civil Engineering, IUBAT― International University of Business Agriculture and Technology,
as supervisor, hereby declare that the thesis written by Md. Robiul Islam, ID: 13206100, Joynal
Abedin, ID: 13206030, Md. Ataul Mostafa, ID: 13306133, Md. Reajul Islam, ID: 13306074,
Md. Radwan or Rashid Bhuiyan, ID: 14106096 titled " Current Waste Management Practices
& Issues in Uttara (Sector 10), Dhaka City (N)" is their own writing prepared under my
supervision. I also declare that the thesis meets the formal and professional requirements of the
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering, thus I approve its submission.

Supervisor
Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman (Titu), M.Sc.(2nd)., FIEB (MIEB22063)
Associate Professor I
Department of Civil Engineering,
IUBAT – International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

ii
 Approval

The dissertation entitled " Current Waste Management Practices & Issues in Uttara (Sector
10), Dhaka City (N)", by Md. Robiul Islam (ID: 13206100), Joynal Abedin (ID: 13206030),
Md. Ataul Mostafa (ID: 13306133), Md. Reajul Islam (ID: 13306074), Md. Radwan Or Rashid
Bhuiyan (ID: 14106096) has been approved partial fulfilling the partial requirements for the
Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering.

Supervisor
Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman (Titu), M.Sc.(2nd)., FIEB (MIEB22063)
Associate Professor I
Department of Civil Engineering, CEAT
IUBAT – International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

External
Prof. Dr. M. A. Hannan
Professor
College of Agricultural Science, CAS
IUBAT— International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

Chair
Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam
Professor & Chair, Department of Civil Engineering,
College of Engineering and Technology, CEAT
IUBAT— International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

iii
 Student’s Declaration

We, the undersigned, hereby declare that this submission is entirely our own work, in our own
words, and that all sources used in researching it are fully acknowledged and all quotations
properly identified. It has not been submitted, in whole or in part, by us or another person, for
the purpose of obtaining any other credit / grade. We understand the ethical implications of my
research, and this work meets the requirements of the Department of Civil Engineering College
of Engineering and Technology (CEAT).

Sl Student Name Student ID

1 Md. Robiul Islam 13206100
2 JoynalAbedin 13206030
3 Md. AtaulMostafa 13306133
4 Md. Reajul Islam 13306074
5 Md. Radwan Or Rashid Bhuiyan 14106096

Signed:

Sl. I.D. Name Sign

No:
01. Chapter-1: Introduction
02.

03.

04.

05

iv
 Acknowledgement

We are grateful to the God for the good health and wellbeing that were necessary to complete
this book/report.

We wish to express my sincere thanks to Engr. Md. Anisur Rahman (Titu), M.Sc., FIEB
(MIEB22063), Thesis (CEN 488) Supervisor for providing us with all the necessary facilities for
this thesis.

We place on record, my sincere thank you to Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam, Dean of the CEAT,
for the continuation of encouragement. We are extremely thankful and indebted to him for
sharing expertise, and sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended to us.

We take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the Department faculty members for their
help and support. We also thank our parents for the unceasing encouragement, support and
attention.

We also place on record, my (our) sense of gratitude to one and all, which directly or indirectly,
have let their hand in this venture within the Society of Uttara sector 10 and Kallayan Shomity
of sector 10.

Our heartfull gratitude to our Vice Chancellor, IUBAT Prof. Dr. Abdur Rob and spirit of
Founder and Ex-Vice Chancellor, IUBAT Late Prof. Dr. M. A. Miyan.

v
 Abstract

Solid waste management is considered as one of the most immediate and serious environmental
problems confronting municipal authorities in developing Asian Countries. Rapid growth of
population and industrialization degrades the urban environment and places serious stress on
natural resources, which undermines equitable and sustainable development. Inefficient
management and disposal of solid waste is an obvious cause of degradation of the environment
in most cities like Dhaka. Although Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) acknowledges the
importance of adequate solid waste collection and disposal as well as resource recovery and
recycling, it is mostly beyond their resource to deal effectively with the growing amount of solid
waste generated by the expanding cities. Consequently solid waste is indiscriminate by dumped
on roads and into open drains thus leading to serious health risk and degradation of living
environment for millions of urban people. In the last decade, however, importance of community
involvement in solid waste management and use of adapted technologies were recognized for
improving the solid waste management system.
There exist a few studies that deal with the estimation of solid waste generation in Dhaka city.
However, these studies, which are mostly based on the naive forecasting approaches, cannot
predict the amount of waste correctly as evident from a considerable mismatch between
predicted and actual waste generation reported by Uttara (Sector 10). In the present study,
regression analysis is employed to estimate the generation of waste in Dhaka city that shows
considerable agreement between the predicted and actual amounts of waste generation. In this
study primary data was obtained from interviews with 100 families in Dhaka City (Uttara sector
10) and secondary data were collected from various sources (internet, publications, etc.) to
estimate total quantity of household waste generated in Dhaka. The present study develops
managing the waste in an effective way so that the adverse effect of generated waste on
environment can be minimized.

vi
 Table of Contents Page
Introductory (Cover Page) i
Statement of the Supervisor ii
Approval iii
Student‘s Declaration iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of contents vii
Chapter No Name Page
Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Objectives of the Study
1 1.3 Significance
1.4 Theory
1.5 Research Questions & Methodology
1.5.1 Research Questions
Literature Review/Theoretical Knowledge
2.1 Solid Waste Definitions
2.2 Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management System
2.3 Benefits of Sustainable Solid Waste Management System
2 Challenges (overall) to Delivering Sustainable Waste Management
2.4 Systems
Good Practices For A Successful Waste Management
2.5
System
2.6 Solid Waste Management in Asian Developing Countries
Research Methodology
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Procedure Followed for Thesis/Project Accomplishment
and Data Collection
3
3.3 Primary Data Collection Through Questionnaire Survey
and Site Inspection
3.4 Methodology
3.5 Sources of Data

-1-
 Data Collection
4.1 Data Collection System
a On Site Storage
b Collected Waste‘s Volume and Composition
4 4.2 Constituents of Solid Waste (SW)
Educational Qualification of survey area
a Table 4: Educational Qualification of People in Survey Area
Waste (Solid) Quantity Generated From Each
b Building Per Week
Table 5: Amount of waste in a week from each building
[having 10-12 units (average)]
4.3 Transfer and Transport
4.4 Final Disposal (Aminbazar Landfill)
4.5 Survey Questions on Waste Management Practices
(Study Area)
5 Data Analysis and Discussion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Results
5.3 Environmental Violation
5.4 Future Plan of Waste Sorting (Recovery Options)
5.5 Bad Effect on Soil by Plastic
5.6 Waste-to-Energy Technologies [based on applied conversion
process]
5.7 Materials (Municipal Solid Waste) Recovery Facilities (MRFs)
6 Recommending Household Practices to Deal the
SWM at Generation (Source)
6.1 Environmental violation near Uttara sector 10
7 SMART Solid Waste Management Resource
Recovery Planning Tool
8 Conclusion and Recommendation
8.1 Conclusions
8.2 Recommendations
References

-1-
 List of Figure
Figure 01: Waste management hierarchy ................................................................................................ 4
Figure 02: Composition of global municipal solid waste (MSW) ............................................................ 6
Figure 03: Management value chain for MSW......................................................................................... 8
Figure 04: Integrated sustainable solid waste management ...................................................................... 9
Figure 05: Integrated MSWM and conventional MSWM ...................................................................... 11
Figure 06: Map of Sector 10, Uttara, Dhaka City (N), Post-1230. ......................................................... 14

Figure 07: (Community) at Sector 10, Uttara, DNCC ........................................................................... 17

Figure 08: Collecting waste .................................................................................................................. 19

Figure 09: Pouring waste in the van ...................................................................................................... 19
Figure 10: Waste carried by van ........................................................................................................... 19

Figure 11: Deposit to secondary storage ................................................................................................ 19

Figure 12: Separated from garbage ........................................................................................................ 20

Figure 13: Collecting plastic bottle… .................................................................................................... 20

Figure 14: Different types of bottle (collected from waste) ................................................................... 20

Figure 15: Carrying bottle to recycle..................................................................................................... 20

Figure 16: Fee collection receipt for waste (solid) collection from building, shop & restaurant at
sector 10, Uttara and transport to secondary storage (depo).................................................................... 21
Figure 17 (a & b): Secondary storage (depo)[inside view] ..................................................................... 22

Figure 18: Amount of waste (kgs) in a week from each building [having10-12units(average)] ............... 24

Figure 19 (a & b): Waste transfer from depo (secondary storage) to truck by using mechanical
loader at sector 10 (Uttara) for disposal (landfill) .................................................................................. 25

Figure 20 (a &b):Transporting and reaching at landfill site at Aminbazar…........................................... 26

Figure 21 (a): Landfill site at Aminbazar .............................................................................................. 27

Figure 21 (b): Special Truck with Waste from DSCC at Aminbazar Landfill site ................................... 27

Figure 22: Quantity of waste (kg) on Saturday ....................................................................................... 36

Figure 23: Quantity of waste (kg) on Sunday ........................................................................................ 36

-1-
Figure 24: Quantity of waste (kg) on Monday ...................................................................................... 37

Figure 25: Quantity of waste (kg) on Tuesday .......................................................................................37

Figure 26: Quantity of waste (kg) on Wednesday ................................................................................. 38

Figure 27: Quantity of waste (kg) on Thursday .................................................................................... 38

Figure 28: Quantity of waste (kg) on Friday ......................................................................................... 39

Figure 29: Amount of waste (kg) in a week of a (total) building (having 10 units average)… ............... 39

Figure 30: Educational qualifications in survey (study area)… ..............................................................40

Figure 31: Violation in waste (solid) handling at sector 10… ................................................................ 41

Figure 32: Current practices on material recovery from municipal solid waste (garbage/trash). ............. 42

Figure 33: Recylable materials (from garbage) processing near Uttara sector 10…............................... 43

Figure 34: Inside view of waste plastice recycling process (industry) near sector 10… ......................... 44

Figure 35: Waste paper processing (recycling) at Uttara sector10(EmbankmentDrive_Rd-13). 44

Figure 36 : Biodegradable trash/garbage bag (recyclable) ..................................................................... 45

Figure 37: Waste-to-Energy technologies based on applied conversion ................................................. 46

Figure 38: Waste-to-Energy in the WM hierarchy ................................................................................. 46

Figure 39: 3R‘s practices in solid waste management (SWM) ............................................................... 47

Figure 40: Sustainability concept in MSWM system… ......................................................................... 47

Figure 41: Technologies in waste-to-energy .......................................................................................... 48

Figure 42: Favourite options in SWM… ............................................................................................... 48

Figure 43: Material recovery from garbage ........................................................................................... 49

Figure 44: Waste dealing options ..........................................................................................................50

Figure 45: Best practices for household to handle solid waste ............................................................... 51

Figure 46: 21 Ways to reduce waste in the home ................................................................................... 52

Figure 47: Uttara sector 10 graveyard… .............................................................................................. 53

Figure 48: Animal waste at the time of Eid-ul-Azha .............................................................................. 53

-1-
 Figure 49: Environmental violation near Uttara sector 10… .................................................... …….54

Figure 50: SMART solid waste management resource recovery tool ...................................... …..…56
.

List of Tables
Current Waste Management Practices & Issues in
Uttara (Sector 10), Dhaka City (N)
Table 01: Different types of waste .......................................................................................... ……..5
Table 02: Sources of different types of waste generation ........................................................ ……..12

Table 03: SW generation and composition in cities of Asian developing countries. ................ ……..13

Table 04: Primary data collection method............................................................................... …….15

Table 05: Constituents (composition) of solid waste in a week .............................................. …….23

Table 06: Educational qualification of people in survey (study) area....................................... …….24

Table 07: Amount of waste in a week from each building [having 10-12 units (average)]……… 24

List of Flow Charts

Flow chart 01: MSW Management system in Uttara Sector 10, DNCC................................... ……..16
Flow chart 02: Flow Chart of Research Methodology .............................................................. …….17
Flow chart 03: Solid waste management (SWM) system ......................................................... …..18

-1-
 Chapter 1: Introduction
General
Solid waste management is a vital responsibility of the municipal government and one of the greatest
challenges facing urban authorities today, with the amount of waste generated exceeding their capacity
both technical and financial to collect and dispose of in environmentally friendly way. Solid waste can
also have significant negative externalities, with impacts on the environment and health.
Uncollected and mismanaged solid waste provides breeding ground for vermin and insects that
proliferate and contribute to air and water-borne diseases. Unsanitary disposal often leads to escaping
leachate causing further contamination of ground water and soil resources, while open burning leads to
release of toxins and particulates such as black carbon.[9]

Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives of this report are included

 To investigate the possibilities for a sustainable municipal solid waste management in Dhaka
City North (Uttara, Sector 10).
 To formulate an action plan for reaching a sustainable development within the waste sector in
Dhaka City (DNCC & DSCC).
 Governing issues relates to solid waste management at Uttara sector 10 and way out.

Significance
 Less in landfills and treatments, more green environment and healthy surroundings.
 Promote recycling and reuse option [and more recovery (materials and energy)].
 Keeping our community safe from rotten waste dump and consequences.
 Save energy and our natural resources.
 Keep us free from epidemics.
 An environmental friendly healthy hygienic surroundings at sector 10.

Theory
The proper definition of waste is crucial to construct a sustainable agenda of waste management. It is
largely the case that current legislation attends to existing waste. Definitions emerging from this
condition may, however, conflict with the goals of waste prevention, because something that already
2
exists cannot be prevented from arising. When material is assigned the label of ‗waste‘, it will be
treated as such; consequently, despite its explicit wish of waste prevention, implicitly, legislation
essentially amasses waste. The theory of solid waste management represents a more in-depth account
of the domain and contains conceptual analyses of waste, the activity upon waste, and a holistic view
of the goals of waste management. Waste Management Theory is founded on the expectation that
waste management is to prevent waste causing harm to human health and the environment. A radically
new approach, based on an object-oriented modeling language (program), is presented to define the
key concepts of waste management.

Research Questions & Methodology

Research Questions

Formal Interview (household: waste producer or waste generation)

1. What is your opinion on current waste management at sector 10, Uttara?

2. Whether the current waste collection is environmentally friendly and hassle-free or not.
3. Have you used a single bin to keep all the waste in your house/unit of a building?
4. Do you want to use different bins for your home to dispose of the waste to the collection point?
5. If they collect waste every day from your home, is there any possibility that the environment
will be good?
6. Do you want to cover the waste collection van for protecting your environment and
surroundings?
7. What are the effects to your community (environment) while waste carried by lidless/coverless
van?
8. How many lid/covered vans do they (waste collector) need to use to protect your environment
(clean and hygienic)?
9. Have you faced any problem by the secondary storage (depo) of solid wastes at sector 10?
10. Do you face any problem in the house or from the street while collecting wastes from primary
collection point and secondary storage (depo)?
11. When wastes are transported by van on street, do you get any bad smell, nuisance or air
pollution?
12. When the van driver collects waste, is there any problem/misbehave with you & surroundings?

3
Formal Interview [Waste management personnel (waste collector and depo-worker
_caretaker)]
1. How many times in a day/week do you (van driver) collect wastes from each the household /
building?
2. What are the different types of materials (solid-waste composition) you (waste collector) have
found?
3. Do you face any hazardous problem with your (van driver, depo person) health as a result of
long time working at site with/without safety precautions?

The research goal and objectives have been achieved through:

 Review of available literature, data and relevant information on waste management projects
and policies both national and international.
 Formal and informal interviews with community leaders, family members.
 Formal and informal interviews with solid waste management officials and personnel.
 Administration/Justification through questionnaires to households and institutions (personnel)
to assess public participation in programs, satisfaction, policies and various waste management
practices.

Household/User
or authorized group

Recycling Facilities
/ MRF

Waste to Energy
conversion process
(technology based)

Treatment,
Composting
and Landfill
Disposal
Figure 01: Waste management hierarchy

4
 Chapter: 2 Literature Review/Theoretical Knowledge

Solid Waste Definitions

The term solid waste may be used to refer to municipal waste and falls under seven categories:
residential (household or domestic waste), commercial, institutional, street sweeping, construction and
demolition, sanitation and industrial. Likewise, municipal solid waste refers to solid wastes from
houses, streets and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals, which are very often the responsibility
of municipal or other governmental authorities. Solid waste from industrial processes is generally not
considered as municipal. However, because this waste finally ends up in the municipal waste stream, it
should be taken into account when dealing with solid waste
Table 01: Different types of waste
Definition of waste relating to Definition
their types Waste Type
Construction debris Detritus minerals from construction and
demolition
Organic waste Biodegradable component of municipal waste
(e.g. food and yard waste)
Household Waste from private households
Household-commercial waste Waste from commercial establishments,
businesses, the service sector, public
institutions, and industries that possess similar
characteristics than household waste
Commercial Waste Waste with characteristics similar to household
waste.
E-waste Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded
electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics
which are destined for refurbishment, reuse,
resale, salvage recycling through material
recovery, or disposal are also considered e-
waste.

5
Types of Solid Waste:
Solid wastes are usually one of three types,
 Municipal wastes,
 Industrial wastes and
 Hazardous wastes.

https://en.ppt-online.org342042/Waste to energy a redeemer for investors, ecologists & environmentalists

Figure 02: Composition of global municipal solid waste (MSW) [10]

Municipal waste:
The definitions of terms and the classifications used to describe the components of solid wastes vary
greatly in practice as well as in the literature. The definitions presented in (Table: 1) are intended to
serve as guide for municipal solid wastes.
Industrial wastes
Industrial wastes are waste arising from industrial activities. They include rubbish (associated with the
support personnel), process wastes, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes and
hazardous wastes.
6
Hazardous wastes
Hazardous waste are classified as wastes that pose a substantial danger, either immediately or over a
period of time, to human, plant or animal life. A waste is classified hazardous based on the fact that it
exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosively, reactivity or toxicity.

Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management System

The activities associated with management of SWM from the point of generation to final disposal are
grouped into the following functional elements:
 Waste generation;
 Waste handling and sorting, storage, and processing at the source;
 Collection;
 Sorting, processing and transformation;
 Transfer and transport; and
 Final disposal.

Functional elements are closely interconnected but they are not necessarily presented in every
municipal solid waste management system.
In most low and middle income area/countries, the system is limited to
 Waste generation,
 Handling at the source
 Collection and
 Disposal at landfills.

7
 https://en.ppt-online.org342042/Waste to energy a redeemer for investors, ecologists &
environmentalists
Figure 03: Management value chain for MSW [10]
Benefits of Sustainable Solid Waste Management System [7]
Good waste management system aim to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to
generate the minimum amount of waste. Effective waste management systems products and generate
the minimum amount of waste. Effective waste management systems can provide significant co-
benefits beyond addressing emission, which might serve as the main drivers for action in waste
management. Some of co-benefits include:

Public health:

Unmanaged waste often ends up in the streets or water drains, attracting pests and vermin. Waste
disposed in unsanitary landfills or dumps can pollute underground water with toxic leach ate.
Improving waste collection and disposal practices can have a direct impact on public health, access to
clean water and a cleaner city environment.

Air quality:

The open burning on waste is a persistent practice in many regions of the world and a major source of
black carbon. Lack of planning of waste collection routes or the use of old vehicles for waste collection
also increase vehicles emission, negatively affecting air quality

Poverty reduction:

8
In many cities, waste is an important source of income for a significant part of the population and of
raw materials for many sectors of the economy. Waste collection in many cities operate on the street
and dumps, collecting, sorting, cleaning, recycling and selling materials thrown away by others. Cities
action can have a profound impact on the economic condition and quality of life of those sectors of
society involved in waste management. For example by utilizing proper sanitary landfill disposal
techniques, cities can avoid the health hazards of the open dump scavenging.

Figure 04: Integrated sustainable solid waste management [11]

Challenges (overall) to Delivering Sustainable Waste Management Systems [7]

Solid waste management is a challenge for city authorities, primarily due to the increasing generation
of waste, the burden it places on municipal budgets, the lack of understanding of a diversity of factors
that affect waste management and of the necessary linkages to enable effective function of the entire
handling system. The basic challenges that must be overcome for implementation of a successful solid
waste management system include:
9
Complexity of waste management: Solid waste management is a multi-dimensional issue that
engages multiple stakeholders. Municipalities in general seek equipment to find solutions to the
diversity of problems they face. But a successful waste management system must consider
technological solutions along with environmental, socio-cultural, legal, institutional and economic
linkages. It also needs to address syndromes like NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard) that can be prevalent
amongst the public.

Involvement of multiple stakeholders: Waste management involves many stakeholders with different
and sometimes conflicting interest. A detailed understanding of whom the stakeholders are and the
responsibilities they have in the waste management structure is required to establish an efficient and
effective system. Effective communication amongst the different stakeholders is important for
establishing a well-functioning waste management system, particularly in developing country cities.

Institutional challenges: Many municipalities, particularly the solid waste departments, are
understaffed and lack the relevant skills to manage waste. This limited capacity to handle solid waste
often leads to unconventional methods of disposal, which include open dumping and burning. There is
a significant need for municipalities to invest in capacity building, both in terms of number and quality
of staff resources and skills.

Difficulty in recovering costs: Solid waste services have an associated cost that is difficult for
municipal governments to recover. Financial resources are required to obtain the skilled personnel,
infrastructure, and equipment needed to implement waste management plans.

Implications beyond municipal boundaries: it is critical to produce reliable data to create proper
information channels within and between municipalities about waste management.

Good Practices For A Successful Waste Management System

In order to address the challenges mentioned and reap the multiple benefits of a sound waste
management system, a number of key good practice approaches have been identified within the C40
[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group: www.C40.org] sustainable solid waste system network. [7]
These include:

 Expand sanitary waste disposal and landfill management

 Develop infrastructure for waste utilization
 Integrate waste management and social inclusion
 Promote innovation in waste collection service
 Support development of market economy for waste recycling
 Use digital mapping to mange solid waste
 Ensure and implement integrated waste management system

10
 It is urgent to have good or perfect practices on waste (solid) management system in successful ways. Municipal solid waste and
wastewater systems contribute about 3 to 5 percent to current global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, but the sector has great
potential to avoid emissions throughout the economy thanks to prevention and waste recovery (as recyclables or energy). Solid waste
disposal and management activities generate emissions of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and black
carbon. Landfills are the third largest anthropogenic source of methane, accounting for approximately 11% of estimated global
methane emissions, or nearly 800 MtCO2 emissions. One forecast suggests that this figure could
double by 2020 and quadruple by 2050 without mitigation. [C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group: Good Practice Guide “Sustainable Solid Waste
Systems”]

Figure 05: Integrated municipal solid waste management (MSWM) and conventional MSWM [11]

11
 Solid Waste Management in Asian Developing Countries
Asian developing countries have increased their population, urbanization and industrialization which
contribute to solid waste (SW) generation. The amount of MSW generated per capita is estimated to
increase at a rate of 1–1.33% annually (Pappu et al., 2007; Shekdar, 1999; Bhide and Shekdar, 1998).
A host of researchers (Siddiqui et al., 2006; Sharholy et al., 2005; CPCB, 2004; Kansal, 2002; Singh
and Singh, 1998; Kansal et al., 1998; Bhide and Shekdar, 1998; Dayal, 1994; Khan, 1994; Rao and
Shantaram, 1993) have reported that the MSW generation rates in small towns are lower than those of
metro-cities, and the per capita generation rate of MSW in India ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 kg/ day. It is
also estimated that the total MSW generated by 217 million people living in urban areas was 23.86
million t/yr in 1991, and more than 39 million ton in 2001.[7] Asian developing countries are
experiencing in increasing population, income and urban growth. This situation contributes to the
increase of SW volume and type. Most of municipal solid wastes come from residential areas,
commerce and other sources.

Table 02: Sources of different types of waste generation

Sources Typical waste generation Types of solid waste

Domestics Single houses and apartment Food scraps, corrugated
boxes, plastics, clothing,
glass, metals, ashes, and
domestic hazardous
Shopping and Shopping centers, hotels, restaurants, market, Paper, corrugated boxes,
commercial offices plastics, wood, food scraps,
areas glass, metals, special wastes,
hazardous waste
Institutional School, governments offices, medical care As mentioned above in
centers, prisons shopping and commercial
areas
Public Street cleaning, landscaping, park, beaches, Street cleaning, landscape and
facilities recreation areas yard trimming, general waste
from recreation areas
SW generation and its composition in some Asian developing countries are shown in Table 03.

Solid waste generation rate in Dhaka (Bangladesh) is 5340 Ton/day where as it is high in Bangkok
(Thailand) 8778 Ton/day and low in Yala (Thailand) 80 Ton/Day. And waste generation rates as
Kg/Cap/Day are 0.485 in Dhaka, 2.17 in Puket-Thailand (high) and 0.4 in Allahabad-India (low). In
Dhaka,Bangladesh 68.3% decomposable, 10.7% paper, 4.3% plastic, 2.2% textile, 0.7% glass, 2.0%
metal, 1.4% rubber, 0.09% (wood & ash) and 10.3% others constituents are present in solid waste
(composition) with a less percentages of recoverable (energy), recyclable and reusable practiced.

12
 Table 03: SW Generation and Composition in Cities of Asian Developing Countries. [7]

Country Waste Composition

generation
Ton/day Kg/cap/ Decom- Paper Plastic Textile Glass Metal Rubber Wood Ash Others
day posable

Surabaya(Indonesia) 2160 0.8 72.41 7.26 10.09 2.68 1.7 1.41 .46 2.39 1.48 .12

Jakarta(Indonesia) 6000 0.65 68.12 10.11 11.08 2.45 1.63 1.90 .55 NA NA 4.12

Allahabad(India) 500 0.4 45.3 3.6 2.86 2.22 .73 2.54 41.66 - - -

Pondicherry(India) 370 0.59 42 30 10.4 4.5 5 4.1 2.5 1.5 NA NA

Kathmandu(Nepal) 523.8 0.66 71 7.5 12 .9 1.3 .5 .3 NA NA 6.7

Bangkok(Thailand) 8778 1.54 42.68 12.09 10.88 4.68 6.63 3.54 2.57 6.9 NA 10.04

Phuket(Thailand) 364 2.17 49.39 14.74 15.08 2.07 9.67 3.44 2.28 NA NA 3.33

Yala (Thailand) 80 1.049 49.3 14.5 19.9 - 10.08 .4 - 5.1 NA NA

K. lumpur(Malaysia) 3798 1.62 61.5 16.5 15.3 1.3 1.2 .25 .6 .4 .7 NA

Rashat(Iran) 420 0.8 80.2 8.7 9 .4 .2 .7 - .4 NA .4

Dhaka 5340 0.485 68.3 10.7 4.3 2.2 0.7 2 1.4 - NA 10.4
(Bangladesh)

13
 Chapter: 3 Research Methodology

Study Area
The study uses both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted from 10 September 2018 to
25April 2019. This study mainly focused on the present status of solid waste management practice in
Uttara sector 10. Data collection included solid waste collection, transportation, and storage and disposal
system in selected area. These studies identify the lacking steps and ignorance‘s of waste management
practice and the authority‘s future management plan.

Main Road Number 19

Sub Roar Number 3
(8/A,12/A,12/B)

IUBAT

Road-13

Road-12
Secondary storage

Future plan of waste sorting

Figure 06: Map of Sector 10, Uttara, Dhaka City (N), Post-1230.

Procedure Followed for Thesis/Project Accomplishment and Data Collection:

This study mainly focused on the present status of solid waste management practice in Uttara Sector 10.
Data collection included solid waste collection, transportation, and storage and disposal system available

14
within study area. These studies identify the lacking of waste management and the future management
plan of authority and also known fact (ignorance/violation) about it. Both qualitative and quantities data
were collected about household waste collection and direct field observation, focus group discussions,
information on waste types (composition) for proper documentation, studying different documents like
research articles, environment books (author Howard S. Peavy), online publications & slide shows and
periodicals. Both primary and secondary sources were used to gather data as fulfillment of our study to
obtain real time solution (on waste management) as remedial action like treatment.
Primary Data Collection Through Questionnaire Survey and Site Inspection
To find out the solid waste management practice at Uttara Sector-10, the primary data was collected from
various types of household and The primary data was collected through questionnaire survey from day
labor, and van puller, house security to assess the exact situation of solid waste management with direct
field observation. Primary data was also collected by visiting the waste collection process and the selected
dumping area.
Table 04: Primary data collection method
Study Object Method
Household Structure: - Household Survey questionnaire
Employment (Service/Job holder), education - Observation
- Photograph
(teacher & student), Business (Business-owner,
employee, supplier), Property ownership
(Landlord), household (tenant & homeowner),
Garments (worker), Market-shopkeepers, tea-
stall, etc.
Household SWM practices: - Questionnaire
Storage, resource recovery, recycling (selling - Interviews
- Observation
wastage), collection and transporting, disposal
Secondary data collection: Secondary data about population (demographic features), household size,
types, income level, volume of waste generation, activities existing on solid waste management at Uttara
Sector-10 in Dhaka. Data available for Sector 10: Total plot (land) 3,700 approx., total family 15,000
approx., total household members (population) 85,000 with house security, guards(security), driver and
guests of population 12,000. Economic level or social status or educational background of the people (in
this region) is higher in mid-class population (citizen) of Dhaka, Bangladesh. And total member

15
(population) in this sector 10 (Uttara) is 97,000 people are generating solid waste at regular basis by
consumption and daily activities (negligible amount of industrial activities). Housing structures are mostly
buildup apartment building (each building containing 10-12 units/flats); few semi-storied and tin-shed
housing colony. Road networks are well qualified and other wastes like sewerage, waste-water, storm
water systems are in conventional approach.

Methodology
The study uses both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted from 10
September 2018 to 25 August 2019. This study mainly focused on the present status of
solid waste management practice at Uttara Sector 10 in Dhaka. Data collection included solid waste
collection from household, transportation, and storage and disposal system to Aminbajar, Savar. These
studies identify the lacking/leakage and violation (environmental & social) in waste management
practices and the future management (development) plan of authority/ community/local governments.
And here at this report (study), we are identifying / evaluating about waste management system (current
situation) for Uttara Sector 10 in Dhaka-1230.

DNCC

Sector 10 Kalyan Society

Contractor

Collection By Van Driver

On Site Storage

Final Disposal
Flow Chart 01: MSW Management system in Uttara Sector 10, DNCC

16
 Primary Data Secondary data

 Practical Field Observation

 Published source
 Field based data collection
 internet
-solid waste generation and
collection
-transport and disposal of waste
 Questionnaire survey
-structured
-non structured

Data Analysis

Conclusion and recommendation

Flow chart 02: Flow Chart of Research Methodology

Secondary MSW
storage (depo)

Waste collector
human-driven
vehicle (Van)

Figure 07: (Community) at Sector 10, Uttara, DNCC.

17
 Waste Generation

Storage

Collection

Transfer and Transport Processing and Recovery

Disposal

Flow chart 3: Solid waste management (SWM) system

Sources of Data
Data were collected from primary and secondary sources: Sources of primary data: data were collected
from the study area and valuable information‘s were gathered by interviewing of DNCC officials and
workers in this study.

18
 Chapter 4: Data Collection
Data Collection System
 Solid wastes are collected from 3700 units at regular basis in sector10, Uttara, Dhaka-1230.
 Auto/Van drivers those are collecting waste (solid) from households primary collection point (and
in some case door-to-door).
 Dimension and type of a typical van [Size: 56"X30"X30" and human drive (coverless /lidless:
manually operated)]
 Capacity of 01(one) van is 600 Kg [carried to the secondary storage/depo].
 No specific badge, tag and uniform (Dress, musk, etc.) to the waste collecting people.

Figure 08: Collecting waste Figure 09: Pouring waste in the van

Figure 10: Waste carried by van Figure 11: Deposit to secondary storage

19
Van driver(s) has collected waste from households/primary collection (storage) points and transferred
waste to the secondary storage/deposit (depo) via depo maintenance guy. Roads are used for transporting
(Van) wastes are 12/B and 13 for households in sector 10. And few people (household) in sector 10 are
carrying their own waste to the depo by hand or by rickshaw (living in backward position).

Waste Sort-Out (material recovery) by Homeless People at depo (Uttara, Sector-10):

Figure 12: Separated from garbage Figure 13: Collecting plastic bottle

Figure 14: Different types of bottle Figure 15: Carrying bottle to recycle
(collected from waste)

20
They are collecting recyclable materials like glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles,
batteries, and electronics for earn some money by selling these materials and its help to their family. By
collecting this material they get benefits and also benefit for our good environment. Somehow we can
help them such as bottle or plastic materials put different bin. We have seen that they are collecting these
types of materials from garbage station or where they found in sector 10, Road -13. I have asked them,
why do they collect it? They answered that they have collected it for sell in vungary (waste products for
secondary use) shop/market to earn livelihood.

Comments:
a) We should not store any harmful/radioactive/explosive substances in the dustbin.
b) DNCC can provide some organized assistance to collect material from garbage by homeless/poor
people routine-wise.
c) Waste picker‘s clothing & collection instruments can be arranged to keep the environment good.
d) If DNCC and local community can create waste pickers list so that some benefits can be provided
to them.
e) If we are creating a collection center to sell their materials (which can be reused and recycled),
waste pickers can get a fair price.

Figure 16: Fee collection

receipt for waste (solid)
collection from building, shop
& restaurant at sector 10,
Uttara and transport to
secondary storage (depo).

21
 a On Site Storage
These activities associated with the handling, storage and processing of waste near the point of
generation. Figure 10 (a & b) showing inside view of depo (sector 10, Uttara) as secondary storage.

(a) (b)
Figure 17 (a & b): Secondary storage (depo) [inside view]

b Collected Waste’s Volume and

Composition Table 2: Amount of Waste
Collection

No Nos. of van Nos. of Nos. of Actual van Amount of Total

units trip nos. waste each amount
(average) van
1 16 3700 2 32 600kg 19200kg

22
 Constituents of Solid Waste (SW)
Table 05: Constituents (composition) of solid waste in a week

Saturday Total Plastic Polythene Paper Food waste

waste

Building-1 25kg 500gm 800gm 23.7kg

Building-2 15kg 400gm 1.5kg 13.1kg
Building-3 10kg .5kg 9.5kg
Building-4 5kg 250gm

Sunday
Building-1 16kg 500gm 500gm 15kg
Building-2 18kg 1.5kg 1kg 15.5kg
Monday
Building-1 20kg 1kg 19kg
Building-2 18kg .5kg 15.5kg
Building-3 10kg .5kg 9.5kg
Tuesday
Building-1 10kg .5kg 9.5kg
Wednesday
Building-1 38kg 3kg 2kg 1kg 32kg
Building-2 19kg 1.5kg 2kg .5kg 15kg
Building-3 18kg 2kg 1.3kg 14.7kg
Thursday
Building-1 25kg .5kg 1.2kg 23.3kg
Building-2 24kg 1.4kg 1kg 21.6kg
Building-3 20kg 1.3kg 18.7kg
Friday
Building-1 24kg 2.5kg 1kg .5kg 20kg
Building-2 30kg 3kg 1.2kg 25.8kg
Building-3 28kg 2.5kg .8kg .4kg 3.7kg

23
a Educational Qualification of Survey (Study) Area

Table 06: Educational qualification of people in survey (study) area

SL Educational Qualification Percentage (%)
1 Graduate/ B.Sc./ Masters/ PhD 40
2 H.S.C 25
3 S.S.C 20
4 Bellow S.S.C 15

b Waste (Solid) Quantity Generated From Each Building Per Week

Table 07: Amount of waste in a week from each building [having 10-12 units (average)]

SL Day Amount (kgs)

1 Saturday 55
2 Sunday 34
3 Monday 48
4 Tuesday 25
5 Wednesday 75
6 Thursday 69
7 Friday 82

Figure 18: Amount of wastes (kg) in a week from each building

[having 10-12 units (average)]
Amount

82
75
69

55
48

34
25

Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

24
Transfer and Transport
 Waste from secondary storage (Depo) has been collected via special truck (drivers) twice in every
week. Mostly in the morning and afternoon time, trucks are carrying loads (waste) covered by
tarpaulin in near empty road condition. Mechanical loader is used to fill the truck with with from
secondary storage (depo).
 Road used Abdullahpur (Ashulia road) to Aminbazar (via Mirpur) where dumping station
(site_landfill) situated for final disposal.
 Carrying capacity of each truck is 10 ton.
 It takes couple of hours to loading waste from several depos in different places and finally reach to
landfill site at Aminbazar without creating any nuisance on the street.
 Sometime truck is releasing waste to roadside or any down to fill (with permission and requires
treatment before dumping).

(a) (b)

Figure 19 (a & b): Waste transfer from depo (secondary storage) to truck by using
mechanical loader at sector 10 (Uttara) for disposal (landfill)

25
 Final Disposal (Aminbazar Landfill)

(a) (b)

Figure 20 (a &b):Transporting and reaching at landfill site at Aminbazar

Those activities with ultimate disposal (not proper scientific way) of solid wastes including those waste
collected and transported directly to a landfill. It has bad impact of Solid Waste Disposal on Environment
 Open air dumping creates unhygienic and poses enormous threat on people health.
 Promotes spreading of diseases.
 The situation further increased violation (environmental) by the indiscriminate disposal of
Hospital and Clinical Waste.
 Pollute water bodies (underground water reservoir/flow).
 Carbon-di-oxide and Methane produced from solid waste are extremely harmful to the
environment.
 Gases are produced in the landfills through aerobic and anaerobic
 Decomposition of organic compounds, which are threat to the environment

26
 (a) (b)
Figure 21 (a): Landfill site at Aminbazar Figure 21 (b): Special Truck with Waste from
DSCC at Aminbazar Landfill site.

Survey Questions on Waste Management Practices (Study Area)

1. What is your opinion on current waste management at sector 10, Uttara?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification Excellent Good Bad Vary bad
Sharif Hasan B.Sc √
Shirazul Islam H.S.C √
Ashik H.S.C √
AnisurRahman Honours √
Shahidul Islam S.S.C √
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C √
Siraj Bellow S.S.C √
Hashem Honours √
Billal Diploma √
Dolly Bellow S.S.C √ √
Kohinur S.S.C √
Akter H.S.C √

27
2. Whether the current waste collection is environmentally friendly and hassle-free or not.
Name Educational Comments
Qualification Yes No
Sharif Hasan B.Sc √ Don‘t collect waste
properly
Shirazul Islam H.S.C √ Lidless van
Ashik H.S.C √ Lidless van
AnisurRahman Honours √ Collecting van stay
more time
Shahidul Islam S.S.C √ Lidless van
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C √ Lidless van
Siraj Bellow S.S.C √ Don‘t collect waste
properly
Hashem Honours √ Collecting van stay
more time
Billal Diploma √ Lidless van
Dolly Bellow S.S.C √ Lidless van
Kohinur S.S.C √ Don‘t collect waste
properly
Akter H.S.C √ Occurrence (less)

3. Have you used a single bin to keep all the waste in your house/unit of a building?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification Yes No
Sharif Hasan B.Sc √
Shirazul Islam H.S.C √
Ashik H.S.C √
AnisurRahman Honours √
Shahidul Islam S.S.C √
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C √
Siraj Bellow S.S.C √ More expensive buy
bin/container
Hashem Honours √ Lack of space

28
 Billal Diploma √
Dolly Bellow S.S.C √
Kohinur S.S.C √
Akter H.S.C √

4. Do you want to use different bins for your home to dispose of the waste to the collection point?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification Yes No
Sharif Hasan B.Sc √ Recyclable & others
Shirazul Islam H.S.C √ Separate bins
Ashik H.S.C √
AnisurRahman Honours √
Shahidul Islam S.S.C √ Lack of space
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C √ More expensive require
to buy drum
Siraj Bellow S.S.C √ More expensive buying
drum
Hashem Honours √
Billal Diploma √
Dolly Bellow S.S.C √ Lack of space
Kohinur S.S.C √ More expenses to buy
containers
Akter H.S.C √ Lack of space

5. If they collect waste every day from your home, Is there any possibility that the environment will
be good?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification Yes No
Sharif Hasan B.Sc √
Shirazul Islam H.S.C √
Ashik H.S.C √
AnisurRahman Honours √

29
 Shahidul Islam S.S.C √
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C √
Siraj Bellow S.S.C √
Hashem Honours √
Billal Diploma √
Dolly Bellow S.S.C √
Kohinur S.S.C √
Akter H.S.C √

6. Do you want to cover the waste collection van for protecting your environment and surroundings?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification Yes No
Sharif Hasan B.Sc √
Shirazul Islam H.S.C √
Ashik H.S.C √
AnisurRahman Honours √
Shahidul Islam S.S.C √
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C √
Siraj Bellow S.S.C √
Hashem Honours √
Billal Diploma √
Dolly Bellow S.S.C √
Kohinur S.S.C √
Akter H.S.C √

30
7. What are the effects to your community (environment) while waste carried by lidless/coverless
van?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification

Sharif Hasan B.Sc Spread odor, different microbe of

diseases
Shirazul Islam H.S.C Environment bad effects
Ashik H.S.C 80% effect (dangerous)
AnisurRahman Honours ill effects to our environment
Shahidul Islam S.S.C Cause pollutions to our environment
by the lidless van with rotten waste
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C Pollution our natural air
Siraj Bellow S.S.C Air pollution
Hashem Honours Inhalation problem
Billal Diploma Inhalation problem
Dolly Bellow S.S.C Air pollution
Kohinur S.S.C Hygienic problem
Akter H.S.C

8. How many lid/covered vans do they (waste collector) need to use to protect your environment
(clean and hygienic)?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification

Sharif Hasan B.Sc 100% yes

Shirazul Islam H.S.C 80% yes
Ashik H.S.C 80% yes
AnisurRahman Honours 90% yes
Shahidul Islam S.S.C 70% yes
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C 70% yes
Siraj Bellow S.S.C 60% yes

31
 Hashem Honours 85% yes
Billal Diploma 85% yes
Dolly Bellow S.S.C 70% yes
Kohinur S.S.C 65% yes
Akter H.S.C 65% yes

9. Have you faced any problem by the secondary storage (depo) of solid wastes at sector 10?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification Yes No
Sharif Hasan B.Sc √
Shirazul Islam H.S.C √
Ashik H.S.C √
AnisurRahman Honours √
Shahidul Islam S.S.C √
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C √
Siraj Bellow S.S.C √
Hashem Honours √
Billal Diploma √
Dolly Bellow S.S.C √
Kohinur S.S.C √
Akter H.S.C √

10. Do you face any problem in the house or from the street while collecting wastes from primary
collection point and secondary storage (depo)?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification
Yes No Specific
Sharif Hasan B.Sc √
Shirazul Islam H.S.C √ Looks odd (van)

Ashik H.S.C √

32
 AnisurRahman Honours √ Bad smell from
depo area
Shahidul Islam S.S.C √
JumanBhuiyan S.S.C √
Siraj Bellow S.S.C √ Coverless van

Hashem Honours √ Primary

collection point
not clean

Billal Diploma √
Dolly Bellow S.S.C √ Mixed waste
(rotten)
Kohinur S.S.C √ Not every day
(collection)

Akter H.S.C √ Overall not

hygienic

11. Do you (waste collector/worker) face any problem with your health as a result of long time
working?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification Yes No Details
Akbar Bellow S.S.C √ Less pay
Gofur H.S.C √ Skin problem
Shah alom Bellow S.S.C √ Vomiting symptom
Monir Bellow S.S.C √ Headache by odor
Rashed Bellow S.S.C √ Low income
Jahid Bellow S.S.C √ Inhalation problem
Siraj Bellow S.S.C √ Inhalation problem
Kuddus Bellow S.S.C √ Dirty job
Hashem Bellow S.S.C √ Skin problem
Rahima Bellow S.S.C √ Skin problem
Tara banu Bellow S.S.C √ Headache by odor

33
 Nasir Bellow S.S.C √ Disturbed by rain

12. How many times in a day/week do you (van driver) collect wastes from each the household /
building?
Name Educational Comments
Qualification Yes No Details
Akbar Bellow S.S.C √ Twice in a week

Gofur H.S.C √ Once in a week (Offices)

Shah alom Bellow S.S.C √ Two/three days per week

Monir Bellow S.S.C √ Every day (market,

restaurant, etc.)
Rashed Bellow S.S.C √ Twice in a week

Jahid Bellow S.S.C √ Twice in a week

Siraj Bellow S.S.C √ Everyday (special)

Kuddus Bellow S.S.C √ Two/three days per week

Hashem Bellow S.S.C √ Twice in a week

Rahima Bellow S.S.C √ Everyday (special)

Tara banu Bellow S.S.C √ Twice in a week

Nasir Bellow S.S.C √ Twice in a week

34
 Chapter 5: Data Analysis and Discussion

Introduction
We started our survey and observation at Uttara sector-10 according to the waste management system
produce. Though the weather was sometimes rough, we did not stop our work to reach the goal at the time
of survey. When we did the survey, we faced some difficulties. Some people were not cooperative to us.
Some people took it positively and sometimes negatively and they told that it has no benefit ―the result
will be zero‖. Those who were not concern about this they took it negatively. A fresh group people helped
us in our work and whatever we asked by answering our question and giving some suggestion they co-
operated us. Then some old citizen has brought us to the concern authority for making easy survey. Some
higher educated person at this locality communicated and consulted with us and they agreed with us
whatever we did about solid waste management system. They told us waste collection van should be
lided/covered. They no longer say that after collecting waste from every household, van driver would lid-
off/covered the van and took waste away to the secondary storage (depo). So that odour will not come out
to the open air and will not pollute our environment. Children and pedestrians will be relaxed from this
air-nuisance & unaesthetic problem by solid waste handling. Overall, it can be said that the awareness and
participation (both financial and active engagement) in solid waste management program is that level of
satisfactory and updated. Recycling issues and use of individual bin for each type (not or less amount of
mixed waste) at household (at the point of origin) and at the location of primary deposit (or collection)
point are still in a dark situation or not acknowledged or few active practitioners in the society (Sector 10,
Uttara). By ignorance, a group of house-caretaker or maid is still dumping/pouring kitchen wastes to the
sanitary/sewerage line (system). A easy method to deal the regular household waste should be
introduced/practiced to avoid clogging in sewerage system (specially in high-rise building). Chute system
in tall structure (building) to deliver the waste (solid and other) wrapped/bagged in garbage bag/container
can be introduced and practiced with monitoring, as appropriate.

Result
Uttara sector 10 was our thesis/project study area. We surveyed our study area (people from different
aspects and existing situation) and we know that they all are united and agreed to protect their
environment except few people. Yet we came to know that, if they use van with lid for waste collection
35
and transportation by the permission of Dhaka North City Corporation, we hope that we can keep our
environment safe from air pollution and the environment of the sector 10 will be environmentally
friendly. Currently a conventional approach without MRF and energy-recovery option for solid waste
management is practiced. People‘s participation with finance and readiness to best practices can improve
the overall performance in dealing sustainable waste (solid) management.

Figure 22: Quantity of waste (kg) on saturday

25

20

15
Quantity

Plastic

10 Polythene
Paper
5 Food waste

0
Building-1 Building-2 Building-3 Building-4
Building Number

Figure 23: Quantity of waste (kg) on sunday

18
16
14
12
Quantity

10 Plastic
8 Polythene
6
Paper
4
Food waste
2
0
Building-1 Building-2
Building Number

36
 Figure 24: Quantity of waste (kg) on monday
20
18
16
14
12
Quantity

10 Plastic

8 Polythene

6 Paper

4 Food waste
2
0
Building-1 Building-2 Building-3
Building Number

Figure 25: Quantity of waste (kg) on tuesday

10
9
8
7
6
Quanity

5 Plastic

4 Polythene

3 Paper

2 Food waste
1
0
Building-1
Building Number

37
 Figure 26: Quantity of waste (kg) on wednesday
35

30

25
Quantity

20
Plastic
15 Polythene
Paper
10
Food waste
5

0
Building-1 Building-2 Building-3
Building Number

Figure 27: Quantity of waste (kg) on thursday

25

20

15
Quantity

Plastic

10 Polythene
Paper

5 Food waste

0
Building-1 Building-2 Building-3
Building Number

38
 Figure 28: Quantity of waste (kg) on friday
30

25

20
Quantity

15 Plastic
Polythene
10 Paper
Food waste
5

0
Building-1 Building-2 Building-3
Building Number

Figure 29: Amount of waste(kg) in a week of a (total) building

(having 10 units average)

Saturday, 55
Friday, 82
Sunday, 34

Thursday, 69 Monday, 48

Wednesday, 75

Tuesday, 10

39
 Figure 30: Educational qualification in survey (study)area
45
40
35
30
Percentage

25
20
15 Percentage
10
5
0
Honours/ B.Sc/ H.S.C S.S.C Bellow S.S.C
Masters/ PhD
Educational Qualification

Environmental Violation
An environmental violation occurs when an activity or an existing condition does not comply with
any environmental law or regulation. Environmental violations can include smoke or any other emissions
from local industrial facilities;

 Tampering with emission control or air conditioning systems in automobiles

 Improper (broken) treatment process (plant), storage facilities, or disposal of hazardous wastes

without care (treatment) to any media (land, air and waterbody/wetland).

 Exceedence of pollutant limits at publicly-owned wastewater treatment plants
 Unpermitted dredging or filling of waters and wetlands

 Any unpermitted industrial activity

 Late night dumping or any criminal activity including falsifying reports or other documents.

An environmental violation is something that violates environmental law or regulation. It could include
for example: improper emissions, the improper treatment of hazardous waste, or the improper dredging of
wetlands. While the cumulative effects of environmental violations can be significant and hazardous to
the environment or public health, it is unlikely that an individual breach will cause an immediate threat to
public safety. In solid waste management system, dustbin (preliminary storage) has been used in open
format and taking long time to clear (carrying to disposal site) or never cleared (dumped/rotten) in old

40
part of the city/town. Floating people in barred condition are looking for items that can have some values
(unhygienic and misery situation). Bad smell, insects, parasites, leachate/plume to the underground water
reservoir, blocking regular activity are prevalent while wastes are not being handled in a scientific way
(manner). Throwing wastes (solid) to the nearest canal or ditch and road-side dump are a common offense
type phenomenon, happen many places.

Sluice-gate
canal at
sector 10
(very rough
& full of
dumping
waste
without
treatment)

Roadside
dump of
waste
(solid)
without
prior
treatment
(arrangem
ent)

E-waste
and
coconut
residue
(waste)
coconut
residue
(waste)

Figure 31: Violation in waste (solid) handling at sector 10

41
 Future Plan of Waste Sorting (Recovery Options)
At first van driver will collect the waste from the household. Then it will be taken to secondary storage
and then it being separated by workers there by inspection as quick possible. For example: polyethylene,
plastic and other materials separately. Sorted materials with initial cleaning (washing) have gone to
secondary facilities for further use (as material). Then the remaining portion (majority) food waste will be
transferred by the truck quickly. Then clean the polythene, and the plastic, if used, otherwise the
polythene and the plastic can damage the soil. And the polythene, the plastic harmful to the environment.
If we sort-out the materials, it benefits for us. And environment will blameless or not harmful. Well
established MRFs (municipal waste material recovery facilities) in selected places capable to contribute
efficiently in reuse and recycle (mainly) options. Currently we have material recovery option from
garbage in a disorganized way in different places named as ―vungary” spot, shop (secondary market) and
mostly collected by ―tokai” (a group of homeless people, orphan & underage).

Figure 32:
Current
practices
on
material
recovery
from
municipal
solid
waste
(and
garbage /
trash).

42
Near Sector 10, there exists a material (plastic bottle, container, tin-can, glass) processing industry
(manual operation). People are engaged to recycle the materials which are gathered from vungary (metal
waste product for recycle) store or from tokai (a person collecting recyclable products from waste). These
are sent to different recycle industry by truck for processing (and further use).

Figure 33: Recyclable materials (from garbage) processing near Uttara sector 10.

43
Inside views of waste plastic, cardboard, plastic toys (recyclable) processing industry near Uttara sector
10 (Kamapara-Ashulia roadside) are given below:

Figure 34:
Inside view of
waste plastic
recycling
process
(industry)
near sector 10

Papers and paper carton boxes are processed for recycling in several places within Uttara sector 10.
Households are selling these materials by weight to hawkers. Things are gathered, separated based on
types, bind (compacting into bails/rolls). Different uses of recyclable papers (as new products) are
currently available.

Figure 35: Waste paper processing for recycling at Uttara sector10(Embankment drive_Road-13)

44
Bad Effect on Soil by Plastic
 When plastic bags are thrown on land it makes soil less fertile, a blockade to drainage system and
water clogging.
 Plastic bags do not dissolve; they break into tiny pieces and remain for up to 100+ years
contaminating soil waterways.
 Plastic bags slowly release toxic chemicals that certain animals use as a resource.

 When plastic is burned they release toxic chemicals that are deposited in soil and surface water
and on plants.
 Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms,
usually microbes, into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass. Biodegradable plastics are commonly
produced with renewable raw materials, micro-organisms, petrochemicals, or combinations of all
three.
 Bangladesh invented bio-plastic jute poly bag and having international market potentials in
recent time with success. [“SONALI BAG”]

Garbage /
trash full
of
polythene

Bio-plastic jute
poly bag
“Sonali Bag”

Figure 36:
Biodegradable
trash/garbage bag
(recyclable)

45
Waste-to-Energy Technologies [based on applied conversion process]

Figure 37: Waste-to-Energy technologies based on applied conversion

46 hierarchy [8]
Figure 38: Waste-to-Energy in the WM
 3 R’s
Practices
In SWM

Figure 39: 3R’s practices in solid waste management (SWM)

Figure 40: Sustainability concept in MSWM systems

47
 Technologies on waste-to-energy as recovery option in WM

Figure 41: Technologies in waste-to-energy [10] Figure 42: Favourite options for SWM

48
 Materials (Municipal Solid Waste) Recovery Facilities (MRFs)
In Uttara sector 10, no material recovery facility for municipal solid waste has been established.
And in DNCC has no such facility for material recovery from solid waste as disposed from
household been created yet. But in Uttara sector 10 and most of the area in DNCC, a small
fraction of material such as bottle, container, metal scrap, batteries, etc are collected (recovered)
by a group of volunteer (like beggar) from secondary storage depo unscheduled (disorganized
way). For Dhaka city (DNCC & DSCC), MRFs can bring some sort of material recoverable
option from disposed solid waste (household and commercial).

Manual material recovery

(collection) by Tokai (a
volunteer collecting material
from garbage dump….) in
Uttara sector 10, Dhaka.

Inside view of a typical MRF as

material recovery option

Figure 43: Material recovery

from garbage.

49
Chapter 6: Recommending Household Practices to Deal the SWM at
Generation (Source)
In Uttara sector 10, majority of the households are at higher-middle class educated job-holder,
business-owner, students (workers) are not aware of dealing the solid waste in a efficient way
that start with reduce the waste in quantity (source reduction at the point of generation) and to
have good practice of reuse (organized way_ a secondary market where reusable materials be
dealt with). And it is mostly urgent using recyclable containers based on types and placing at the
origin (within the house/unit) and separate bins/containers (for recyclable and transferrable for
processing) at the primary collection point. A list containing materials identifiable those are
radioactive, extreme hazardous to deliver special WM group. Expenditure to maintain a good
practice on MSW management be confirmed (practiced at a regular basis). Currently Uttara
sector 10 is practicing conventional approach of solid waste management with least opportunity
to reuse, recyle, composting and energy recovery like other regions within Dhaka city (N & S),
but an integrated sustainable solid waste management system should be preferred in recent time.

Preferred √

Avoided X

Figure 44: Waste

dealing options

50
 No single bin
for mixed-
waste at
origin

Separate bins
and
containers
for
recyclable
solid wastes
and others

√ Figure 45:
Best
practices for
household to
handle solid
waste.

51
Figure 46: 21 Ways to reduce waste in the home. [12]
52
 Figure 47:
Uttara
sector 10
graveyard.

At the time of Eid-ul-Azha, nearly 500 animals (Cattle, goat, sheep,

etc.) are sacrificed and processed in open area within sector 10,
Uttara. Special teams with experts are working in collaboration with
DNCC personnel to clean-up the mess in short notice.
[Animal waste removal within 24 hrs: DNCC mayor]

Figure 48: Animal waste at the time of Eid-ul-Azha

53
 6.1 Hazardous situation (surrounding at sector 10 Uttara)
There exist slum area, rickshaw and auto garage, open ditch, open sanitary and dustbin at the
periphery or boundary (within sector 11_ ―Masterer garage” ). These activities are uncontrolled
and not health hygienic. In direct way it pollutes the environment of sector 10 (air pollution,
underground water reservoir, bad smell, etc.).

Slum area and

open drain

Drain waste on Road

Figure 49: Environmental violation near Uttara Sector 10 (―Masterer garage” at sector 11)
54
 Chapter 7: Solid Waste Management Resource Recovery Planning
Tool (SMART) [13]
The Solid Waste Management Resource Recovery Planning Tool (SMART) offers easy to use
tool for integrated solid waste management planning, cost-effective and environmental friendly
solution for waste utilization system comprise of waste-to-product and waste-to-energy. This is a
vital tool to ensure sustainability and security in waste management with cost competitive. This
innovative tool is the first software [by UTM (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia), Process Systems
Engineering Center (PROSPECT), Block N29, Chemical & Energy Engineering, 81310 Johor
Bahru, Johor MALAYSIA; e-mail- prospect@utm.my] to assist in design of the solid waste
management with multi-period approach for long term effective planning and scheduling of solid
waste. This is an easy-to-use tool to analyze the trade-offs between technical, economic, and
environmental concerns at the national, regional, state or province, or community level.
SMART could be applied worldwide to determine the best possible solid waste management
planning for various sector such as residential, commercial, industrial or even larger scale energy
planning for a nation. SMART indicates that the introduction of alternative waste treatment
technologies including incineration, landfill, composting and recycling give economic benefits
and renewable energy options as compared to existing municipal solid waste management
(MSWM) system.
The unique features of SMART include multi-period planning with time-dependent parameters
such as, forecast waste generation, forecast electricity demand, fuel price variability,
construction lead time, financial incentive, and increase in fixed operational and maintenance
costs over time.
Rapid urbanization, population growth, urbanization development and industrialization are
contributing to the large scale increase in Malaysia’s total waste generation and changed the
characteristics and composition of solid waste generated. This issue gives pressure for effective
management of municipal solid waste (MSW) to take place in Malaysia due to the increased
cost of landfill. In response to this concern, UTM developed an integrated and sustainable waste
management system [SMART software] with satisfactory both economic and environmental
efficiency could solve the problem of complexity, uncertainty, multi-objective and subjectivity
of solid waste management.

55
Figure 50: SMART solid waste management resource recovery tool [13]
(an advance software application on SWM in Malaysia)

56
 Chapter 8: Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusions
Population in Uttara sector 10 as well in Dhaka is rapidly increasing and waste generation is also
increasing. It is found that none of the families has segregation/separation (recycle & reuse)
practices at the initial level of waste management in houses and also waste pickers do not have
any different designated place to dump different waste in separate space (now dumping
altogether in a rotten state). Source-segregated waste is essential for better management, so
households should be motivated accordingly. Segregation practice at initial level in houses can
increase the effectiveness of waste management and can make it easy to waste picker to manage
the wastes (different bins option as recycled marking). It is also not possible for the waste picker
to collect all the waste from the houses because some portion of household waste is been
regularly dumped into open nearby space. Those decrease the effectiveness of waste
management. General practice of waste management in the study area is some open dumping and
others are lid/covered dumping. Segregation of different types of waste is not practiced during
open dumping of the waste by the waste picker. For this reason non degradable waste remains
for a longer period and causes more environmental pollution (bad smell, epidemics spread out
and unaesthetic). Household key player need to have perfect knowledge about waste
management and willingness to train-up other members sothat waste (solid) not to mishandle and
creating pollution.
All the waste collection, waste dumping, man power management in study area are controlled by
DNCC needs to accommodate the inclusion of NGOs, micro enterprises into the main stream of
Solid Waste Management. Capable and practical personnel have to assign. Waste collection,
disposal and treatment may be privatized with the monitoring options by regulatory agencies
(both government and non-government like co-operative or societies). Society, authority, local
representative can impose fine, penalty, liability for those ignoring/violating waste management
programs.

57
Recommendations
1. Open dumping should be stopped and specific location which facilitates waste manement.
2. Lid led or Covered-van should be used and encouraged.
3. Need a complaint center for sector 10 where problem will be occurred.
4. Justified fee for each household to support waste (solid) management team and initiatives
to comply with all regulations that can support integrated sustainable waste (solid)
management system for sector 10,Uttara as well as DNCC & DSCC.
5. Emergency notification and response group for solid waste related issues should be
established and maintained.
6. For being fresh, water supply is needed for the worker near depo/secondary storage
7. A registered doctor cell/paramedics should be provided by the Dhaka North City
Corporation for the workers first aid
8. Improving the collection system (systematic way without nuisance/health hazards)
9. Position of dumping station (easy to collect and carrying to the sites)
10. Digitalize the transportation system (networking, scheduling and some siren/whistle
while collecting wastes and fees associate within it).
11. Transparent the waste collection billing system (extra fees for specialties while urgent).
12. Develop reuse criteria for special products (cloths, baskets, plastic toys, tin cans, etc.),
recycle bin (paper, plastic, glass, food container, etc.) at sites (household storage and
preliminary storage) and develop sorting system (as recovery option in secondary storage
and less in landfill) in waste generation.
13. Public awareness and motivational training for volunteers and professionals. Introducing
bags, bins, drums with recycle (logo) at specific location without disturbance,
14. Stop using single bin and mixed waste. Promote practicing separate bins for recyclable
materials and others. Day to day collection of waste and transfer it to specific location is
preferred.
15. Promotional activities for good practitioner and neighbors.

58
 Chapter 9: References

1. Moushumi Zahur., Solid Waste Management of Dhaka City: Public Private Community
Partnership. BRAC University Journal, Vol. IV, No. 2, 2007. PP. 93-97.
2. Population and Housing Census 2011, Dhaka Zilla : Government of The People‟s
Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics
Division, Ministry of Planning,, June 2012.
3. Faisal IbneyHai, M. Ashraf Ali., A Study on Solid Waste Management System of Dhaka
City Corporation: Effect of Composting and Landfill Location. UAP Journal of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2005.
4. Puentes C., Functional elements and human dimensions of a municipal solid waste
management system in the Amazon forest: the case of Puerto Bermudez, Peru. 2004.
5. Twardowska I., et el, Solid Waste: Assessment, Monitoring and Remediation. Waste
Management Series, 2004. pp. 3-32. ISBN: 0080443214
6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309790226_Solid_Waste_Management_System
_in_Dhaka_City_of_Bangladesh
7. Mohammad Wasiuzzaman Sohana., A case study on solid waste management in Dhaka
City., Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology, BUET Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. January 2015.
8. J. Malinauskaite, H. Jouhara, D. Czajczynska, P. Stanchev, E. Katsou, P. Rostkowski, R.J.
Thorne, J. Colon, S. Ponsa, F. Al-Mansour, L. Anguilano, R. Krzyzy _ nska, I.C. Lopez,
A.Vlasopoulos, N. Spencer., Municipal solid waste management and waste-to-energy in
the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe., Energy 141 (2017)
2013-2044. Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
9. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group: www.C40.org [Good Practice Guide “Sustainable Solid
Waste Systems”]
10. https://en.ppt-online.org342042/Waste to energy a redeemer for investors, ecologists &
environmentalists

59
11. https://slideplayer.com/slide/6289028/

12. http://www.keeperofthehome.org/2010/03/29-ways-to-reduce-waste-in-your-home-and-
save-money-while-youre-at-home-it.html
http://grearist.com/health/how-to-ways-reduce-food-waste

13. https://prospect.utm.my/solid-waste-management-resource-recovery-tool-smart/

14. Uttara Thana – Wikipedia; https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Uttara_Thana

15. Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka - Home | Facebook

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 THA
THN
ANK ……
KSS

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